Masters theses : Medical Laboratory Science

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Displaced Children in Kassala Town
(Neelain University, 2005) Marnoun Magzoub Mohamed Osman
ABSTRACT Four hundred and ﬁfty faecal specimens were collected from 450 displaced children around Kassala town aged from 6 moths to 13 years old and examined under microscope for the detection and identiﬁcation of intestinal parasites. Microscopical examinations by two techniques were done (wet preparation and concentration technique by simple centrifugation). The exarnination explained that 80 (17.8%) Were found to harbour stages of infective parasites. Four species of infective parasites were identiﬁed from individuals in all areas (displaced areas). These comprised the following Giardia lamblia (12.3%), H. nana (4.9%), E. histolytica (0.4%) and T. trichiura (0.2%) Out of 450 stool samples collected from children in urban area (Waw—nour) inside Kassala town 45 were found to harbour cysts trophozoites or eggs of pathogenic parasites. This constituted on overall prevalence (10%), two species of pathogenic parasites‘ were identiﬁed from individuals in Waw-nour (urban area). These comprised the following: G. lamblia (08%) and H. nana (02%). The factors responsible for the spread of diseases include the low standard hygiene and environmental conditions and the lack of proper disease control measures. Also a comparison between two mentioned techniques was done on all specimens: displaced children specimens and urban children specimens
Isolation of Some potentially Pathogenic Bacteria From the Upper Respiratory System Khartoum Hospital Staff and patients
(Neelain University, 2005) Hana Mohammed Ahmed ..
Abstract ‘ 100 sample from throat and nasal cavity were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from nasal cavities and throat specimens of healthy medical stall, patients and eo- patients who were not suffering from symptoms ol’ respiratory disorders;the presence~=of these organisms indicated acquired and nosocomial transmission within hospital environment as those are not normal microbiota ol’ the throat. Isolation of pure -isolates as 56.9% from volunteers and 43.1% were mixed isolates .'l‘he aerobic growths were idcntilicd as Gram- positive bacteria which were l‘urther identiﬁed as Stupl1ylococcus aurcus (21.1%), Staphylococcus cpiu'ermidi.s' (36.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus( l 4.0%), Streptococcus pneumo/1iac(5 3%), Streptococcus viridatts (19.3%) and Corynebactcrium spp (3.5%). Gram-negative bacteria were identiﬁed as ’E.c0li (42.9%) and Klebsiclla pncuntoniue (57.1%). Nasal specimens revealed isolation 01' Staphylococcus aurcus, I5. colt, Klebsiella pncumoniae and Pscudomonas aeruginosa which are not among normal llora of the nasal cavitis and considered as potential pathogens. The aerobic growths were identilied as Graln- positive bacteria which were further identiﬁed as Staphylococcus aureus (20.6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis(55.5%), Streptococcus pneum0niae(7.9%), Streptococcus viria'zm.5' (7.9%), Other /J’-hacmolylic s//'epI1__1c0cci (3.3%) and Corynebaclerium spp (4.8%). Gram-negative bacteria were identiﬁed as E.c0li (14.3%), Klebsie/la pnezlmoniae (42.9%), I’.s'cud0/no/1u.v zle!'z/gilwsa (28.5%) and Neisseria spp(l4.3%).ls0lated bacteria showed markedly low inhibition zones towards antibiotics . Staphylococcus aureus in all test antibiotics showed resistance and inhibition zone ranged between 3-l lmm, pencillin gave a small inhibition zone. Iicoli showed resistance towards Clindamyein and amoxicillin. I’seuu'0mona.s' ucrugi/10.s'u showed resistance toward nitroﬂoxacin ,clindainyein and amoxicillin while Klcbsiella pneumoniae was resistant to nitroﬂoxicin , clindamycin, amoxicillin and tetracycline
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME SUDANESE PLANTS AGAINST M Y C OBA C TRI UM TUBERCULOSIS
(Neelain University, 2005) RASHID ABDALLA AHMED HASSOUNA
Abstract This thesis investigates the antimicrobial activity of some Sudanese plants used in folk-medicine against Mtuberculosis. Preliminary screening was carried out using twenty plants, which grow in Sudan and used in folk~medicine for their effects on some microbial infections. The screening revealed that the petroleum ether extracts (non-polar extracts) possess no activity at the concentrations screened, while the methanolic extracts (polar-extracts) of these plants have a weak activity against M tuberculosis. An experiment was designed to compare the in-vitro activity of two drugs of choice used for treatment of tuberculosis (Streptomycin and Rifampcin) with the activity of the plants’ extracts. A series of in-vitro sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of combined therapy, consisting of the methanolic extract of each plant plus Streptomycin on Mtuberculosis. The results revealed that thirteen methanolic extracts have a positive effect on M tuberculosis when mixed with Streptomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each extract was determined. The results indicated that the most effective plants’ extracts are Asphodelus tenuzfolius (Burwag), Nigella sativa L (Black Kamoon) and Kigelia aﬁicana (Um-Shotour).
pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Poultry
(Al Neelain University, 2005-12) Alrouda Khalafalla El Shaﬁe
Detection of Chlamydia lrachomalis in Urine Specimens by Polymerase Chain Reacﬁon in Pregnanl Women wilh Vaginal Discharge in Omdurman
(Neelain University, 2006) Mohammed Nafi Hammad Manzool
Chlamydia trachomatis infections are now recognized as the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It is known to be subject to cervicitis, pelvic inﬂammatory disease (PID), infant conjunctivitis, infant pneumonia and urethritis. If left untreated properly they can lead to severe squeal in women such as pelvic inﬂammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal infertility. Babies born to chlamydia infected mothers are at high risk of developing inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Several methods are available for the detection of C. trachomatis in clinical specimens, such as Giemsa staining, cell culture, direct antigen detection, and nucleic acid probe. Recently polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has been focusing on the diagnosis of infectious diseases. It can also provide a rapid, convenient and sensitive detection of C. trachomatis in clinical specimens. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, among pregnant women, using polymerase chain reaction, during the period of 2004 and 2006, to asses the pattern of chlamydia infections. Atotal number of one hundred and ﬁfty two pregnant women attending Omdunnan Maternally hospital, were involved in this study. The study group had an age average between l6 and 43 years with a mean of 27.9 years. About 10.5% of the study group were in the ﬁrst trimester, while 32.6% and 57.9% were in the second and third trimester respectively. The frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, using polymerase chain reaction, was 16.4% (25/ 152) among studied group. Previous history of abortion was detected in 43.4% of study population, 52% of them have Chlamydia trachamatis infections. Frequency of polyuria was detected in 74.3% of study population, 84% of them have Chlamydia trachomalis infections. Dysuria was detected in 7.2 % of study population, 16% of them have Chlamydia t/‘ac/zoznaris infections. Pyuria was detected in 78.9% of study population, 80% of them have Chlamydia trachomatis infections
PCR Versus Conventional Methods for Detection of Mycobacterial tuberculosis in Histologic. Specimens in Makkah Area
(Neelain University, 2006) Omar Bashir Ahmed Mohammed
Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) causes more deaths than any microbial disease. In spite of signiﬁcant advances in prevention and drug treatment, TB still remains a major public health threat. So that there is a need for a rapid, sensitive, and more speciﬁc methods for TB diagnosis for effective and early treatment specially in areas of high number of visitors and immigrants like Makkah area in Western part of Saudi Arabia. TB was evaluated in 50 tissue specimens, taken from 50 patients in Makkah area. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay and regular methods (acid-fast bacilli “AFB” stain, TB-culture, histopathology examination) were used. Results detected by all theses methods as follows: TB- PCR was positive in 32(64%), (AFB) stain was positive in l7(34%), TB-culture was positive in 30(60%), histological examination was positive in 26(52%). When done comparatively to the TB-culture, PCR for MT DNA in 50 tissue samples was 100% sensitive and 90% speciﬁc. AFB stain showed low sensitivity 50.0% and with speciﬁcity 90.0%, histological examination sensitivity was 80.0% and speciﬁcity 90.0%. These data indicate that PCR ampliﬁcation is l.1S8ﬁ1i for detecting MT DNA in histologic specimens as it is rapid and sensitive. Also it can be used to increase diagnostic accuracy in patients who have confusing diagnostic problems associated with granuloma tissue response. It also offers the possibility of the teclmique being carried out in ﬁxed histologic specimens that may not identify the MT by regular methods.
Homocysteine in Health and Disease in the Sudan
(Neelain University, 2006) Sami Habiballa Abdalla
Abstract Introduction and background: Homocysteine is a non-protein-forming sulphur-containing amino acid ‘that is derived exclusively from methionine. It was ﬁrst synthesized in 1932 by du Vigneaud and Butz. It can be degraded in the transsulphuration pathway to cystathionine or remethylated to methihnine via the remethylation pathway. Folic acid and vitamin B12 inﬂuence homocysteine metabolism as cofactors in these two pathways. During last few decades evidence has highlighted the role of elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia), as an independent pro-thrombotic risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease and venous thromboembolism. However, the mechanism(s) whereby elevated levels of homocysteine promote thrombosis has not been clariﬁed yet. Earlier studies on the relationship between homocysteine and disease were done in many ethnic groups worldwide, but nor in Sudan. The current study, was undertaken in Sudan, where the prevalence of cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases is assumed to be lower than in Westem countries. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) To introduce the EIA method of measurement of homocysteine in blood. (2) To work out the normal values of plasma homocysteine in Sudanese healthy population. (3) To study the effect of some normal physiological factors on plasma homocysteine levels in Sudanese healthy population. (4) To study the role of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor of thrombosis in Sudanese patients as well as recurrent malaria. (5) To evaluate the relationship between malnutrition in children (low Bu and folic acid) and homocysteine levels. Material and Methodlv: A total number of 146 Sudanese patients were enrolled and distributed into following four groups: (i) Patients with Coronary heart disease (Cl-ID) (n=50), (ii) Patients with current malaria (n=50), (m) Patients with recurrent venous thrombosis (RVT) (n=26) and (iv) Children with protein-calorie malnutrition (n=20). Also 200 apparently healthy Sudanese subjects were recruited to represent the control groups. The following assays were carried out: (a) total plasma homocysteine, using EIA technique, for all participants (b) serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B1; for children participants. Results: Our study showed different in plasma homocysteine levels between males and females (Adults: males, 8.421i4.082 vs. females, 7.273:t:2.398 umol/1; P>0.05, children: males, 5.8li1.93 vs. females, 5.62:h2.08 umol/1; P=0.736), but the difference was not statistically signiﬁcant. The levels of plasma homocysteine was found to be signiﬁcantly higher in all the studied patients than in the control subjects (CHD patients vs. controls: 17.64:hl 1.68 vs. 7.85i3.39 umol/1; P<0.000l, RVT patients vs. controls: l5.06il0.55 vs. 7.85:k3.39 pmol/1; P<0.002. CM patients vs. controls: 13.61i4.82 vs. 7.85:h3.39 pmol/1; P<0.0001, P- CM patients vs. controls: 8.4l:t1.6l vs. 4.26il.l8 pmol/l; P<0.000l). We found that the mean serum vitamin B1; levels were signiﬁcantly higher in the control group than in children with P-CM (290.5il 15.66 vs. 72.55:h26.l3 pmol/1; P<0.000l). Also, the serum folic acid levels were signiﬁcantly higher m the healthy group (l3.38;E2.67 nmol/l) than in patients with P-CM (6.36 i2.63 nmol/l; P<0.000l). Conclusion and Recommendation The results led us to conclude: - Hyperhomocysteinemia is an additional risk factor in Sudanese patients with CHD, RVT, as well those with current malaria. - The hyperhomocysteinemia recorded in children with protein- calorie malnutrition, is closely associated, with signiﬁcantly reduced serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12. - The introduction of the EIA plasma homocysteine measurement is recommended in the routine investigations of patients with l thrombo-embolic diseases as well as those with current malaria and children with protein-calorie malnutrition.
solation of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria From Delivery and Nursing Rooms at Certain Hospitals
(Neelain University, 2006) Amani Mohamed Ahmed Elagbash
Abstract Out of the seventy — nine randomly collected air samples from delivery rooms at four hospitals (Khartoum, Omdumian Matemity, Ahmed Fadul and EL Mribat) 63.3% showed positive bacterial growth. On the other hand out of 60 air samples that were collected from nursing rooms of the same hospitals 66.7% of them showed positive bacterial isolation. The isolated bacteria were identiﬁed as Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus spp. The highest percentage of isolation was recorded in Khartoum Hospital as 50.6% and 42% in delivery and nursing rooms, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most dominant organisms isolated from the delivery rooms at all examined hospitals. While Staphylococcus aureus also showed highest percentage of the bacterium that was isolated from nursing rooms at Omdumran Matemity Hospital and EL Rhibat Hospital, E. c0lz' was dominant in Khartoum Hospital nursing rooms and Bacillus spp was the dominant organism isolated from nursing room at Ahmed Fadul Hospital. The isolated bacteria showed clear resistance toward the common Hospital used antiseptics.
Prevalence 0f@Lupus Anticoagulant in Sudanese Ladies with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.
(Neelain University, 2006) Tagreed Mohammed Osman.
ABSRTACT This study, was done to detect Lupus Anticoagulant in titty patients with three or more recurrent pregnancy losses, from Khartoum Teaching'Hospital, Omdonnan Teaching Hospital, and Khartoum Fertility Centre. The study was carried out in the period from February to July, 2004. Twenty women with nomtal obstetric history, matched to the patients in age and socioeconomic status, were included as controls. The tests used for detecting the Lupus Anticoagulant were the dPT, dAPTT, dRRVT, KCT, and PNP. The study showed that two of the patients (4%) had Lupus Anticoagulant as suggestedby prolonged dAP'I'T, which was not corrected by mixing with normal plasma and was shortened by PNP. No abnormal results were obtained in the controls. The study also showed that although the mean of dAPTT, of the LA positive patients was signiﬁcantly elevated compared to the LA negative patients (P<0.05), the means of dPT, dRWT, and KCT of LA positive patients compared to LA negative patients showed no statistical signiﬁcant difference (P>0.005). So our results indicate the dAP'lT is more sensitive in detection of LA than KCT or dRWT.
THE FREQUENCY OF Kell Red Cell Antigens (K&k) Among THE Major SUDANESE TRIBES
(Al Neelain University, 2006-09) AHMED SIDDIG OKASHA
The Kcll blood group system is complex containing over 20 different antigens with high and low incidence. The Kell antigens are located on a single red cell transmembrane glycoprotein, encoded by 19 exons of the Kcll gene. Kell gene is carried on chromosome 7 and is located at 7q33. Kell blood group system is the most important blood group antigens after Rh antigen because the Kell antigens are highly immunogenic and the corresponding antibodies are significant in transfusion reactions and HDN. This study was carried out on 500 random samples to determine the frequency of Kell-l and Kell-2 and their gene frequencies among the major Sudanese tribes (Shaigia-Dinka- Gaalien - Nuba -— Bani-amer), during the period of April 2004 and April 2006. One hundred volunteers from each tribe. Each sample was tested for Kell-1 and Kell-2 by indirect Combs’ test using anti-Kell-1 and Kell-2 antisera. The study group had an age average between ll and 75 years with amean of 28 years. The frequency of Kell-1 was found to be 5.6% while that of Kell-2 was found to be 99.6%. Gene frequencies of Kell-1 and Kell-2 were found to be 0.03 and 0.97 respectively. Percent positivity for the phenotypes K-k+, K+k+ and K+k- were found to be 94.4%, 5.2% and 0.4% respectively. The gene frequencies of K-k+, K+k+ and K+k- phenotypes were found to be 0.941, 0.058 and 0.0009 respectively. All multi-gravida females with history of HDN as well as multi- transfused patients should be reserved for anti-Kell antibodies. All units of blood to be transfused to Kell-1 sensitized patients must be Kell genotyped.
COMPARATIVE STUDYBETWEEN T ROPONIN T AND OTHER CARDIAC AMRICERS ( T ROPONIN I AND CK MB) IN END STAGE HEMODIALYSIS PAT EINT S
(Neelain University, 2007) ABD ALSADE G ABD ALAZEM OSMAN
Abstract The present study aims is to assessment the diagnostic value of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) as a new cardiac marker in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing long term haemodialysis in Sudan using Roche diagnostic ELECSYS 2010 immunoassay compare with other cardiac marker troponin I and CK MB using immulite automated immunoassay and spectrophotometer respectively . Study group of 75 Sudanese patients ( 53 male and 22 female) . patients had and age range (38-80) ( mean age is 59 years ) and 25 healthy subjects was enrolled a control group , blood sample was taken from all patients before starting dialysis . According to assessment of troponin T concentration the study indicate that elevation level of troponin T ( a cutoff cTnT ) >0.l ng /ml are detectable in 28%(n=21) of patients , troponin I cut off (cTnT) 1.0 ngml )detectable in 12 % (n=9) were CK MB (cut off 24.0 u/I) are detectable in 6.7 % (n=5 ) . Diabetics resemble (43%) of patients which have positive troponin T . determination of CtnI and CK MB level can be helpful but these marker hade serious analytical and clinical limitation . This study conﬁrm the troponin T demonstrate improved sensitivity and speciﬁty when compared to the other biochemical marker among haemodialysis patients . The study conﬁrm that the troponin T is an important diagnostic marker that can be used for early detection of myocardial infarction (MI ) among haemodialysis and follow up of patients particularly when such infonnation can not be obtain .
Distribution of Haptoglobin Phenotypes among Sudanese Leukemic Patients
(Neelain University, 2007) Hiba Badr Eldin khalil Ahmed.
Abstract In the present study we aimed to examine haptoglobin phenotypes distribution in Sudanese leukemic patients, and to explore the association between haptoglobin phenotypes and leukemia subtypes. A total of IQ6 Sudanese leukemic patients; 61 males (57.7%) and 45 females (42.5%); age ranging between 1 and 70 years, diagnosed during May 2005 to March 2006, and their 106 match of normal individual were included in this study. Clinical data and Haptoglobin phenotypes for all patients and their matched controls were performed using electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel followed by benzidine stain. The result were then analyzed statistically for cross tabulation and chi~square tests for leukemia subtypes*sex, leukemia subtypes*age, leukemia subtypes*haptoglobin phenotypes, healthy controls*haptoglobin phenotypes, and tribes distribution*haptog1obin phenotypes. Haptoglobin phenotype analysis revealed common haptoglobin 2-1 phenotype among both, leukemic patients and controls; accounting for 48.2% and 49% respectively. The haptoglobin phenotype analysis showed also distinct ethnic distribution among Sudanese tribes with haptoglobin phenotype 1-1 more common in Afro-Asiatic Sudanese tribes (30.5%), compared with haptoglobin phenotype 2-1 that showed less frequency (26%) in the same tribes. In conclusion the study failed to confirm the previously suggested increased incidence of the Hpl-1 phenotype among leukemic patients since a higher frequency of haptoglobin 2-1 has been observed among patients and the control group.
Assessment of Cytological changes in Buccal Mucosa among Al-Qat Chewers
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2007) AmmarSaleh Abdullah Omar
l ABSTRACT This is a case control study; conducted in Hajjah city in Yemen during the period from May 2005-Dec 2007 in order to assess the cytological changes in buccal mucosa among Al-qat users by the use of cytological methods. The study assessed the cytological changes in the buccal mucosa of 300 subjects. Of whom, 150 were Al-qat users (cases), and 150 subjects were non Qat users (controls). Tobacco users were excluded form both cases and controls. Buccal scrapes were taken for preparation of smears and subsequently stained using Pap procedures. Analysis of the cytological smears identified mild cytological atypical changes among 6(4%) of the cases, hence no cytological atypia was detected among controls. Additionally, keratosis was revealed among 24(16%) of the cases and absent among controls. Theses findings indicating that Qat use is a risk factor for oral cytological changes, and this was found to be statistically significant (p<0.005). Of the 67(44.6%) subjects with inflammatory inﬁltrate, 53(35.3%) were cases and 14(9.3%) were controls. Of the 13(8.6%) that showed bacterial infection, 8(5.3%) were detected among cases and 5(3.3%) among controls. Benign degenerative changes among 8(5.3%) of the cases and absent among controls. Al-qat chewing can cause cytological changes in buccal mucosa, this cytological changes increasing with increasing of duration of Qat use. The relation between cytological changes and factors such as age and duration of Al-qat use need further assessment. Oral exfolaitive cytology can be a useful tool for investigation of oral lesions and can be applied for oral screening programs for at risk population. In view of the lack of studies that used cytological methods to assess oral mucosal lesions reported from Yemen, similar studies are recommended.
Estimation of serum uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol and LDL among Sudanese using Atorvastatin drug
(AL-Neelain University, 2007-05) Ahmed Omer Abuelhassan
Abstract Atorvastatin is lipid lowering drug mainly cholesterol, but it also affect in concentration of other serum parameters such as uric acid and creatinine. Aim: estimation of serum uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol and LDL among Sudanese using Atorvastatin drug, Method: study was conducted in period between March to May 2017, included 100 participants 60% cases and 40% control with age between (20-70)years. case group included 62% female and 38% male, used different doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/day) and different durations using for variable conditions such as (DM, HTN or protection for risk of CVD). Control group was matched for cases group but not used any lipid lowering drugs. The samples was obtained after used a proper questionnaire and estimated by automated Cobas c311analyzer. Result: significant association between atorvastatin uses and decrease in UA(4.32±0.83), Cr(0.64±0.17), TChl(179.4±45.3) and LDL(115.0±33.8) (P-value: 0.000, 0.020, 0.015 & 0.018 respectively). Decrease in all parameters by increase dose but not significant only significant with dose 40 mg/day (p-value: 0.037, 0.044, 0.044 & 0.005 respectively). Decrease in Cr, TC h and LDL by increase durational use of atorvastatin and concentration of (P= 0.042, 0.001 & 0.000 respectivly). significant association was detected between combination DM & HTN and increase UA(4.55±0.87) & Cr(0.69±0.16) (P-value: 0.032 & 0.015 respectively) without significant association in Chl and LDL (P-value: 0.636 & 0.594 respectively). conclusion, significant decrease in UA, Cr, TChl & LDL mean concentration found among atorvastatin user and the dose 40mg/day is significantly high effect. No correlation between durational used and the parameter concentration. A more researched should be done in this topic to detect specific correlation between this drug and this parameters أتورفاستاتين هو دواء لإنقاص الدهون خصوصا الكوليسترول, لكن له تأثير علي تراكيز مواد أخري بالبلازما مثل حمض اليوريك والكرياتينين. الهدف: تقدير تراكيز حمض اليوريك، والكرياتينين، والكوليسترول الكلي والبروتين قليل الكلسترول (LDL) في السودانيين الذين يستخدمون دواء أتورفاستاتين. أجريت هذه الدراسة التحليلية في الفترة بين مارس إلى مايو 2017، شملت 100 مشارك 60٪ حالات و 40٪ تحكم بمعدل أعمار يتراوح بين (20-70) سنة. وكانت مجموعة الحالات بها 62٪ من الإناث و 38٪ من الذكور الذين يستخدمون جرعات مختلفة من أتورفاستاتين (10 و 20 و 40 ملغ / يوم) لفترات مختلفة (1 إلى 20) سنة. لمختلف الحالات كالـ (السكري، الضغط أو كحماية من امراض القلب). تمت مطابقة مجموعة التحكم بمجموعة الحالات ولكنهم لا تستخدم أتورفاستاتين أو غيرها من الأدوية خفض الدهون. تم الحصول على العينات بعد استخدام الاستبيان المناسب وقياسها بواسطة Cobas c311analyzer الآلي. النتائج: وجود ارتباط واضح بين استخدام أتورفاستاتين وانخفاض في متوسط تراكيز حمض اليوريك، والكرياتينين، والكوليسترول الكلي و LDL (قيمة P: 0.000، 0.020، 0.015 و 0.018 على التوالي). كما وجد اناخفض في حمض اليوريك, الكرياتينين, الكلسترول الكلي و LDL مع زيادة الجرعة ولكن غير واضحة لكن الجرعة 40 ملغ / يوم اظهرت علاقة واضحة في جميع المعاملات ( قيمة P : 0.037، 0.044، 0.044 و 0.005 على التوالي). اظهرت نقصان تراكيز الكرياتينين, والكوليسترول الكلي و LDL بزيادة فتره الاستخدام (قيمة P: 0.042، 0.001 و 0.00 على التوالي) وجد ارتباط واضح بين وجود السكري والضغط معا و زيادة حمض اليوريك والكرياتينبن (قيمة P : 0.032 و 0.015 على التوالي) مع عدم وجود ارتباط لها مع الكلسترول و LDL (قيمة P : 0.636 و 0.594 على التوالي). الخلاصة, انخفاض واضح في متوسط تراكيز المعاملات وجدت بين مستخدمي أتورفاستاتين, الجرعة 40ملغ / يوم هي ذات اثر واضح في تخفيض المعتملات. لا توجد علاقة ارتباطية بين فترة المستخدم و تركيز المعاملات. لذلك نوصي بإجراء المزيد من البحوث في هذا الموضوع للكشف عن ارتباطات بين هذا الدواء وهذه المعاملات.
APPLICATION OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CERVICAL CANCER IN SUDANESE PATIENTS
(Al-Neelain University, 2009) Ashwag Mohammed Mukhtar Ali
Abstract This is a cross sectional retrospective study conducted on 31 paraffin embedded cervical tissue specimens, diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma and 3 blocks of normal cervical tissue. All blocks were sectioned and stained with routine Haematoxylin and Eosin to confirm the diagnosis and grade of cancer .The samples were squamous cell carcinoma with the different grades classified as well (1sample), moderate (8 samples), poorly differentiated (21 samples) and undifferentiated (1 sample). Immunohistochemical detection of P16INK4a and human papilloma virus (HPV) type 18 L1 capsid protein was performed using monoclonal antibodies for each antigen. The result of P16 was expressed as scores from 0 to 4 according to intensity and quantity of the color production. All the samples were negative for HPV18 L1 capsid protein, which it could be due to invasive stages of the cancer showed in the histological diagnosis of the H&E sections. P16INK4a was highly expressed (90.3%) in the malignant samples as well as in one of the benign samples showing its importance as a diagnostic tool of cervical cancer. The correlation between the intensity and quantity of P16 showed a significant relationship with P value (.000) and correlation coefficient of (0.755). No significant relationship was found between the expression of P16 and grade of the cancer showing that the quantity or intensity of P16 is not affected within the stages of invasive cancer. The L1 capsid protein of the human papilloma virus could be taken as a prediction tool for cervical carcinoma depending on its immunohistochemical state, which showed a negative result within the invasive grades of the cancer. The combination of the L1 capsid protein and the P16 biomarker is a useful predictive marker for cancer progression. This finding need further study to be conducted within normal and different premalignant stages of the cancer ملخص الأطروحة أجريت هذه الدراسة الاستعادية المخبرية على واحد وثلاثون عينة من عينات عنق الرحم المطمورة في شمع البرافين وتم تشخيصها كحالات سرطانية في عنق الرحم وثلاث عينات طبيعية من عنق الرحم. جميع العينات تم صبغها بالصبغة الروتينية الهيماتوكسلين والايوسين لتأكيد التشخيص وتحديد المرحلة السرطانية حيث كانت جميعها من نوع سرطان عنق الرحم الحرشفي باختلاف مراحلها وصنفت الى متمايزة حسنة (عينة واحدة) ,وسط (8 عينات)و متمايزة سيئة (21 عينة) و غير متمايزة (عينة واحدة). أجري كشف لكمياء المناعة النسيجية في جميع العينات لبروتين P16 و بروتين الجدار الاساسي L1 لفيروس الورم الحليمي 18باستخدام أجسام مضادة لها وتم الكشف عن كمية ودرجة لونP16 من خلال تقسيمها الى درجات من صفر الى أربعة. جميع العينات كانت سالبة لبروتين الجدارالأساسي وقد يعود ذلك لكونها في مرحلة سرطانية منتشرة كما وجد أيضا من خلال طريقة الصبغ الروتيني. 28 عينة (90.3%) من مجموع 31 كانت ايجابية لp16. هذه الدراسة أظهرت وجود P16 بكمية كبيرة.مما يكسبه أهمية تشخيصية لسرطان عنق الرحم.في حين أن كمية ودرجة لون ال 16P لا تتأثر بالمراحل السرطانية المتأخرة الا في الحالات ما قبل السرطان. كذلك تظهر الدراسة أهمية الجدار الأساسي للفيروس كوسيلة لتحديد المرحلة السرطانية اعتمادا على ظهوره بكيمياء المناعة النسيجية, والتي أظهرت نتيجة سالبة في ا لمراحل المنتشرة للسرطان . كذلك وجدت الدراسة أن الربط بين الجدار الأساسى للفيروس و p16يمكن اعتباره وسيلة جيدة للتنبؤ بتطور السرطان ولكنها تحتاج لبحوث أخرى لدراستها في عينات طبيعية و أخرى في مراحل مختلفة لما قبل السرطان.
Effect of human blood constituents on the cource of Trypanosoma evansi infectivity in rats
(Al-Neelain University, 2009) Yousif Mohamed Hassan Hamed;
ABSTRACT The study investigates the effect of human blood constituents whole blood, plasma, serum and red cells on T.evansi during the period May to July2010. Twelve albino white rats (one week old) were divided into 4 groups of three rats each. Each group of rats was inoculated with 1×10 7.5ml T.evansi incubated inhuman whole blood, serum, plasma or red cells. 0.3ml from rat inoculated with 1×10 7.5 T.evansi was added to 0.6 ml of human whole blood, serum, plasma and RBCs. Eight control rats were divided into 4 groups of two rats each. The rats in each group were inoculated with T.evansi incubated in camel whole blood, serum, plasma or red cells as above. The results showed that T.evansi incubated in camel blood constituents developed progressive parasitaemia while rats inoculated with T.evansi incubated in human whole blood, serum and plasma arrested the parasitaemia for a week. However human erythrocytes did not delay the parasitaemia. الخـــلاصـــــــة هذه الدراسة تبحث تاثير مكونات دم الإنسان الدم، البلازما، مصل الدم وخلايا الدم الحمراء. في الفترة من مايو حتى يوليو 2010م ، أثني عشر فأر تجارب بيضاء اللون (عمر أسبوع واحد) قسمت إلى أربعة مجموعات في كل مجموعة ثلاثة فئران حقنت بتريبانوسوما إيفانزاي المحضونة في دم، مصل، بلازما أو كريات دم حمراء الإنسان. 0.6 مل من دم، مصل، بلازما وكريات دم حمراء الإنسان أضيفت لها 0.3 مل من فأر محقون بـ 1× 10 طفيل/ ملي تريبانوسوما أيفانزاي، من كل واحد من المكونات الأربعة حقنت الأربعة مجموعات بـ 0.3 مل على التوالي، ثمانية فئران كقياس، قسمت إلى أربعة مجموعات في كل مجموعة صغيرة فأران حقنت بتريبانوسوما أيفانزاي المحضونة في دم، مصل، بلازما أو كريات دم حمراء الجمل بنفس الطريقة السابقة. أوضحت النتائج أن التريبانوسوما المحضونة في مكونات دم الجمل أظهرت الطفيل بالتدريج في حين أن الفئران المحضونة بتريبانوسوما أيفانزاي المحضونة في دم، مصل وبلازما الإنسان أخرت ظهور الطفيل لمدة أسبوع في حين أن كريات الدم الحمراء الإنسان لم تأخر ظهور الطفيل.
Frequencies of Red Blood Cells AIIO—antibodies among Sudanese Multiparous Women
(Neelain University, 2009) N0UR MA HMOUD ABD ULA TIF
Abstract Background: allo-immunization against red blood cells was tested among Sudanese multiparous women. The study was conducted on randomly selected 130 pregnant ladies, majority were attending Soba teaching hospital whereas the remaining were attending Khartoum teaching hospital during the period February-2008 and May-2008. Aim: the aim of this study was to detect the frequency and type of allo-antibodies, thus highlighting the importance of performing antibody screening and identiﬁcation in our blood banks in Sudan. Samples and methods: samples were collected from pregnant ladies. Each sample was ABO Rh (D) grouped and screened for allo- antibodies, then samples that gave positive antibody screening were tested for antibody identification using gel agglutination method. Results: red cell allo-antibodies were found in 14 cases (10.8%). The identified antibodies were anti Le“ 4 (28.6%), anti C" 2 (14.3%), anti E 2 (14.3%), anti S 1 (7.1%) and 5 (35.7%) were difficult to interpret whether they are anti Kell or anti Lub. Also the results revealed that, no significant relation was found between age, ethnic group, and presence of allo-antibodies. Also insignificant relation was found between history of red cell transfusion and allo-immunization; this may be for the small number of tested ladies. ‘A signiﬁcant relation was observed between history of abortion, number of pregnancies and presence of allo-antibodies. Conclusion: antibody screening should be performed for all pregnant ladies. '
Maternal Serum Triple Screening Test and Pregnancy Outcome in Elderly Sudanese Pregnant Ladies in Khartoum State-Sudan
(Al Neelain University, 2009-06) Rimaz Elhag Gurashi
Background: Because of the dramatic increase in marital age among Sudanese ladies to far above 30 years, the possibility to deliver infants with congenital defects or diseases is thought to be associated with this situation. This fact is well established and documented in previous studies done in the United States of America. infants with birth defects is not the only disastrous outcome, pregnancy and delivery complications, abortion, stillbirth are also known consequences. The aim of this study. to detect a possible association between increased maternal age, and Triple Screening Test results. And compare the ﬁndings of the Triple Screening Test results with abnormal pregnancy outcome among Sudanese pregnant ladies. Materials and Methods: Ninety one pregnant ladies accepted to participate in this study. Participants were assigned to two groups: study group including 69 (75.8%) women equal to and above 35 years and control group including 22 (24.2%) women less than 30 years. Structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic infonnation from all participants along with family history. Clinical examinations including ultra-sound for the determination of gestational age were also performed. Blood samples were collected from all participants during the 14"‘ to 20"‘ week of gestational age. Sera were separated and used for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha fetoprotein, and free estriol concentrations using standardized quantitative methods (ELISA) collectively known as the Triple Screening Test. Results: ln the study group, participants delivered 57 (82.6%) normal healthy infants. Twelve ladies (17.4%) delivered infants with adverse dimorphic features. The defects varied; four (5.8%) had stillbirth, four (5.8%) had abortion at the second trimester, three (4.3%) had premature delivery, and one (1.4%) had intrauterine death. And matching control group, none of the participants (0%) give birth to an infant with congenital defect. Highly signiﬁcant positive correlation was detected between increase in maternal age and abnormal pregnancy outcome. The Triple Screening Test against the pregnancy outcome in study group, showed statistically signiﬁcant differences between levels of B-HCG, AFP, and Free estriol and pregnancy outcomes with P-values of 0.000, 0.5240, and 0.000 were obtained using Pearson Chi-squire test of signiﬁcance, respectively. Conclusion: study conclude that abnormal pregnancy outcome is strongly associated with increase in matemal age. Also there were strongly association between the Triple Screening Test and abnormal pregnancy outcome.
Assessment of The Role of (IL-10) Promoter Polymorphisms in Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) Patients with Vaso-occlusive Crisis (VOC)
(Al-Neelain University, 2010) Muhalab Abdelrahman Eltahir Ali
ABSTRACT Recent evidence demonstrated that cytokines, including Interleukin-10, are implicated in the pathogenesis of several aspects of SCA. Significance of the Study The correlation between IL-10 promoter gene polymorphisms and the SCA VOC is of significance not only from the stand point of early identification of subjects at risk, but also possibly by instituting early management strategies for these patients, which may lead to better outcome. Objective To investigate the association of the IL-10 promoter variants -592C/A, -819C/T, and -1082G/A with SCA VOC, and will examine their effects on IL-10 secretion. Study design Case control, population-based study. Subjects Bahraini SCA patients with VOC (n = 179; Group I), and SCA patients without VOC (n = 83 ; Group II), based on clinical examination, as well as non-SCA age- and gender-matched control individuals, in SMC. Methods IL-10 genotyping was done by real-time PCR, using specific wild-type and mutant probes. Conclusion The study showed that there was no role for IL-10 polymorphisms in Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) Patients with Vaso-occlusive Crisis (VOC). ملخص الدراسة المقدمة لقد اظهرت بعض مؤشرات الدراسات حديثا عن وجود علاقه بين عوامل النظم المناعية والمتضمنة لبروتين الإنترلوكين (Interleukin-10)، وذلك من نواحي عديدة متعلقة بمرض فقر الدم المنجلي (Sickle Cell Anemia). أهداف الدراسة هدفت هذة الدراسة للتحقق من وجود علاقة لمغايرات مروج الإنترلوكين 10 ذوي التصنيفات (-592C/A, -819C/T, and -1082G/A) عند مرضى فقر الدم المنجلي والمعرضين لنوبات إنسداد الأوعية الدموية. كما هدفت الدراسة كذلك الى فهم أثر هذه المغايرات على إفرازات الإنترلوكين 10. أهمية الدراسة إن فهم العلاقة بين الصيغ المتعددة للشفرة الجينية لمروج النترلوكين 10 ومرض فقر الدم المنجلي المصاحب لنوبات إنسداد الأوعية الدموية يشكل أهمية واضحة ليس فقط للوقوف على نقاط الكشف للمرض عند بعض الأشخاص ممن هم عرضة لذلك، بل للتمكن أيضا من وضع خطة إفتراضية للتعامل مع المرض عند هؤلاء المرضى، الأمر الذي قد يؤدي بلا شك إلى نتائج علاجية أفضل. مكونات الدراسة عينة ضابطة للدراسة، دراسة متعلقة بالنمط السكاني. شخوص الدراسة مرضى فقر الدم المنجلي من البحرينين ذوي نوبات انسداد الأوعية الدموية (عدد=179، المجموعة الأولى)، ومرضى فقر الدم المنجلي من البحرينين غير ذوي نوبات انسداد الأوعيه الدموية (عدد=83، المجوعة الثانية)، متطابقين مع المرضى السابقين في العمر والجنس و جميعهم مرضى يتعالجون فى مجمع السلمانية الطبي للمملكة البحرين. منهج وأدوات الدراسة لقد تم الكشف عن التصنيفات الجينية للإنترلوكين10 بواسطة تقنية التفاعل الفوري للبلمرة المتعددة (real-time PCR) وباستخدام أصناف غير مألوفة ومتحورة من المسابر (probes). الخلاصة لقد أثبتت الدراسة عدم وجود علاقة للتعدد في أصناف الشفرة الجينية عند الإنترلوكين 10 مع مسار الحالة المرضية لمرضى فقر الدم المنجلي والمعرضين لنوبات إنسداد الأوعية الدموية.
Detection of Venous Invasion in Colorectal Carcinoma Using Different Histological Staining Methods
(AL-Neelain University, 2010) Amel Khalaf Allah Elhag Fadlalmula
Abstract This study was conducted at Neelain University, Histopathology and Cytology Department and Ibn Sina Hospital during period from 2008 to May 2010. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether an elastic fiber stain significantly increases the detection of vascular invasion compared with routinely stained sections in colorectal cancer specimens. In this study fifty four colorectal cancer samples (blocks) were collected from archive of Ibn Sina Hospital include males and females in different age. Blocks of tissue were re-embedded in paraffin wax; two serial sections of 4µm thickness were cut from each block. One section was stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin; the other was stained with Verhoeff van Gieson stain. Tissues were evaluated with investigator and results were confirmed with shown variation by Histopathologist and medical laboratory. The present findings imply that serial sections of tumor blocks in colorectal cancer should be stained routinely by Hematoxylin & Eosin and an elastic stain to ensure an acceptable level of sensitivity in the detection of venous invasion. The use of Elastic stained serial sections increased the detection of venous invasion in colorectal carcinomas compared with Hematoxylin & Eosin only. ملخص البحث أجريت هذه الدراسة في جامعة النيلين ، قسم الانسجة و الخلايا المريضة وإدارة مستشفى ابن سينا خلال الفترة من 2008 إلى مايو 2010. والهدف من هذه الدراسة لتقييم ما إذا كان صبغة الألياف المرنة (الفيرهوف فان جيسون) تؤدي الي زيادة كبيرة في الكشف عن غزو الأوعية الدموية مقارنة مع الصبغ الروتيني الهيمتوكسلين والايوسين في عينات سرطان القولون والمستقيم. في هذه الدراسة تم جمع أربعة وخمسين عينة (بلوك) من سرطان القولون والمستقيم من أرشيف مستشفى ابن سينا وتشمل الذكور والإناث في مختلف الأعمار. أعيد انغماس البلوكات في شمع البارافين. بعد احضارها من الأرشيف ، اخذنا من كل عينة مقطعين علي كل شريحة بسمك 4 ميكرومتر . أحد المقطع صبغ بصبغة الهيمتوكسلين والايوسين فقط ، والآخر صبغ بصبغة الفيرهوف فان جيسون، وتم تحليل المواد النسيجية بواسطة اختصاصي الهيستوباثولوجي. النتائج الحالية تعني أن المقاطع من الورم في سرطان القولون والمستقيم ينبغي ان تصبغ بشكل روتيني بصبغة الهيمتوكسلين والايوسين وبصبغة الفيرهوف فان جيسون، وذلك لتأكيد و ضمان مستوى مقبول من حساسية في الكشف عن الغزو وريدي. وايضاعند استخدام صبغة الألياف المرنة (الفيرهوف فان جيسون) في المقاطع المأخوذة من العينات تزيد من اكتشاف الغزو الوريدي مقارنة مع صبغة الهيمتوكسلين والايوسين فقط.