Masters theses : Science

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Recovry of Ammonia As Slruviie From Sour watre
(Alneelain University, 2-05) Hu'sam Eldeen Mustafa A. Alwahab
Abstract This work is an addition j_and modification to the treatment unit of the sour water at Khartoum Refinery Plant. ln the treatment unit H28 is withdrawn and burned while the ammonia is discharged on the surrounding area causing environmental damage. This thesis includes the preliminary experiments of struvite formation (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) and the optimum condition such as concentration, pH and reaction time. The proposed unit is designed for production of 515 kg/h of struvite from the stream of ammonia which comes out from sour water treatment unit. The cost estimation conversed greater profit , the market for the product is granted as it is world widely used e.g. in Japan and china as fertilizer. So, application of this proposed unit will be of a great reward economically, as well as environmentally by getting rid of the ammonia and avoiding its negative effects.
Blending of vegetable oils 0 prepare t the hard water
(Neelain University, 1983) Obaid Basher Ismaiel Ahmed
Abstract Soap forms cruds with hard water and these increases as hardness of water increases. This will cause a great amount of soap to be lost as precipitate because it forms insoluble compound before foaming or lathering. On the other hand detergent will not form cruds with hard water because it forms soluble compounds that can easily dissolve in hard water. The aim of this project is to find a suitable sample soap to resist the hard water of Red Sea region especially in Port-Sudan town. This is done by blending different vegetable oils abundant in Sudan e. g groundnut oil, sesame oil, sunﬂower oil ,and cotton seed oil with some imported oil e.g. coconut oil , palm oil and palm-kernel oil which are the main components of sea soap. _ To select the best blended oil to synthesis a sample soap which forms less cruds or precipitate on the most)hard water in port Sudan, with \ comparison lo laboratory prepared detergent. Finally after finding the best blended oil, we mixed it withl% sulphonic acid (component of detergent) /éu increase its surface tension to get better sample soap that can resist hard water of Port Sudan town. Analysis of physical and chemical properties of both blended oil and synthesis soap was carried out.
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING GAMMA CAMERA LESION DETECTABILITY
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 1999-11) GAF AR HAYDER MOHAMMED SAEED
its/<§§_§_l'//,"iA.é/_¢/T A new simple method for the assessment of the capability of a gamma camera in detecting lesions within the patient is described. The method, when applied on the ZLC-37 Siemens gamma camera modeﬁed by Mediso, showed that this gamma camera equiped with a ( LEAP) collimator was capable of detecting lesions of dimensions of; 0.4 cm,0.6 cm, 0.8 cm, 0.9 cm, 1.0 cm and 1.2 cm and above, when they were located at; the surface of the patient, depth of 4 cm or less, depth of 9 cm or less, depth of 1 1 cm or less, depth of l4 cm or less and l9 cm or less, respectively. When these values were compared with similar results obtained from a thyroid phantom studies, showed good agreement. Further studies to develop the method were recornmended. 1 l mil
Assessment of drinking water quality in new halfe settement villages and the town
(Neelain University, 2000) ola Ahmed Mohmmed
The purpose of this study is to assess the drinking water quality in the New Halfa area settlement villages and the town”. The study area \vater samples were divided into three types: Water from ground well (village”l5”)- treated surface water from the town —untreated surface water from the villages, this was divided spatially as (southern sector villages”7,lO”, middle sector villages “5,l l,l2”, northem sector villages “2l,22,24”). These locations were chosen to cover the whole area. Four sources for each site were selected (priciptation well-storage and suppling tank-taps at ﬁrst and end of the distribution net), samples from this sources were collected for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis in the winter and the summer season to see any variation during these seasons .The physical and chemical parameters which investigated were(temperature,turbidity, pl-l, E.C, TDS, T.l-l, T.Alk, sci" ,Cl',Ca2', M g’*,Na*,1<*,re,cu,cr“*, NH3, NO2',NO_{,F',COD,and residual chlorine in case oftreated water. The bacteriological analysis detennined were : total colonies, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, faecal coliform, and faecal streptococci. The study showed that there was no faecal pollution in the ground water tapped from boreholes and the treated water of the town at taps, whilein the untreated surface water samples from the sectors villages, showed huge faecal pollution, where there is no-treatment or due to bad conditions surronding the stations and the distribution- nets. The bacteriological pollution increases more in winter season than in summer, Probably due to enhanced activities of bacteria in the winter. Also the study conﬁrmed that unplanned houses “kanabi” play a major role in polluting the surface water, in addition to mismangement of the drinking water. The study also showed that the concentration of the chemical parameters were in the permissible levels of the (WI~lOl995) standards, except that, the nitrites were in high levels particularly in winter. This may be due to the use of nitrogen compounds in agricultural activities. The study recommended the following solutions: - To maintains all drinking water stations in the villages and the town. - To urgently excavate boreholes where village's geology permits as an alternative to surﬁlce water, which is subjected to pollution. - To provide the unplanned houses (kanabi) with latrines to avoid
Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality In New Half Settement villages And The Town
(Al Neelain University, 2000-12) Ola Ahmed Mohammed Abdo
The purpose of this study is to assess the drinking \vaterquality in the New l-lall'a area settlement villages and the town". The study area \vatcr samples \vere divided into three types: Water from ground wcll (villagc”l5”)- treated surface \vater lrom the town —untrealed surlace \vater lrom the villages, this \vas divided spatially as (southern sector villages"7,l0", middle sector villages “5.l l.l2”, northern sector villages “2l,22,24”). These locations \vere chosen to cover the \vhole area. Four sources for each site were selected (priciptation \vcll-storage and suppling tank-taps at ﬁrst and end of the distribution net), samples from this sources were collected for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis in the winter and the summcrscason to see any variation during these seasons .The physical and chemical parameters which investigated were(temperature,turbidity, pH, E.C, TDS, T.H, T.Alk, sol" ,cr_ca"_ Mg’*,Na*,1<*,Fe,cu,c1-"*, NH3, NO2',NO_{,F',COD,and residual chlorine in ease olitreated water. The bacteriological analysis determined were : total colonies, total ' colilorms, thermotolerant eoliforms, faccal coliform, and Taeeal streptococci. The study showed that there was no faecal pollution in the ground water tapped from boreholes and the treated waterof the town at taps, \vhilc in the untreated surface water samples from the sectors villages, showed huge faeeal pollution, where there is no-treatment or due to bad conditions surronding the stations and the distribution- nets. The bacteriological pollution increases more in \vinter season than in summer, Probably due to enhanced activities of bacteria in the winter. Also the study conﬁrmed that unplanned houses “kanabi" play a major role in polluting the surface water, in addition to mismangemenl olithe drinking water. The study also showed that the concentration olithe chemical parameters were in the permissible levels of thc(Wl-lOl99S)standards, except that, the nitritcs were in high levels particularly in winter_ This may be due to the use oi‘ nitrogen compounds in agricultural activities. ' The study recommended the following solutions: — To maintains all drinking water stations in the villages and the town. - To urgently excavate boreholes where village's geology permits as an alternative to surface water, which is subjected to pollution. - To provide the unplanned houses (kanabi) with latrines to avoid misusing the canals.
Geophysical study on groundwater structure at two localities in central butana (sudan)
(2001) Khalid Mustafa Kheiralla
WA TER A AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANI TA ON IN DISPLA CED AREAS, (KHAIRTOUM STA TE)
(Neelain University, 2001) Emad Mohamed Abdallah
The main objective of this investigation was to study the problem of water , environmental sanitation and its impacts on the health of the people in displaced camps. Four displaced camps; Al Salaaln,Gebel Awlia ,Mayo and Karton Kassala shantytown in Khartoum State which selected for investigation. l0 samples from the groundwater resources in the displaced areas were examined physically and chemically, and 21 samples from the same sources were examined bacteriologically.l20 samples from the drinking water containers (Zeer, plastic containers,etc..) of the displaced people were examined bacteriologically. Water resources in the displaced areas were physically and chemically ﬁt for human consumption according to the WHO guidelines except total hardness (TH) which was ranging between] 52-308 mg/l with mean 242.8 mg/l. The microbial quality of water resources in the displaced areas showed that the mean count of total bacteria ranging between 47 x103/ml to 260 x103/ml, and the mean count of thennotolerant coliform ranging between ( 0 to 11MPN/100ml). E. coli was not detected in these resources and this means there is no human faecal pollutants. However, /Laerogenes was ranging between 25% to 60% and E.frundii was ranging between 0 % to 30% of the isolates examined. The drinking water in the displaced containers was highly contaminated by bacteriological pollutants higher than the recommended WHO level. The mean count of total bacteria was ranging between 125x103/ml to 278x104/ml, the mean count of thermotolerant colifonn was ranging between 7-140 MPN/100ml with mean 3.59MPN/ 100ml and the percent of E.c0/1' was ranging between (1% to 60%) . The questionnaires showed that the reasons of water pollution in the displaced areas were; low levels of water consumption, which ranging between 15 liter/c/d to 29 liter/c/d, low mean monthly income which ranging between (89,00 to 199,00 SD.), and poor environmental sanitation awareness in the displaced areas. The presence of sanitation facilities were ranging between 30% to 67%. In addition to the careless of the displaced people by the personal
Geophysical Study on Groundwater Structure at two localities in Central Butana (Sudan)
(Neelain University, 2001) Khalid Mustafa Kheiralla
The study area lies between latitudes 140 30‘ and 160 00‘ N-, and longitudes 33° 30‘ and 350 30‘ E. A negative Bouguer gravity anomaly was identiﬁed in the area and referred to as Jebel Mundara. Also the drainage system shows the anomaly area as a delta of four Wadis (valleys). A number of isolated outcrops of Pre-Cambrian Basement Complex rocks scatter over the central plains of Sudan. In the Butana region, several hills occur prominent landmarks within the predominantly ﬂat clay plains. The solid geology of the Butana plain is rather concealed un_der a fencer of variable thickness of superﬁcial clays covering over 70% of its total area. The present study was suggested in an effort to delineated and deﬁne the mentioned anomaly in more detail and to give a reasonable geological and hydrogelogical exploration for its existence. Also to check the delta of another four Wadies lying on the opposite side and shearing the same water divide with the mentioned ones. Integrated geophysical methods (Regional Gravity, EM Survey, and Electrical-Sounding) were applied to achieve the above aims. A total of 100 gravity points were conducted in the study area and they are compile to 275 gravity points acquired, by Sun Oil Company (approximately 2475 kmz were covered in the study area). Gravity data analyses were performed by "GEOSOFT" packages. The results show that the gravity lows is largely attributed to the occurrence of low-density rocks (granite intruded) into the high-density rocks (green schist) of the Butana region. On the other hand the gravity high zones unambiguously coincide with the areas of known shallow Basement Complex. A total of 57 VES were carried outs in the study area and distributed a long 7 proﬁles, cover almost the two interested areas. The results indicate that the sedimentary cover is relatively thin, and the Basement Complex is very shallow in the study area. The total length of the EM Survey is about 35 km. The EM measurements reﬂects considerable fracturing (faults and shear zones). Three sets of fractures are identiﬁed with NE, NW and N-S trending. M ' t Finally, one of the objective of this work is to delineate lineaments in more details using geological informations and the geophysical data (gravity, resistivity, and electromagnetic) in the study area. They are also merged and combined with image data for a given geographic area using "GlS" software,‘ to produce an integrated map of the area.
some Aspects Of Flow Through Pomus Medla
(Neelain University, 2001) Azhari Ahmed Abdalla
ABSTRACT A mathematical modelling of ﬂow through porous media, from Darcy to Non- Darcy is presented. The nature of non—linear ﬂow in porous media is analyzed by means of the volumetric averaging approach, and physical explanation for the dispersion term is deduced. The effect of porosity on natural convective ﬂow and heat transfer ina saturated porous medium has been investigated using Galerkrin’s ﬁnite element method. A boundary value solution to axisymmetric creeping ﬂow ‘ past and through aporous prolate spheroid is presented. Solutions for the temperature ﬁeld caused by the ﬂow past aheated spheroid in saturated -porous media are presented inthe case where the spheroid is heldat constant temperature, and- Where the ﬂux at all points on the spheroid is held constant. Some applications of the equations of ﬂow through porous media are given in the groundwater ﬂow and oil recovery. Singular integral equation methods are used to obtain closed form solutions for ﬂow from single straight line fracture. ' An analytical solution is derived for two dimensional steady tunnel in afully saturated, homogeneous, isotropic, and semi- inﬁnite aquifer.
Studies on Wilt Diseases of Cotton in Central Region, With Emphasis on Morbid Anatomy
(Neelain University, 2001) Khadiga Gaafar Abdel Aleem Ibrahim
ABSTRACT In this research, the following investigations were under taken as follows: a) Random surveys of cotton plants for detection of both fusarium and physiological wilts. The surveys covered different localities through-out Central Sudan; b) laboratory investigations on isolations and identiﬁcation of causal organisms in case of fusarium; c) Glass—house studies on pathogenicity tests ; and d) Anatomical studies within both resistant and susceptible cultivars. The results of the surveys showed that cotton wilt caused by Fusarium.oxysporummasinﬁzctum was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme, including Managil extention; on Gossypium. barbadense cv. “Traditional Barakat” It was also present at some asite at the Gezira Research Station Farm (GRSF) on the same cultivar. As regards physiological wilt it was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme , both on “Traditional Barakat” and “Shambat B" . As regards isolation studies, F.o.vasinfectum was consistently‘ associated with infected Traditional Barakat within all of the localities smveyed. 7 Pathogenicity tests proved that Gossypiumbarbadense cv. "Traditional Barakat” was highly susceptible to infection by F.o.vasinfectum isolate from GRSF. This cultivar also exhibited highest percentage of disease incidance. On the other hands, Gossypium. hirsutum cv “Shambat B” was found to be tolerant as it did not develop any of the known typical extemal symptoms. _ _ The results also proved that artiﬁcial inoculation by pure culture technique was most effective compared to the other technique known as Trash technique of Yassin (1986). ' lt was also worth noting that all of the incoulated plants of “Traditional Barakat” exhibited remarkable stunting as generalized symptoms; in addition to the known typical symptoms per se. Such stunting of plant was observed symptoms even in case of the highly “tolerant” cv Shambat B. Such observed on Shambat B is consideredthe ﬁrst record known; as it was not mentioned by any of the previous investigators. - Anatomical investigations through the stems and roots in case of fusariurm wilt showed the occurrence of spores within the plant tissues in relation to time factor, e.g. at earlier stage of infection it was restricted to the epidermal and cortical layers. Subsequently such spore masses further extended to the phloem and xylem parenchyma. In older plants the pathogen spores and hyphae were present even within the xylem vessels as well as pith. In addition, plugging of the xylem vessels and tracheids was also form in case of “Traditional Barakat”. By comparison such plugging was only conﬁned to the tracheids in case of Shambat B. , Plants of both cultivars namely Traditional Barakat and Sl1a1nbatB, affected by physiological wilt 6Xl1ll)lI6Cl excessive growth of ground tissue; exemplified by necrotic effects due to compaction of cells. Finally, best control methods, especially of pathogenic wilt, were suggested as follows: Use of resistant varieties, eg. “Barakat 90” and “Shambat B”. b)Appropriate rotation, c) Crop hygiene, eg. removal of plant debris from previous season, d) Biological control, e) Chemical control, using recommended fungicide, as last resort.
Studies on Wilt Diseases of Cotton in Central Region, With Emphasis on Morbid Anatomy
(Neelain University, 2001) Khadiga Gaafar Abdel Aleem Ibrahim
ABSTRACT In this research, the following investigations were under taken as follows: a) Random surveys of cotton plants for detection of both fusarium and physiological Wilts. The surveys covered different localities through-out Central Sudan; b) laboratory investigations on isolations and identiﬁcation of causal organisms in case of fusarium; c) Glass—l1ouse studies on pathogenicity tests ; and d) Anatomical studies within both resistant and susceptible cultivars. The results of the sw'veys showed that cotton wilt caused by Fusarium.0xysp0rum.vasin]%clum was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme, including Managil extention; on Gossypium. barbadense cv. “Traditional Barakat” It was also present at some asite at the Gezira Research Station Farm ( GRSF) on the same cultivar. As regards physiological wilt it was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme , both on “Traditional Barakat” and “Shambat B" . As regards isolation studies, F.0.vasinfectum was consistently associated with infected Traditional Barakat within all of the localities surveyed. i i Pathogenicity tests proved that Gossypiumlaarbadense cv. "Traditional Barakat” was highly susceptible to infection by F.0.vasinfectum isolate from GRSF. This cultivar also exhibited highest percentage of disease incidance. On the other hands, Gossypium. hirsutum cv “Shambat B” was found to be tolerant as it did not develop any of the known typical external symptoms. _ ' The results also proved that artiﬁcial inoculation by pure culture technique was most effective compared to the other teclmique known as Trash teclmique of Yassin (1986). ~ It was also worth noting that all of the incoulated plants of “Traditional Barakat” exhibited remarkable stunting as generalized symptoms; in addition to the known typical symptoms per se. Such stunting of plant was observed symptoms even in case of the highly “tolerant” cv Shambat B. Such observed on Shambat B is considered the ﬁrst record known; as it was not mentioned by any of the" previous investigators. Anatomical investigations through the stems and roots in case of ﬁzsariurm wilt showed the occurrence of spores within the plant tissues in relation to time factor, e.g. at earlier stage of infection it was resnicted to the epidennal and cortical layers. Subsequently such spore masses further extended to the phloem and xylem parenchyma. In older plants the pathogen spores and hyphae were present even within the xylem vessels as well as pith. In addition, plugging of the xylem vessels and tracheids was also fonn in case of “Traditional Barakat”. By comparison such plugging was only conﬁned to the tracheids in case of Shambat B. Plants of both cultivars namely Traditional Barakat and Shambat B, affected by physiological wilt exhibited excessive growth of ground tissue; exemplified by necrotic effects due to compaction of cells. Finally, best control methods, especially of pathogenic wilt, were suggested as follows: . Use of resistant varieties, eg. “Barakat 90” and “Shambat B”. b)Appropriate rotation, c) Crop hygiene, eg. removal of plant debris from previous season, d) Biological control, e) Chemical control, using recommended fungicide, as last resort. i
GEOLOGY AND COASTAL PLAIN EVOLUTION OF TOWARATIT, SOUTH PORT-SUDAN, RED SEAy SUDAN
(Alneelain University, 2001-05) OMER ATTAJ OMER
ABSTRACT Towaratit coastal plain, Red Sea consist of three different environments: intertidal zone, hypersaline coastal lagoon and fringing reefs. Samples from each environment were obtained to textural, mineralogical and geochemical analysis. One borehole was drilled from supratidal zone for studying subsurface stratigraphy. The sabkha ﬂat is composed of different types of facies (muddy sand, sandy mud and sand) as mixture of terrigenous and organic constituent. The sediments are generally, poor sorted, coarse skewed in range of -1.25 to 2.25 (I) in grain - size. The lagoonal sediments characterizes by medium poor sorted reefal sand whereas the reef ﬂat consists of varying grain - size from ﬁne to coarse due to the hydrodynamic conditions. The inﬂuence of the aeolain dust in the lagoon sediments and sabkha deposits is more than in the reef ﬂat. This proved by the inverse relationship between aragonite and the high - Mg calcite and the variations in the Fe concentration in the three different environments. The carbonate minerals vary in the concentrations and the diagensis took place in the area. Dolomite is completely absent in the subsurface sediments as well as evaporations minerals which are replaced by carbonate. Mono and mixed calcite layers appear in different depths. Although, the total carbonate content (70 - 97%) and carbonate minerals (aragonite, high - Mg calcite) are higher in the concentration, but there is no clear relation with grain - size due to the variation in amount and types of biological communities which also affect in the concentration and distribution of carbonate minerals. The carbonate minerals are attrebuted to organic and non- organic materials. The nature of sediment and mineralogical results indicate that most sediments originated in the Pleistocene. Ca, Mg and Fe were detennined. Fe shows a signiﬁcant variation with indication of inﬂuence of surrounding formation which supply the area by ﬁne elastic terrigenous materials. The low Fe concentration and absence of quartz and feldspar in the reef ﬂat indicated that the reef system protection by the lagoon. Five meters thickness of Pleistocene coralline limestone overlain by two meters of Holocene deposits inthe subsurface sequence give a good evidence of paleoclimate and sea level changes. Benthic foraminifera (Rotalina and Miliolina sp) are also used to identify the depths and the sea level ﬂuctuation. From Pliocene to Recent the area is subjected to tectonic movement. The inner deeper part of the lagoon is result of uplift and eroded the exposed part by physical and chemical processes changing the geomorphology and causing an evolution of the area.
River-Groundwater Interactions Using Isotopcsand Hydrochemical Techniques Lower Atbara Area
(Neelain University, 2002) Hager Mohamed Ahmed M. Omer
Abstract The Purpose of this_study is to assess the interactions between surface water and groundwater by using tsotopical and hydrochemical techniques. The ﬁeldwork was carried out during two missions to the study area, in July 2000(wet season), and May 2001 (dry season), 38,33 samples of groundwater was collected in July 2000, and May 2001 respectively, for chemical and isotopical analysis (tritium measurements) in Groundwater and Wadis Directorate, also 12,8 of these samples were analyzed for deuterium and oxygen-l8 in Egypt (Atomic Energy Agency Lab.) The study area lies along River Atbara in the Nahr El Neil State. The area forms an elongated ship extending NW-SE, is generally bounded by latitudes 16° 39' 31" and 17° 45' O0" North and longitudes 33° 05' 51" and 33° ll’ 18" East, covering an area of approximately 2, 000,00 Km2. Geological setting Are Superﬁcial deposits, I-Iudi Chert, Urn Ruwaba Formation, Nubian Sandstone Formations, and Basement Complex Soils types are . Soils Of River Atbara Flood Plain . Soils Of The Nubian Sandstone Erosional Plain . Flat Sandy plain Soils Mobile Sand Dunes Soils 5. Interdunal plain of The Butana :F~L»JI\]r—¢ An average total annual rainfall of under 75mm, most of which is experienced in August and September, characterizes the area. The climate is therefore of semi desert type in which rainfall is negligible; its amount and duration depend on the direction and speed of prevailing winds as well as on the temperature levels. The area is also well known as being one of the highest in all Sudan in the intensity of Haboobs (dust stonns), which reflect the dryness of the area, its lack of vegetation cover and the disintegrated nature of its soil. The population According to 1993 national census the total population inhabiting the study area amounts to 169,520 persons. The Traditional Economy Are Handicrafts, Fishing, Floating Wood Collection, and Animal Herding. Agriculture types Four types of cultivation were known in the area and these were Gerf, Karu, Magat, and Atmur Chemical features of groundwater are Na-HCO;=50% Mg-HCO;=39.4% Ca-HCO;=7.9% Na-CL=2.6% In July 2000 most of the samples were of bicarbonate water types, but differ in their cation contents, Ca+Mg and Na, and few of chloride sulfate water were observed. In May 2001 most dominant water type was the Ca+Mg bicarbonate and NaHCO3. No sulfate and chloride water were observed. Total Dissolved Solids Are In July 2000 the majority of groundwater samples are fresh water, except 4 samples are brackish>l00Omg/l (WHO). While in May all samples are fresh water180 mg/L (WHO, CH. Lab. Bella, 1992). Sulfate The concentration of sulfate in July is higher than May due to recharge shows the seasonal variation of sulfate in the study area. In May 100% of samples <250 mg/l (WHO, 1984), while in July only one sample (Abu Amar) is >250(WHO, 1984). Chloride - - In July 2000 groundwater was classiﬁed into two groups according to (WHO, 1984), ~2~ Group IQSO mg/l, _ '1' Group Il include (AlOmarab, and El-Hudi)>25O mg/l, But in May only one group, 250mg/l.
HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE SOUTH KOSTI PROVINCE
(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2002-12) Abdel Rhman Hassan Shiekh Ldris
The Effect of Gum Arabic Diabetic Patients
(Al Neelain University, 2003) Intisar Mahmoud Abdullah
Gum Arabic was chosen for This study , because it has been traditionally used to alleviate a number of ailments and because of the growing interest in replacing synthetic medicines with natural products. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gum Arabic on the biochemical parameters such as glucose , cholesterol, urea, uric acid and triglyceride levels in type 11 in Sudanese patients; and to identify the degree of metabolic control in selected NIDDM patients. This study was conducted on two groups of diabetic individuals. One group of 51 type ll patients (36 females and 15 males) were given gum Arabic in the form of powder in a 25g/day dose .The second group consisted of 30 type 11 patients (16 female , 14 males ) to serve as control. They remained to using their normal prescribed blood glucose lowering drugs. After 8 months of treatment the level of blood glucose was signiﬁcantly decreased on the treated group and the control group showed no signiﬁcant changes in blood glucose. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea were also signiﬁcantly decreased. Uric acid levels were not altered. We concluded ﬁom this study that gum Arabic administered for 8 months have considerable glucose lowering and hypocholesterolemic effects. It also caused signiﬁcant reduction in blood urea and triglycerides. All participants in the study showed very good compliance with the treatment and no complaints of side effects were reported.
Metal Pollution Caused by Khartoum Reﬁnery Waste Wate
(Neelain University, 2003) Azza Gassim Mustafa El-Imam; Azza Gassim Mustafa El-Imam
In this study a total of twenty-four samples of treated wastewater were collected from Khartoum Reﬁnery (KR) and analyzed using (AAS) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer technique. The range of the elements concentration in pg/g is as follows, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn; (19.80-156.00), ND, ND, ND, (0.0-0.03), (0.02-0.15), (5.80-32.40), (0.02-0.0'4), (47.00-905.00), ND, (0.01-0.21), (0.03-0.17) respectively. The low fnetal concentrations of the treated wastewater and the concentrated sludge show that the reﬁnery wastewater treatment system is efﬁcient. The treated water should be utilized to prevent accumulation of the metals, otherwise saturation of the bonds due to the surface evaporation. This will lead to underground water and soil pollution. The low toxic elements concentrations of the treated wastewater {within the range of the concentrations recommended by the irrigation} show that, this water can be used for plantation, but growing plants for uses other than for food because pathogens may be present. Sodium and aluminum show high concentrations because caustic soda and some aluminum compounds are used in the reﬁnery as additives. Therefore, mixing of Nile River water, according to chemical laboratory results, may treat the excess concentrations of sodium and other elements, when compared with the standard range of irrigation.
the magnetic field generated by two electrons bound in some angular momentum elgenstates
(2003) amani salah mohammed
THE MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATED BY TWO ELECTRONS BOUND IN SOME AN GULAR MOMENTUM EIGENSTATES
(Neelain University, 2003) AMANI SALAH MOHAMMED
Abstract Application of a direct general method for calculating the magnetic ﬁeld gen- erated by two electrons bound in angular momentum eigenstates is presented, illustrated and applied to the ground states of the tripositive ions Pr“ and V3+. The ground state wave functions are written as a four components spinor and the operators for the orbital current and spin densities as a 4 x 4 matrices. Analytical expressions for the expectation values of these opera- tors are presented by making use of hydrogenic wave function. The resulttent expressions of the current densities are substituted in the components of the magnetic ﬁeld which gives unexpected results. 7
Bacteriological Study at nrinking Water In Nvala Town For introudtion of pallution
(Neelain University, 2003) Nada Abbas MIohammed Elamin
Twenty six drinking water sources including 10 dugwells, 10 samples from Nyala Water Net Works, four reservoir tanks, three water taps and three Kiosks , and six pools, three inside and three in the outskirts of the town, were chosen for the study. Water samples from the sources were examined throughout the year, twice in Summer, Autumn and Winter seaons. Standard methods for examination of water were used in the study using faecal indicator bacteria as index for pollution of water with faecal material and hence other dangerous pathogens. MacConkey’s broth was used for presumptive coliform counts, and brilliant green bile_broth for their conﬁrmation and _for that of E. coli. Indole formation in tryphtone water and characteristic growth on eosin methylene blue medium were used for further confrmation of the presence of E.co1i in water samples. Glucose azide broth was used for presumtive presence of E. faecalis, and aesculin glucose azide agar for its conﬁrmation in the water samples. Reinforced closridial meduim g was used for tentative diagnosis of Clostridium perﬁingens in water samples as a third faecal indicator, and litmus milk for its conﬁrmation. Tables of Most Probable Number of bacteria per ml of water were used to estimate and was thus used as an indication for the degree contamination of water. I v It was concluded from the study that all water sources in the town were polluted with faecal indicator bacteria specially coliforms,E.c0_li and E. faecalis. Contamination was the heaviest in pools followed by dugwells and the boreholes respectively. This is attributed to several factors including ﬂoods, activities of man and animal and their location near lodgings. The degree of pollution also varied from season to season. v
Phytochemical Screening and Molluscicidal Activity of Extracts of Hydnorajohannis Beccari
(Alneelain University, 2003) Mansoor Abdulrahman Abdo Al-Fakih
Active research revealed that some plants used in traditional medicine are quite effective in the treatment of diseases such as the antidiarrhoeal Hydnora j0l1am1is (Hydnoraceae), known in the Sudan under the vernacular name Tartous, among plants, traditionally used for treatment of dysentery. The family Hydnoraceae includes the largest strangest parasitic — that grows on the roots of Acacia spp.- plants in the world and consists of two genera. One of the objectives of this study is based 011 a taxonomical study of the family Hydnoraceae and description of the species Hydnora johannis which was ﬁrst described as H ydnora africana . The thesis is mainly concerned with the control of the snails, which are the intennediate hosts of Schistosomiasis, using Hydnora johannis collected ﬁ'o1n Um Barona forest near the city of Wad Medani- Sudan. In the present work different extracts of Hydnorajohannis were examined for molluscicidal activity. According to the regression curve analysis, the results indicated that the LD5(, (Lethal dose) for fresh plant, crude plant, ethanol (70 %) freeze-dried, and acetic acid (2%) ﬁeeze-dried extracts against Biomphalaria pfeiﬂeri. snails were 22, 31, 14, and 13 respectively. The Phytochemical screening of the plant Hydnora johalmis was carried out using two analytical methods to show the main chemical constituents present. The results ﬁom the successive extraction method showed that, the plant contains saponins, ﬂavonoids, reducing compounds, glycosides, coumarines, fatty substances, basic alkaloids,-Anthocyanins, and tamtins (hydrolysable and condensed tannins) which were the main chemical compound present in the extract. The general extraction method, revealed the presence of the following compounds: saponins, ﬂavonoids, glycosides, coumarines, alkaloids, Anthraquinone glycosides, and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed tannins) which also present in high concentrations. The chemical analysis of Hydnora johannis showed that the plant consists of cmde protein (2.84%), ﬁber (4.5%), moisture (6%), ash (4.15%), nitrogen (0.40%), and tannins (l6.5'7%), where the plant water solution pH was (5.77). Since the plant Hydnora johannis showed a potentiality for the control of Schistosoina snails (Biomphalaria pfeiﬂeri