Masters theses : Science

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ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE Maternal Serum Triple Screening Test and Pregnancy Outcome in Elderly Sudanese Pregnant Ladies in Khartoum State-Sudan
(Neelain University, 2009) Rimaz Elhag Gurashi
Abstract Background: Because of the dramatic increase in marital age among Sudanese ladies to far above 30 years, the possibility to deliver infants with congenital defects or diseases is thought to be associated with this situation. This fact is well established and documented in previous studies done in the United States of America. Infants with birth defects is not the only disastrous outcome, pregnancy and delivery complications, abortion, stillbirth are also known consequences. The aim of this study, to detect a possible association between increased maternal age, and Triple Screening Test results. And compare the ﬁndings of the Triple Screening Test results with abnormal pregnancy outcome among Sudanese pregnant ladies. Materials and Methods: Ninety one pregnant ladies accepted to participate in this study. Participants were assigned to two groups; study group including 69 (75.8%) women equal to and above 35 years and control group including 22 (24.2%) women less than 30 years. Structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic information from all participants along with family history. Clinical examinations including ultra-sound for the determination of gestational age were also performed. Blood samples were collected from all participants during the 14"‘ to 20'h week of gestational age. Sera were separated and used for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha fetoprotein, and free estriol concentrations using standardized quantitative methods (ELISA) collectively known as the Triple Screening Test. Results: In the study group, participants delivered 57 (82.6%) normal healthy infants. Twelve ladies (17.4%) delivered infants with adverse dimorphic features. The defects varied; four (5.8%) had stillbirth, four (5.8%) had abortion at the second trimester, three (4.3%) had premature delivery, and one (1.4%) had intrauterine death. And matching control group, none of the participants (0%) give birth to an infant with congenital defect. Highly signiﬁcant positive correlation was detected between increase in maternal age and abnormal pregnancy outcome. The Triple Screening Test against the pregnancy outcome in study group, showed statistically signiﬁcant differences between levels of [3-I-ICG, AFP, and Free estriol and pregnancy outcomes with P-values of 0.000, 0.5240, and 0.000 were obtained using Pearson Chi-squire test of signiﬁcance, respectively. Conclusion: study conclude that abnormal pregnancy outcome is strongly associated with increase in maternal age. Also there were strongly association between the Triple Screening Test and abnormal pregnancy outcome.
analysis classification and evaluation of major and trace elements in iron ores
(2006) ahmed hassan hasab alla
ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UNTREATED AND TREATED WASTEWATER IN MILITARY HOSPITAL STATION, OMDURMAN
(Neelain University, 2018) Almgdad Misara Adam Mohammed
ABSTRACT The quality control of wastewater treatment in the Medical Military Hospital- Omdurman Station was monitored using physio-chemical and microbiological indicators, and the association of the influent with the effluents was analyzed. Physio-chemical parameters: BOD, COD, pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Oil and greases and Residual chlorine were showed obvious reduction between raw water (influent or untreated) and effluent (treated). The microbiological indicators monitored use total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The physico-chemical parameters determined showed highest BOD value of influent (untreated) at October whereas the lowest BOD value of effluent (treated) was observed at July, and the highest COD value of influent at June whereas the lowest COD value of effluent was observed at April, and the highest TDS value of influent at November whereas the lowest TDS value of effluent was observed at April, and the highest pH value of influent at August whereas the lowest pH value of effluent was observed at April, and the highest EC value of influent at July whereas the lowest EC value of effluent was observed at March, and the highest oil and greases value of influent at March whereas the lowest O&G value of effluent at June, and the highest residual chlorine value of influent at November whereas the lowest residual chlorine of effluent was observed at March. Most values observed at different sampling time use outside the compliance level of WHO tolerance limits for effluents discharge into receiving water sheds. This study reveals the need for enforcing adequate effluent treatment methods before their discharge to surface to reduce their potential environmental hazards. مستخلص البحث: هدفت هذه الدراسة لقياس وتقييم جودة محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي بمستشفى السلاح الطبي -أمدرمان ،وذلك بإستخدام بعض المؤشرات والاختبارات الفيزويوكيمائية والميكروبيولوجية لعينات من مياه الصرف الصحي قبل وبعد معالجتها. تم إستخدام سبعة من الإختبارات الفيزيوكيميائية وهي تحديد الإحتياج البيولوجي من الأوكسجين الممتص والإحتياج الكيميائي من الأوكسجين الممتص والرقم الهيدروجيني للمياه ، موصلية الكهرباء ومجموع المواد الذائبة والزيوت والشحوم وكمية الكلور المتبقية وقد لوحظ بوضح إنخفاض مستوى الملوثات ما بين المياه العادمة (الخام) والمياه بعد المعالجة. في الإختبارات الميكروبيولوجية تم إستخدام إختبار تحديد بكتيريا القولونيات. وقد أوضحت الإختبارات الفيزيوكيميائية أعلى قيمة للإحتياج البيولوجي من الاوكجسين في شهر إكتوبر للعينات قبل المعالجة بينما أقل قيمة في شهر يوليو للعينات بعد المعالجة، وأعلى قيمة للإحتياج الكيميائي من الأوكسجين في شهريونيو للعينات قبل المعالجة بينما أقل قيمة في شهر أبريل للعينات بعد المعالجة، وأعلى قيمة للمواد الصلبة الذائبة في شهر نوفمبر للعينات قبل المعالجة بينما أقل قيمة في شهرأبريل للعينات بعد المعالجة، وأعلى قيمة للرقم الهيدروجيني في شهر أغسطس للعينات قبل المعالجة بينما اقل قيمة في شهر أبريل للعينات بعد المعالجة، وأعلى قيمة للموصلية الكهربية في شهر يوليو للعينات قبل المعالجة بينما اقل قيمة في شهر مارس للعينات بعد المعالجة، وأعلى قيمة للزيوت والشحوم في شهر مارس بينما اقل قيمة في شهر يونيو للعينات بعد المعالجة، وأعلى قيمة لنسبة الكلور المتبقى في شهر نوفمبر للعينات قبل المعالجة بينما أقل قيمة في شهر مارس للعينات بعد المعالجة. وتم إستخدام برامج إحصائية كمؤشرات قياس لتقييم أداء محطة معالجة المياه العادمة ولوحظ أن معظم القيم لمختلف العينات المعالجة بمختلف الفترات التي أخذت فيها زائدة عن الحدود التي تسمح بها منظمة الصحة العالمية للمياه المعالجة التي يتم طرحها في مستنقعات المياه. يتضح جلياً من خلال هذه الدراسة الحاجة لطرق معالجات كافية للمياه العادمة قبل تصريفها في مصادر المياه وذلك لتقليل المخاطر البيئية.
Analysis of the Essential oil Of Vetiveria nigritana (Benth) Stapf Roots
(2004-12) Mona Abdel-Latif Khalil
The oil content of the roots of Vetiveria nigrilana (Benth) stapf (Poaceae) known as vetiver oil was determined by water distillation (l.35%).The physical and chemical properties such as speciﬁc gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, acid value, ester value and saponiﬁcation value were determined and some were in agreement with published data in the literature. TLC screening in different solvent systems and GLC/MS analysis revealed that the main constituents of the oil were longifolene — D (25.1%), hydroxycyperol (9.7%) and aromadendrene oxide (1) (8.8%). The volatile oil was treated with NaOH and NaHCO3 to give two acidic fractions. The main fraction was weak — acidic and contained 43 compounds with longipinocarvone as the main constituent (12.6%). The strong — acidic fraction was composed of four compounds only with 3,3,8,8 - tetramethyl - tricyclo [5.1.0.0(2,4)] Oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid as the main constituent. _ These results are reported for the ﬁrst time and according to the literature, the Sudanese veliver oil could be different as well as the other vetiver oils from different geographic regions of the world.
Analysis of Topological Structure of Artificially Porous Gum Arabic by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2007-10) Amna Adam Hamid
Abstract Artiﬁcial porosity in Gum Arabic has been formed after being blended with Potassium bromate by using chemical method. Structural characterization is carried out by scaning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs exhibited equal K Br distribution and poly dispersed porosity by the combination of SEM and image analysis techniques we are enabled to trace the features and topology of the produced porosity. From the results obtained we have found that, the porosity had show random growth and increases in size and density after thermal treatment. This increment can be attributed to the connectivity of pores.
ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF [TWO sorghum CULTIVARS BEFORE AND AFTER MALTING (Feterita & Tabat)
(Neelain University, 2006) Amna Osman Hamid
Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition changes of two sorghum cultivars namely; Fietrita (A) and Tabat (B); under different three malting stages; after three days of malting (A3 & B3); after ﬁve days of malting (A5 & B5); and after seven days of malting (A7 & B7). The two Sudanese cultivars grains were obtained from Omdurman local market (Aiasha), which was brought from Elgadarif area (prod. 2003). Proximate analyses such as moisture content, fat content, protein content, ﬁber content, ash content, reducing sugars, total sugars and carbohydrates were examined according to A. O. A. C. (1990) and Pearson 1976. The results showed that moisture content ranged from 5.5 to 6.63 % in Fietrita and from 5.47 to 6.24 % in Tabat. Oil content ranged from 2.28 — 3.5 % with no signiﬁcant differences between the different stages of malting and also between the two different cultivars. The protein content was 0.06 - 12.8% and showed differences between the two varieties. Malting increased the ﬁber content for both cultivars 0.7 — 3.64 % in F ietrita and from 0.48 - 0.75 % in Tabat. The oil content of sorghum grain ranged from 2.28 — 3.5 %. Ash content for the two sorghum cultivars during the different malting stages ranged from 1.25 to 1.75% with no signiﬁcant differences. Carbohydrates content for the two sorghum cultivars during the different malting stages, ranged from 72.671 to 79.01% in Fietrita and from 76.53 to 78.38% in Tabat. The results showed that phytic acid, tannin contents and minerals including Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Magnesium (Mg), Ca Calcium and Potassium (K) are increased by increasing of malting days.
Anti-Bacterial activity of Garlic extracts against standard and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
(Al-Neelain University, 2019-10) Yasmeen Abd Alrhman Saeed Ahmed
In many developing countries population relies on traditional practitioner of medicinal plants in order to meet health care needs. Garlic is one of the herbs that is used by traditional practitioners for preparation of herbals medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-bacterial effect of garlic extracts against standard and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Agar diffusion method was used, results were compared with the antibacterial activity of vancomycin (30mg), gentamicin ( 10mg ) and azithromycin ( 15mg ), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) were measured. results showed that the methanol and ethanol garlic extracts had an effective antimicrobial activity against both standard and clinical isolates of the S.aureus and E.coli while water extract showed absence of the antibacterial activity against both mentioned bacteria. The antibacterial activity of methanol garlic extract is more potent than ethanol extract and relatively similar to some tested antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the minimum bacteriocidal Concentration ( MBC ) were gained 25% concentration of methanol, ethanol and water garlic extracts. This study concluded that garlic could be used as effective antibacterial agent against S. aureus and E.coli. في بعض الدول النامية يعتمد السكان علي ممارسى العلاج التقليدي بالنباتات الطبية من اجل تلبية حوجة الرعاية الصحية.الثوم احد الاعشاب التي تستخدم بواسطة ممارسي العلاج التقليدي من اجل تحضير الادوية العشبية. اجريت هذه الدراسة من اجل تقيم الاثر المضاد البكتيري لمستخلص نبات الثوم ضد البكتريا القياسية والسريرية لكل من العنقودية الذهبية والاشريشيا القولونية. استخدمت طريقة الانتشار القرصي والنتيجة التي تم الحصول عليها تمت مقارنتها مع فعالية المضادات الحيوية الفانكوميسين (30مل جم ), الجنتاميسين (10 مل جم ) والازيثرومايسين (15 مل جم ), تم قياس اقل تركيز يثبط البكتريا واقل تركيز يقتل البكتريا .النتيجة اظهرت ان مستخلص الميثانول والايثانول لنبات الثوم له نشاط مضاد بكتيري فعال ضد بكتريا العنقودية الذهبية والاشريشيا القولونية القياسية والاكلينيكية (السريرية), بينما المستخلص المائي اظهر غياب النشاط المضاد للبكتيري للنوعين من البكتريا المذكورة سابقا. النشاط المضاد البكتيري لمستخلص الميثانول كان اكثر قوة من مستخلص الايثانول ومشابه لبعض فعالية المضادات الحيوية. اقل تركيز يثبط البكتريا واقل تركيز يقتل البكتريا تم مشاهدته عند تركيز 25% للمستخلص الميثانولى والايثانولى والمستخلص المائي لنبات الثوم. وخلصت هذه الدراسة علي ان الثوم يمكن ان يستخدم كمضاد بكتيري فعال ضد بكتريا العنقودية الذهبية والاشريشيا القولونية.
, Anti-oxidant and Chemical Composition Antimicrobial activities of Maerua pseudopetalosa Root Extracts
(Al-Neelain University, 2021-07) Jehad Ibrahim Habib Alla Elbashir
Abstract Maerua pesudopetalosa is woody medicinal plant, growing in a wide range of Sudan in the rainy season in Kordofan state and also in blue Nile state particularly in Damazin area . In this study, the Maerua pesudopetalosa roots were dried , powdered and weighed (500.02 grams). The sample was successively extracted by n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. Initially, (600)ml of n-hexane was used for the maceration of soaked roots for three days with constant shaking then filtered and solvent was evaporated. Similar process was done to obtain dichloromethane and methanol extracts. The percentages yields were determined. The percentages yield of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were 1.495%, 0.641%, 2.17%, respectively. A chemical survey was conducted for dichloromethane and methanol extracts. Dichloromethane extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, quinines and steroids. While methanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids , alkaloids , terpenes and quinines. Chemical components of n-hexane extract were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of six compounds were identified; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z-Z)- (42.06%) 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- (41.91%), beta.-Sitosterol (9.54%), hexadecanoic acid (5.51%) , methyl stearic acid (0.67%) heptadecanoic acid (0.31%) . Bio-laboratory experiments were conducted with n-hexane extract to assess anti-microbial activity evaluating the efficacy of the three extracts against some selected types of bacteria. The results revealed that the n-hexane extract had activity against bacteria ranging (13-16mm) and fungi (10-10 mm). The antioxidant efficacy using DPPH for the three extracts disclosed weak activities for n- hexane extract (17%) dichloromethane extract (18%) and methanol extract (23%). المستخلص الكردالة نبات خشبي من النباتات الطبية يزرع في مناطق متعددة في السودان في ولاية كردفان و فى ولاية النيل الازرق خاصة منطقة الدمازين في موسم الأمطار . في هذه الدراسة تم وزن (500.02 ) جرام من جزور نبات الكردالة المجففة و تم استخلاص الجذور بطريقة الإستخلاص المتتالي باستخدام ثلاثة مذيبات هي (الهكسان والدايكلوروميثان والميثانول) اولا تم نقع الجذور الجافة ب(600 ) مل من الهكسان ثم ترك لمدة ثلاثة أيام وبعد الترشيح والتبخير تم تحديد النسبة المئوية من الراسب وكانت للهكسان والدايكلوروميثان والميثانول (1.495%) و(641.%) و(2.17%) على التوالي بالتجارب الكيمائية فاوضح المسح الكيميائي لمستخلص الميثانول وجود قلويدات , فلافنويدات , تربينات والكيونينات وبالإضافة لإاسترويدات مع مستخلص الدايكلوروميثان . تم فصل المركبات عن طريق كروماتوغرافيا الغاز وطيف الكتلة لمستخلص الهكسان ونتج ستة مركبات هي : 9-12 ثنائي ميثايل حمض اوكتاديكادين (42.6% ) و9 ميثايل حمض اوكتاديكادين (41.91%) , بيتا سيتوستيرول (9.54%) ميثايل حمض الهكساديكانويك (5.51%) حمض إستيريك (67.%) و حمض هيبتاديكانويك 31.%).) تم اجراء التجارب المعملية للهكسان ضد انواع من البكتريا .اوضحت النتائج أن مستخلص الهكسان أظهر فعالية ضد البكتريا (13-16) مم والفطريات (10-10). تم اجراء اختبار مضادات الاكسدة للمستخلصات و كانت النتائج ضعيفة وهي(17% ) لمستخلص الهكسان و(18%) لمستخلص الميثانول و(23%) لمستخلص الدايكلوروميثان وتم اختيار نبات الكردالة لتقصي الناحية العلمية لإستخدامه بواسطة العشابين في علاج مرض السكر وسرطان الثدي والأمراض الصدرية
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE FAMILY COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE)
(Neelain University, 2005) Hoyam Abd El-kareem Idris
In this study six plants belonging to the family Asteraceae (Artemisia herba alba, Matricaria recutita, Carthamus tinctorius, Ambrosia maritima, Cichorium endiva, Lactuca stavia) were selected for this study of their antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria(S. aureus E. coli, Pr. vulgaris and Ps. aeruginosa) which were isolate ﬁ‘om patients. The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic and chloroform extracts against tested bacteria were evaluated and found that the ethanolic extracts showed higher activity compared to that of the chloroform extracts. Artemisia herba alba was selected for ﬁirther study for isolation of the active compounds. The ethanolic extract of A. herba alba leaf was subjected to column chromatography for further study. Six fractions were obtained. However the activity of the ﬁactions against tested bacteria was evaluated. From the results it was clear that fraction 2 showed activity against S. aureus. This ﬁ'action was further fractionated using column chromatography. 6 Fractions (a to f) were obtained ﬁ'om traction 2 and were tested against the S. aureus. However the active fraction was (d), which was then subjected to analysis and puriﬁcation by I-IPLC system. Two peaks appeared and the fractions corresponding to these peaks were tested against S. aureus . However no activity was obtained by using the separated ﬁactions. Also the antibiotics activities against tested bacteria were evaluated.
Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Two Health Centers in Khartoum, Sudan
(Al-Neelain University, 2022-02) Hadeel Galal Mohammed
Abstract The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is one of the big and important problems that our societies face. It leads to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of resistance in clinically isolated bacteria to broad- and narrow-spectra antibiotics. 30 clinical samples were collected, and biochemical tests were conducted. The results showed the presence of 6 bacterial species, four gram- negative species, (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii) in percentages of 33.4%, 16.7%, 10%, 10%, respectively, and two Gram-positive species : Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, in percentages of 23.3% and 6.6%, respectively. Several types of commonly used antibiotics have been tested. The results showed variable resistance. Escherichia coli indicated resistance to Co- Trimoxazole, Cefotaxime, Nalidixic acid, Carbenicillin , Ampicillin , Cefuroxime, 30%, 20%, 10%, 80%, 100%, 100%, respectively. K. pneumoniae showed resistance to Nicene, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Cefuroxime, Carbenicillin, at percentages of 40%, 20% , 100%, 100%, 100%, respectively. P. aeruginosa showed resistance to Gentamicin, Cefuroxime , Nicene, Nalidixic acid, Co-Trimoxazole, Ampicillin, Nitrofurantoin at percentages of 33.4%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% respectively. Citrobacter freundii, showed resistance to Co-Trimoxazole, Nalidixic acid, Carbenicillin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime at percentages of 33,4%, 33.4%, 66.7%, 100%, 100%, 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the gram positive bacteria also showed variable resistance to the used antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus showed resistance to Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Co-Trimoxazole, Clindamycin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Vancomycin, Penicillin-G, Fusidic Acid at percentages of 14.3%, 14.3%, 14.3%, 14.3%, 42.9%, 42.9%, 42.9%, 71.5%, 100%, 85.8%, respectively. Bacillus cereus showed resistance to Ampicillin and Carbenicillin at percentages of 100%, 100%, respectively These results indicate that the antibiotic resistance is very common within the clinical isolates and more strict measures should be implemented to contain this problem.
Antimicrobial Activity of T rach yspermum ammi Against Some Clinical Isolates
(Neelain University, 2006) basm osman
Abstract This study was carried out in Khartoum Teaching l-lospital and » Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty ol‘Scieuee and Technology, EL Neelain University. Evaluation of possible antimicrobial activity of Tmchyspermum ammi, also known as (Cnrum cupticmn, Carum ajowan, Traclzyspermum copticum) seeds extracts in ditlerent concentrations against Slap/1yI0c0ccu.r aurcus, l£.co/i, 1’/'0!cu.\' WI/).{(II'I.\‘, 1’scua'0m0na.s' aeruginosa and Candida aII)icun.\' was made. 'l‘hese-orgauistus were isolated from dil‘t'erent specimens (ear and eye swabs, urine, wounds). Out of -l3_4 collected specimens, .S'Ia/J/1yl0cr)ccu.\' auruu.s' represented a high incidence 59 (44%), whereas (fund/'1/u ullriculm showed lower incidence 9 (7%) ~ The plant seeds were extracted successively using petroleum ether, ehlor0l'orm, ethanol and water extracts, and the extracts were tested l'or activity against isolated microorganistns. It was observed that petroleum ether and ethanol extracts t'rom the plant seeds were active; the aqueous and clilo|'oloriu extracts were, however, less active.'This might be due to the presence and concentration ol' active constituents more extractable with petroleum ether and ethanol than water or chlorol'orm. The antimicrobial activity ol' the plant extracts were compared with the activity ofthc antibiotic gentamiein. ' ' Phytochemical analysis ot' the plant seeds demonstrated the presence ot alkaloids, ﬂavone aglyeones and coumarins in petroleum ether extract, anthraquinones, coumarins, anthrasine glycosides and condensed tannins in alcohol fraction and triterpene glycosides, saponins, alkaloids and condensed tannins in aqueous extract.
Antimicrobial Activity of Trachyspermum ammi Against Some Clinical Isolates
(Al Neelain University, 2006-06) Ahmed Abbas Osman
This study was carried out in Khartoum Teaching Hospital and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, EL Neelain University. Evaluation of possible antimicrobial activity of »Tracl1y_spermmn ammi, also known as (Carum copticmu, Carum ajowan, Trachyspcrmum coptjcum) seeds extracts in diflerent concentrations against Slap/1yl0c0ccu.s' aureus, /5.00!/', I’r0tuus vu/gar/'.\', 1’.s'eua'0m0na.r aerugi/1,0.s'a and Candida al/Jicans was made. These organisms were isolated from dillierent specimens (ear and eye swabs, urine, wounds). Out of I34 collected specimens, .\'Iu/1/iy/000ccu.\' uu['cu.\' represented a high incidence 5‘) (44%), whereas (Yum//1/u 1///liar/n.\' showed lower incidence 9 (7%) The plant seeds were extracted successively using petroleum ether, clilorolbrm, ethanol and'water extracts, and the extracts were tested for activity against isolated microorganisms. I lt was observed that petroleum ether and ethanol extracts from the plant seeds were active; the aqueous and chloroform extracts were, however, less active. This might be due to the presence and concentration 0|" active constituents more extractable with petroleum ether and ethanol than wzrer or chlorol'orm. The antimicrobial activity ol' the plant extracts were compared with the activity ol‘the antibiotic gentamicin. _ Phytochemieal analysis ot"the plant seeds demonstrated the presence ol alkaloids, ﬂavone aglycones and eoumarins in petroleum ether extract, anthraquinones, eoumarins, anthrasine glyeosidcs and condensed tannins in alcohol fraction and triterpene glyeosides, saponins, alkaloids and condensed tannins in aqueous extract
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Different Extracts of Callus and Intact Plant (Seeds) of Fenugreek(Trigonellafoenum-graecum)
(Alneelain University, 2014) Ammar Mohammed Ahmed Al
The present study aimed to investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of calls and seeds extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Palnt tissue culture technique was employed to induce callus from hypocotyls and cotyledons explants of T f0enum- graecum by culturing them in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. Induced callus and seeds of fenugreek were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH method and antimicrobial activity against four standard bacteria (Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) using paper disc diffusion method. In order to induce the callus, the explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with two auxins, 2,4-D and NAA separately with different concentrations, and(O.5 mg/1) of kinetin was used in combination with different concentrations of 2,4-D and NAA hormones. Callus was successfully induced in all concentrations and combinations. No callus formation was observed in the absence of plant growth regulators. Hypocotyls explants were much better in inducing callus than cotyledons explants. The best callus formation was observed at sixth week of cultivation in most growth regulators. The highest mean of callus index was recorded (3.5O:tO.l5) with 100% of callusing by MS medium supplemented with 4.0mg/1 NAA+O.5 Kin from hypocotyls segments compared to other treatments. In the case of callus induction from cotyledons segments the highest mean of callus index was 2.4l:kO.18 with 100% of callusing by MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/1 2,4-D. Hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses and seeds were extracted by petroleum ether and methanol by Soxhlet(continuous extraction method). The extracts were investigated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The petroleum ether extract of Tfoenum-graecum seeds showed highest antimicrobial activity compared to other extracts with maximum zone of inhibition 2010.88 mm against Aspergillus niger by concentration 250 mg/ml. Petroleum ether extracts for both hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses were ineffective against all tested microorganisms. Methanolic extracts of hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus by concentration 250mg/ml with inhibition zone ll:h0.00mm, l2i0.57mm respectively. Inhibition gone l0:l:0.00mm was recorded against E. coli for both methanolic extracts of hypocotyls and cotyledons derived callus by concentration 250mg/ml. Methanolic extract of seeds was ineffective against all tested microorganisms except weak effect 8i0.00 rnm against C. albicans. Petroleum ether extract of T.f0enum- graecum seeds by 250mg/ml showed activity higer than Ampicillin/Sulbactam (20 pg/disc) and Ciproﬂoxacin (5 pg/disc) against S.aureus, also methanolic extracts of hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses by 250mg/ml showed activity equal to Ampicillin/Sulbactam (20 pg/disc )and Ciproﬂoxacin (5 pg/disc) against S. aureus. Phytochemical screening for both seeds and callus extracts indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for methanolic extracts of callus and seeds and petroleum ether extract of seeds of fenugreek. The highest free radicals scavenging activity was obtained from cotyledons derived callus (91 .5:hO.l6%) followed by hypocotyls derived callus (85.46i0.29%) and methanolic extract of seeds (80.53:l:0.0l%). Petroleum ether extract of seeds demonstrated weak antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage 24.56:h0.l2%. Signiﬁcant differences(p<0.05) were detected among different antioxidant potential of Tl foenum-graecum callus al1d seeds extracts. IC50 values of DPPH scavenging capacity of methanolic extracts were evaluted in descending order, plant seeds(l.l185mg/g)>hypocotyls derived callus(O.7l59mg/g)> cotyledons derived callus (O.49l4mg/g)>ascorbic acid (0.l874mg/g). A lower value of IC50 indicates a higher antioxidant activity. Highest phenolic content was observed in callus of cotyledons (4l2.087 mg/l), compared to callus of hypocotyls (2ll.l937 mg/l) and methanolic extract of seeds(l24.84 mg/l) calculated as mg/l gallic acid equivalent of phenols. Methanolic extract of seeds showed highest level of ﬂavonoid content (424.951 mg/l), compared to callus of cotyledons (2l7.285 mg/l) and callus of hypocotyls (95.92 mg/1) calculated as mg/l quercetin equivalent of ﬂavonoids. Tarmins content were detected only in methanolic extract of seeds (1l6.259 mg/l calculated as tannic acid equivalent of tannins).
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Different Extracts of Callus and Intact Plant (Seeds) of Fenugreek(Trigonellafoenum-graecum)
(Alneelain University, 2014) Ammar Mohammed Ahmed Ali
The present study aimed to investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of calls and seeds extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Palnt tissue culture technique was employed to induce callus from hypocotyls and cotyledons explants of T f0enum- graecum by culturing them in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. Induced callus and seeds of fenugreek were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH method and antimicrobial activity against four standard bacteria (Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) using paper disc diffusion method. In order to induce the callus, the explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with two auxins, 2,4-D and NAA separately with different concentrations, and(O.5 mg/1) of kinetin was used in combination with different concentrations of 2,4-D and NAA hormones. Callus was successfully induced in all concentrations and combinations. No callus formation was observed in the absence of plant growth regulators. Hypocotyls explants were much better in inducing callus than cotyledons explants. The best callus formation was observed at sixth week of cultivation in most growth regulators. The highest mean of callus index was recorded (3.5O:tO.l5) with 100% of callusing by MS medium supplemented with 4.0mg/1 NAA+O.5 Kin from hypocotyls segments compared to other treatments. In the case of callus induction from cotyledons segments the highest mean of callus index was 2.4l:kO.18 with 100% of callusing by MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/1 2,4-D. Hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses and seeds were extracted by petroleum ether and methanol by Soxhlet(continuous extraction method). The extracts were investigated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The petroleum ether extract of Tfoenum-graecum seeds showed highest antimicrobial activity compared to other extracts with maximum zone of inhibition 2010.88 mm against Aspergillus niger by concentration 250 mg/ml. Petroleum ether extracts for both hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses were ineffective against all tested microorganisms. Methanolic extracts of hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus by concentration 250mg/ml with inhibition zone ll:h0.00mm, l2i0.57mm respectively. Inhibition gone l0:l:0.00mm was recorded against E. coli for both methanolic extracts of hypocotyls and cotyledons derived callus by concentration 250mg/ml. Methanolic extract of seeds was ineffective against all tested microorganisms except weak effect 8i0.00 rnm against C. albicans. Petroleum ether extract of T.f0enum- graecum seeds by 250mg/ml showed activity higer than Ampicillin/Sulbactam (20 pg/disc) and Ciproﬂoxacin (5 pg/disc) against S.aureus, also methanolic extracts of hypocotyls and cotyledons derived calluses by 250mg/ml showed activity equal to Ampicillin/Sulbactam (20 pg/disc )and Ciproﬂoxacin (5 pg/disc) against S. aureus. Phytochemical screening for both seeds and callus extracts indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for methanolic extracts of callus and seeds and petroleum ether extract of seeds of fenugreek. The highest free radicals scavenging activity was obtained from cotyledons derived callus (91 .5:hO.l6%) followed by hypocotyls derived callus (85.46i0.29%) and methanolic extract of seeds (80.53:l:0.0l%). Petroleum ether extract of seeds demonstrated weak antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage 24.56:h0.l2%. Signiﬁcant differences(p<0.05) were detected among different antioxidant potential of Tl foenum-graecum callus al1d seeds extracts. IC50 values of DPPH scavenging capacity of methanolic extracts were evaluted in descending order, plant seeds(l.l185mg/g)>hypocotyls derived callus(O.7l59mg/g)> cotyledons derived callus (O.49l4mg/g)>ascorbic acid (0.l874mg/g). A lower value of IC50 indicates a higher antioxidant activity. Highest phenolic content was observed in callus of cotyledons (4l2.087 mg/l), compared to callus of hypocotyls (2ll.l937 mg/l) and methanolic extract of seeds(l24.84 mg/l) calculated as mg/l gallic acid equivalent of phenols. Methanolic extract of seeds showed highest level of ﬂavonoid content (424.951 mg/l), compared to callus of cotyledons (2l7.285 mg/l) and callus of hypocotyls (95.92 mg/1) calculated as mg/l quercetin equivalent of ﬂavonoids. Tarmins content were detected only in methanolic extract of seeds (1l6.259 mg/l calculated as tannic acid equivalent of tannins).
Antioxidative enzyme gene polymorphism and serum magnesium, ferritin and iron among Sudanese diabetic retinopathy patients
(Neelain University, 2015) Hamdan Zaki Hamdan Abu-Albasher
Abstract Background: Diabetic retinopathy the commonest micro-vascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is the main cause of blindness among young adults world widely. Poor glycemic control in addition to longer diabetic duration are the main risk factors for diabetic retinopathy. Inter-racial variation in clinical severity and incidence of diabetic retinopathy has been observed. This provide the rational to genetic factor involvement. Many genes has been postulated as candidate genes for diabetic retinopathy. Little is known about anti-oxidative enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with diabetic retinopathy, mainly for catalase enzyme and mangenes superoxide dismutase genes. Therefore the aim of the current study to determine the association of CAT-21A/T and MnSOD-47 C/T gene polymorphisms with diabetic retinopathy, in addition to determine the association of magnesium, ferritin and iron in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Methodology: This is a case-control hospital based study carried out in Makkah Eye Complex during the period of March — December 2013. Cases were 50 diabetic patients complicated with diabetic retinopathy while control were 50 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy. All cases and control were selected randomly and informed consent were obtained from all participants. All patients underwent retinal examination by slit-lamp with assisted lenses, after mydriasis by using Tropicamide (Mydriasis Alcon) eye drop. Diabetic retinopathy was graded according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology scale. DNA was extracted from patients’ blood using Blood DNA Extraction kits, and then polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done for the selected gene target. PCR product for CAT gene segment digested by Hinﬂ enzyme to determine the genotype by (PCR-RFLP). For MnSOD the PCR product underwent Sanger DNA sequencing to determine its genotyping. Serum was obtained to determine the concentration of magnesium and iron by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum ferritin was measured by immunoﬁuorescent assay. Result: In this study, the overall male to female ratio was 1 : 1 .9. The majority of the patients were 98(98%) type II diabetes and only 2 patients were type I diabetes mellitus. The mean age i SD of the cases group versus controls was [59 :k 11.2 vs. 56:1: 10.5 years; P=0.3l7]. The mean duration of diabetes in years was higher among cases group than in controls [l6.5:I:7.5 vs. l0.7i6.3; P=0.544]. The median (25"‘ -75"‘ quartile) of serum magnesium was signiﬁcantly lower in cases l.48(0.75-1.64) than control group 1.92 (1.4-2.3) mg/dl; P= 0.022. While there was no signiﬁcant difference between the cases and control in serum ferritin and iron, The TT genotype frequency of the CAT-2 lA/T was signiﬁcantly higher in cases (P=0.043), and showed a risk effect in diabetic retinopathy patients (OR=2.56, 95% CI=l.0l-6.45). While the AA genotype showed a protective effect (P= 0.011, OR=0.33, 95% CI= 0.13- 0.79) among controls. The allele frequency of the variant T allele was signiﬁcantly different in the cases group (P=0.003, OR=2.35, 95% CI=l.33— 4.16). The genotyping for MnSOD 47C/T showed that, the ﬁequency of genotype CC was signiﬁcantly lower in cases compared with control and OR (95% CI) = 0.088 (0.034-0.224), P=<0.00l. While the frequency of the CT heterozygote genotype was signiﬁcantly higher in cases group compare with control, the OR= 3.76(l.4l-10.05); P=0.006. While frequency of the TT genotype were signiﬁcantly higher in cases than controls and OR= 5.31(1.9l-14.75), P=0.001. The C allele is observed in 81% of the control while the T allele — risky allele- observed in 61% of the cases, OR= O.l50(0.079-0.285), P=<0.00l. Conclusion: In this setting, longer duration of diabetes is signiﬁcantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. Hypomagnesaemia was associated with diabetic retinopathy while no association was observed in case of serum ferritin and iron. The TT genotype in both genes CAT -21A/T and MnSOD-47C/T were signiﬁcantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. These ﬁnding consolidate the involvement of genetic factors in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy beside other known risk factors. Although hypomagnesaemia is signiﬁcantly associated with diabetic retinopathy, we did not detemiine the cause of hypomagnesaemia whether it is dietary deﬁciency or urinary loss. This is one of the limitation of our study. However, further study is needed.
Application of remote sensing and GIS in gold prospecting North of Gabgaba, Red Sea State, Sudan
(Al-Neelain University, 2020-12) Ahmed Rifaat Hamid Ahmed
ABSTRACT Gold exploration began in Sudan since the Pharaonic times, Although mineral exploration began in Sudan early, however there is no accurate assessment of the reserves and many mineral resources are still unexploited. The study area covers 300 square kilometers in Red Sea State, Republic of Sudan. The main objectives of the study are to update the geological map using the satellite imagery (Landsat 8) and prospecting for gold mineral by detecting the mineralization areas using the Landsat 8 data and Aster also to carry out a spectral analysis of aster data to produce mineralization ranges and mineral maps of the study area. To achieve the current study, various digital image-processing techniques have been applied to improve the geological properties of the study area using Landsat 8 and aster data. Landsat 8 images possessing results reveal the directions of the geological structures; and some alteration zones had been found related to altered minerals group accumulation. The geological map of the study area has been prepared and updated using image pre-processing and image enhancements, which include sharpening colors, color combinations, analysis of the main components, Sultan color compound. and Aster satellite indicators for mineral exploration in the region along with spectroscopy satellite data; in a sequential manner to produce maps of mining regions related to mineralization in the study area. It has been proven that improving the raw imagery data and its interpretation produce the logical interpretation of the rock units and geological structures and finally facilitate the production of a reliable geological map. The methods used in this study yielded satisfactory ,accurate and positive results from the point of view of geological maps and mineral exploration, and the mineralization ranges associated with the groups of alteration minerals were identified. المستخلص بدأ استكشاف الذهب في السودان منذ العصور الفرعونية, على الرغم من أن التنقيب عن المعادن بدأ في السودان وقت مبكر إلا أنه لا يوجد تقييم دقيق للاحتياطيات ولا تزال العديد من الموارد المعدنية غير مستغلة . تغطي مساحة منطقة الدراسة 300 كيلومتر مربع في ولاية البحر الاحمر, جمهورية السودان. الأهداف الرئيسية للدراسة هي تحديث الخريطه الجيولوجيه باستخدام صور الأقمار الصناعيه (لاندسات 8) والتنقيب عن معدن الذهب من خلال الكشف عن مناطق التمعدنات باستخدام بيانات لاندسات 8 واستر وكذلك اجراء تحليل طيفي لبيانات استر لانتاج نطاقات التمعدن والخرائط المعدنيه لمنطقه الدراسه. لتحقيق الدراسه الحاليه تم تطبيق تقنيات معالجه الصور الرقميه المختلفه لتحسين الخصائص الجيولوجيه والتركيبية لمنطقة الدراسة بإستخدام بيانات لاندسات 8واستر. نتائج معالجه صور لاندسات 8 كشف عن إتجاهات التراكيب الجيولوجية وبعض نطاقات التحول وجدت مرتبطه بتجمعات تمعدنات التحول. تم إعداد وتحديث الخريطة الجيولوجية لمنطقة الدراسة باستخدام المعالجة المسبقة للصور وتحسينات الصور والتي تتضمن شحذ الألوان ، وتركيبات الألوان ، وتحليل المكونات الرئيسية ، ومركب (سلطان) للألوان. ومؤشرات القمر الصناعي استر للتنقيب عن المعادن في المنطقه بجانب التحليل الطيفي البيانات القمر الصناعي استر؛ بطريقة متسلسلة لإنتاج خرائط مناطق التعدين المتعلقة بالتمعدنات في منطقة الدراسة. وقد ثبت ان تحسين الصور الخام وتفسيرها انتج التفسير المنطقي للوحدات الصخرية والتراكيب الجيولوجية وأخيرا سهلت إنتاج خريطه جيولوجية موثوقة. أسفرت الطرق المستخددمه في هذه الدراسة عن نتائج إيجابية ودقيقة مرضية من وجهة نظر الخرائط الجيولوجية والتنقيب عن المعادن,وتم تحديد نطاقات التمعدن المرتبطه بمجموعات معادن التغير.
Assay Method for Diclofenac Capsules 75mg By HPLC
(Al-Neelain University, 2019-03) Abdalla Abdelgadir Abdalla Salim
Abstract The Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the determination of Diclofenac Sodium in capsule dosage form. After that, optimization of a good chromatographic separation was achieved by Isocratic mode with a mixture of Acetonitrile- Phosphate buffer, pH-2.5 ± 0.2, in the ratio 50: 50 v/v as the mobile phase and UV detector working at wavelength of 245 nm. The drug retention time for Diclofenac Sodium was found to be 9.10 min. The linearity by this method was found to be in the concentration range of 50-150 μg/ml for Diclofenac Sodium. This method can be described as good as the percentage recovery for Diclofenac Sodium was found to be 101.66%, which indicates that the used separation method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method showed good correlation between retention times of the standard and of the drug, so the sample without interference from placebo of capsule dosage form. المستخلص حدد الديكلوفيناك صوديوم باستعمال الكروماتوغرافيا عاليه الاداء باستخدام مزيج اسيتونيترايل والفوسفات (بنسبه 50:50 حجم - رقم هيدروجيني 2.5±0.2) كطور متحرك وكاشـف الأشعة فوق البنفسجية يعمل عند طول موجة قدرها 245 نانوميتر .زمن مكوث ديكلوفيناك صوديوم كان 9.10 دقيقه وكانت النتايج خطيه فى مدي التركيز 50-150 ميكروغرام/لتر يمكن وصف الطريقة بالفعالة حيث بلغت نسبة الإسترداد 101.66% مما يدل علي الدقه العاليه لطريقه الفصل المتبعه وقد اظهرت هذه الطريقه علاقه جيده بين زمن مكوث العينه القياسيه للدواء والدواء المراد فصله بدون اي تداخلات بين تغليفه الكبسوله والماده الفعاله المستخدمه.
Assessment of drinking water quality in new halfe settement villages and the town
(Neelain University, 2000) ola Ahmed Mohmmed
The purpose of this study is to assess the drinking water quality in the New Halfa area settlement villages and the town”. The study area \vater samples were divided into three types: Water from ground well (village”l5”)- treated surface water from the town —untreated surface water from the villages, this was divided spatially as (southern sector villages”7,lO”, middle sector villages “5,l l,l2”, northem sector villages “2l,22,24”). These locations were chosen to cover the whole area. Four sources for each site were selected (priciptation well-storage and suppling tank-taps at ﬁrst and end of the distribution net), samples from this sources were collected for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis in the winter and the summer season to see any variation during these seasons .The physical and chemical parameters which investigated were(temperature,turbidity, pl-l, E.C, TDS, T.l-l, T.Alk, sci" ,Cl',Ca2', M g’*,Na*,1<*,re,cu,cr“*, NH3, NO2',NO_{,F',COD,and residual chlorine in case oftreated water. The bacteriological analysis detennined were : total colonies, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, faecal coliform, and faecal streptococci. The study showed that there was no faecal pollution in the ground water tapped from boreholes and the treated water of the town at taps, whilein the untreated surface water samples from the sectors villages, showed huge faecal pollution, where there is no-treatment or due to bad conditions surronding the stations and the distribution- nets. The bacteriological pollution increases more in winter season than in summer, Probably due to enhanced activities of bacteria in the winter. Also the study conﬁrmed that unplanned houses “kanabi” play a major role in polluting the surface water, in addition to mismangement of the drinking water. The study also showed that the concentration of the chemical parameters were in the permissible levels of the (WI~lOl995) standards, except that, the nitrites were in high levels particularly in winter. This may be due to the use of nitrogen compounds in agricultural activities. The study recommended the following solutions: - To maintains all drinking water stations in the villages and the town. - To urgently excavate boreholes where village's geology permits as an alternative to surﬁlce water, which is subjected to pollution. - To provide the unplanned houses (kanabi) with latrines to avoid
Assessment of Lead, among Endemic Goiter Patients in South Kordufan
(جامعة النيلين, 2018) Sara Omer Mustafa Ahmed
Abstract Background: Availability of adequate thyroid hormone is essential for normal activity. Researchers link between the thyroid disorders and lead level, therefore is necessary to study it in goiter patients. Aim of this study: The present study aim to assess lead level among Endemic goiter patients in South Kurdofan State. Materials and Methods: In analytical case control study, 40 clinically diagnosed endemic goiter patients age ranged from 12 to 60 years old and 40 health apparently as control group were enrolled. FT3, FT4 and TSH were measured using sandwich and competitive immunochemistry, While Serum lead was measured using atomic absorption. Data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS. Results: Analyses of frequency revealed that, endemic goiter is common in female (97%) than male (3%). Comparison analysis showed that, the mean concentration of the thyroid hormones (FT3and FT4) were significantly increased in case when compared with control, with p-value =0.043 and 0.049 respectively, while insignificant decrease was observed in mean concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) p-value =0.560. Moreover, serum lead level was significantly higher when compared to the control p-value 0.000. Person’s correlations revealed that no significant correlation between serum lead and participants age, the correlation between serum lead and FT3 it was inversely correlated, while there was no correlation between serum lead and FT4, TSH. Conclusion: The study of present study suggested that, endemic goiter is more common in females, which most probably simpler goiter. Patient with endemic goiter had higher serum lead level. Moreover, lead inversely correlated with FT3. Therefore lead might be predisposing factor in pathogenesis of goiter in Southern Kurdofan. المستخلص الخلفية: توافر هرمون الغدة الدرقية ضروري لنشاط عناصر الندرة، وبالتالي الربط بين اضطرابات الغدة الدرقية ومستوي الرصاص ضروري للكشف عنها. الهدف من الدراسة: كان لتقييم مستوي الرصاص بين مرضي تضخم الغدة الدرقية في ولاية جنوب كردفان. المواد والطرق: وفي دراسة مقطعية، تراوحت اعمار 40 مريضا من مرضي تضخم الغدة الدرقية المستوطنين سريريا بين 12 و 60 سنة، كما تم تسجيل 40 حالة صحية علي ما يبدو كمجموعة ضابطة. تم قياس نسبة هرمونات الغدةTSH, FT3, FT4 بالربط والمقاييس الكيميائية المناعية التنافسية .اما قياس تركيز الرصاص بواسطة جهاز مطياف الامتصاص الزري المعاير. تم تحليل البيانات احصائيا باستخدام الحزم الاحصائية للدراسات الاجتماعية. النتائج: اظهرت النتائج ان تضخم الغدة الدرقية هو شائع في الاناث 97%بنسبه مضاعفه اكثر من الزكور3%. كما اظهرت النتائج ان متوسط تركيز هرمونات الغده الدرقية FT3, FT4 يختلف كثيرا في كلتا المجموعتين بقيمه 0.043 و 0.49 علي التوالي. كما اثبتت الدراسة ان هنالك انخفاض معنوي في متوسط مستوي هرمون ال TSH عند مرضي تضخم الغدة الدرقية عند مقارنتهم بالمجموعة الضابطة بقيمة 0.56 .كما كشفت الدراسة ان متوسط تركيز الرصاص في الدم قد زادت معنويا في العينة بقيمة 0.00 . كما اظهر تحليل ارتباط بيرسون عن عدم وجود علاقة معنوية بين تركيز الرصاص ف الدم واعمار العينة .ووجود علاقة عكسية بين تركيز الرصاص في الدم و FT3.كما يلاحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية بين تركيز الرصاص في الدم وFT4, TSH. الخلاصة: اقترحت الدراسة ان مرض تضخم الغدة الدرقية منتشر بين النساء .وهو علي الارجح اكثر بساطة تضخم الغدة الدرقية. بينما مرضي تضخم الغدة الدرقية كان اعلي مستويات الرصاص في الدم. وقد لوحظ وجود علاقة عكسيه بين الرصاص و .FT3 لذلك قد يكون الرصاص عامل مؤهب في التسبب في مرض الدراق المتوطن بجنوب كردفان.
Assessment and Evaluation of Groundwater Resources in Abu Habil Watershed North Kordofan State- Western Sudan
(2006) Mohamed Ali Hassan Dahab
Abstract This study is done to study the groundwater resources in north Kordofan state between longitude 29° 30' to 32° 50' E and latitude 12°00 to 13° 40'N. The purpose of the study is to investigate and evaluate the groundwater in the khor Abu Habil drainage basin. it’s about 1000 Km length and cover an area of approximately 6000 Kmz. The geological unites in the study area are; the basement complex, sedimentary rocks. The sedimentary rocks include : Nubian sandstone, Um Ruwaba Formations and superﬁcial deposits (clayey plains and sand dunes). The rainfall range between 682mm and 310mm per years, and decrease from the west to the North and Northeast. For remote sensing studies the Land - sat Thematic Mapper (TM) is used to hydrogeological map preprations. It is evidaent that these integrated study techniques are usefull recormaissance method for water resources studies. The geophysical methods applied are Electrical Resistivity Method - Vertical- Electrical Sounding (VES) and horizontal electrical proﬁle (HEP), to determine the groundwater occurance, aquifers extensions, thickness and depths and calbrated with borehole lithological data. The hydrogeological setting can be identiﬁed by two aquifers types : The shallow aquifer, these include the upper Umm Ruwaba aquifer, Wadies, and sand dunes aquifers. Thes group is considerd as perched water, the depth to the water level range between 2 meters to 30 meters from the surfac land. And the other group - Deep Um Ruwaba aquifer is the main aquifer in the area. The water table of deep aquifer range from 71 meters to 87 meters from the subsurface land. The chemical analysis for water samples to determine the suitability of groundwater for human consumption and agricultural purposes according to (WHO) standards. The Sodium Adsorpation-Ratio diagram (SAR) is used to determine the groundwater suitability for agricultural uses. The chemical investigation shows that they are two types of groundwater facies: Sulphate - Chloride - Calcium - Magnessium and Bicarbonate - Sodium - Potassium facies. According to The total dissolvid solid (TDS) values in water, water resources can be classiﬁed in to two types, type of (TDS) <1000 ppm (fresh water used as drinking water) and‘ type of (TDS) > 1000 (Brackish water used for agricultural purposes).