كلية الاداب
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Item قياس جودة وتقصي جودة مياه الشرب : دراسة حالة العاصمة المثلثة(جامعة النيلين, 2004) نسرين محمد عبدالنبي مزمل_ This study aimed at investigating and rneastuing the quality of drmkable (potable) water in the three towns (Khartoum, Khartoum North and Orndunnan ) of Greater Khartornn capital of the Sudan . This investigation involved the study of potable water‘ by carrying both field survey questioruraire approach to a simple random sampling to the population of three towns coupled with laboratory tests to (physical, chemical and biological properties) collected water samples. The collected samples is a strata sampling (stratified). The aforementioned approach is thought of, because the action of monitoring and maintaining of potable water is not only the principal objective for- water authorities every where in the world but really its function, role and career as well as a task to be carried on a daily basis routine. _ Thus, the sole task of water authority and it's different sectors in addition to the water nranagernent is to cany the responsibility to produce, deliver and distribute water to the society. Needless to say, that the said routine task-of the water authority and it's sectors demand high cost for monitoring water quality in different stages, until the potable water‘(s) reach the conswner(s) even though there is a missing link in the total monitoring process. - As there is a missing link in the total monitoring of water quality between the water source and it's end - user, that can cause deterioration (pollution) in potable water; thus this research is directed to achieve the goal of investigating in the area of the missing link. Hence, this research demands a scientific approach to tackle the problem of potable water in a rigorous manner. The focus of tl1is dissertation stems from and based upon the problems of tlremissing link. The attention to this link is significant to the entire process of monitoring water quality. In short, this research concentrates on the problems of transporting water through pipes and other means, its distribution and storage media, their collective effect on potable water quality, their impact on human health, as well as assuming polices to the entire role of 111or1itorir1g potable water policies to the entire task of monitoring potable water quality. hr other words, this effort seeks the assurance of potable water to reach consumers with the least possible pollutants that can comply to both the Sudanese and International water quality. _To solve the stated problem a descriptive and analytical approach is exercised as.a research methodology. The objective of tlle descriptive approach is to cany an exploratory research. The exploratory research reflected and described the existing state of water quality in the said towns of Greater Khartoum. Statistical teclmiques are exercised in this research to describe the existing situation of potable water. These include: percentages, averages, medians, modes, standard deviations, skewness, kurtosis and other measures of central tendency accompanied by pie-charts and frequency columns. All these statistical means and ways are used as indicators aquiring the presence of pollution in water or 11ot. Coupled with this laboratory tests are carried for physical, chemical and biological properties of potable water at Greater Khartoum. To complement the descriptive statistical approach, an analytical one is carried. The analytical approach applied in this research is chi-square test as a confirmatory approach to the results obtained. The relatio11sl1ip between dependent and independent variables is determined tlnough contingency tables as well as canying significance tests and tests for goodness of fit. The most significant result on water samples collected fi'om various zones in the three towns has shown that the water quality comply with the requirements of the Sudanese and International standards for drinking water. The chemical concentrations of the trace elements that has been analyzed (Cu, Zn, Li, Pb Ni,Fe,Cr,Hg,As,Mn, and Br), were found to be within the permissible limits of the Sudanese standards for thinking water . The concentrations of floride (F), Total dissolved solids (TDS) Total hardness (TH) and chloride (Cl), Electric conductivity (EC), Sodium (Na) and Carbonic Acid (HZCO3), were found to be within the permissible limits of the Sudanese standards for drinking water. However, in contrast, to the suitability of drinking water according to the chemical and physical tests, the bacteriological tests has confirmed the presence of thermo tolerant Coli form and the bacteriological E. Coli in certain samples are found. Thus a set of (13) recolnmendation are called for.Item اقتصاديات اقليم نهر الرهد في السودان(جامعة النيلين, 1999) رجاء يوسف الحكيمABSTRACT Applied academic geographical researches at Sudan and other developing countries are not known till the seventh decade of this centuary, after they have gained their independence and their role at the world economics have been expanded . Even geographical applied studies are counted recent at the world most developed icountries for these are not used till (1958) or more definite after the second world war for curring and solving the difficult problems specially of economical crisis and the hard years followed, which have needed new needs and will's and estimations that can not be seen or measured without geographical aproaches and reaches help, as geography is counted the main source of complete knowledge, through which many complex problems can be solved, especially in structuring the main basis of regional planning and developing. This applied economical study has followed and acompanied by a new recent method, which has being used for the first time at (1985) for the developing the economics of agroecosystem of rural regions of some Asiatic developing countries and has found to be successful and fruitful, so the researcher has used it for the first time at Sudan at this academic appliedstudy. This method being one inside a large frame of such methods under general heading of "Rapid Rural Appraisal (R. R. A) and AgroEcosystem Analysis (A.A). These have special philosophy, history and tequniques, which organise concepts that provide their retical framework and which are taken as basis for analysing these rural agroecosystems, and help in putting and delivering some suggestions which lead to create a stable and sustainable economical development. Analysing operations of these rural agroecosystems are greatly been achieved with rigor and speed by using proper aproaches, in particular well defined common properties. For each level in the hierarchy which can be related to each other within and between levels, has main four keys properties, exist to be neccessary, these are productivity, stability, sustainability and equalibity. i The target of this study is to acknowledge and recover thel main feature of the "Sudan River Rahad Region Economics" and to analyse the main causes behind its delaying if has measured by its both economical neigbours regions (Elgazira) at the west and .(Elgash) at the east, and that through proving two theories the first being geographical which proves that economical activities at any society reflect the standard of the population if these are advanced that means population is advanced and civilised and the opposite is true if primitive and delayed which means the over take and the strong grasp of physical features. The scond to prove that using applied geography accompanied by such recent methods are found to be the most successful in putting suggestions and plans for developing Sudanese rular agroecosystem regions. The method has directed taking acomplex statistical and economical approaches as main basis for appraisaling and analysing, as "Region" at these methods means "Region Under economical development", or "economical Regions" and that being the main cause behind dividing this study into two _main volumes at which the first contains two main levels of academic reviews, and the second contain the third, accordingly, the first volume has contained the main features of the main geographical resources and different main services facilities, and also the main to day economical activities there for it has consisted of the first nine chapter, through all of which it has taken its title. While the second volume has contained the main results of the researchs workshop there for has consisted of the two last analysing chapters tenth and eleventh from which it has taken its title, alsohas contained the main researchs final susbandaries such as abbreviation and the list of the academic references and specialised interviews and visits in and out the study area, and finally a short arabic account of the method of the research.Item التنمية الزراعية بولاية نهر النيل : دراسة حالة على محافظة شندي(جامعة النيلين, 2006) أسامة محي الدين خليل الريحAbstract Development in my time and place is a humanitarian duty; Therefore, this study is for the achievement of the agricultural development in Shandi Province in the River Nile State. This research targets to know the agricultural factors in the area from its natural aspects, and the agricultural areas, it also targets to review the problems that face the agricultural development in the area and the attempt to deduct the possible solutions. On the light of the above two target, the researcher attempts to draw an agricultural investment map of the area, in which be tries to get rid of the problems that face the agriculture and accompany all unutilized arable lands, for the aim of creating sustainable complementary development in the area, which raise the land productivity and provide he required crops for Khartoum area, and also bring in an economical income for the farmer in the area, a matter which encourage him to practice the agricultural work. This study comprises seven chapters. The first Chapter treats the research methodology, the plan the discussion methodology of the research elements. The Second Chapter deals with the geography of the study area of the nature and the population which the agriculture depends on. In the fourth Chapter, the researcher review the agricultural activity in the area, the working schemes in the area, their production and the factors of the production. The Fifth Chapter in preparation of drawing a map that avoids these problems. treats tlieiproblems which face the agriculture in the study area In he Sixth Chapter. Then the lay down of he solutions on the light of the reached results in Chapter seven. The researcher performed this study by using the inductive scientific methodology, and analyzed the collected data from the primary sources depending on the statistical methodology. Then the researcher reached the following results:- 1 - The greatest generating schemes in Shendi area are: Kaboshiya scheme and Kondiko agricultural scheme, but Aljihad agricultural scheme stopped. The greater agricultural land area is about 14600 square feddans, and the agricultural land under construction which is occupied by schemes of more than 1000 feddans in area reach about 67500 square feddans. There are schemes for individuals which are 1528 forms and occupy on area of about 35390 square feddans, that means they are greater in area tan the working and stopping governmental schemes, and its greater in area than the cooperative and investment greater schemes in the area. These operating schemes and under construction differ in its developmental trends. There are fluctuations in the planted areas by increase of decrease in the different seasons, that means there is fluctuation in the development trend, in the agricultural schemes in the area. Ilutthe general cause of the total area witnessed a general decrease in the lat ten years. 2 - There are human and natural problems face the agriculture. The physical problems are represented in the sand creeping but the "Miscate" tree planted for combating the desertification had crept into the agriclilttlral land, and blocked the water camels in some areas, a matter which formed a burden on the farmer and the state. Also the diffusion of the agricultural bugs along the planted areas at the River Banks has a negative impart on the produced crops quantities and on the material return. The combating of these bugs by hands aggravates the problem and provides the suitable enviromnent for its growth in the coming seasons. The problem of the decrease of the soil productivity is a joint problem between the physical factor and the human factor. The soil exclusion resents from the non-age of agricultural rotation twice or three times annually. The researcher found that the farmers can't differentiate between the agricultural rotation and the annual agricultural seasons. The human problem envisaged in: The meatiness of the financing which depends on the poor farmer, who decreases the fertilizers quantities and the pesticides, and the endorsement of the seeds from the producer instead of the use of the improved seeds. This results in weak production. Also the weak use of the agricultural mechanics or due to the few numbers of machines, on the inability of the fanner to vent them. Also from the problems then defects of the migration due to the engineering difficulties, pasture growth, miskate trees at some parts of the governmental agricultural schemes, the maintenance needs of the pumps and the original spear ports. The result ‘is administering of the planted area. 3 - The demisting of the planted areas in the oven due to the abandomnent of the land lords to their private farms due to social and economical reasons. e.g. this problem has no clear features presently due to the family agreement factor. But the problem appears in the population abandonment of practicing the agriculture and their migration to outside the province or to Shendi towns or to the rest of the state towns. The researcher see that there are demographical changes in the study area represented in the migration of the population from outside the state In a tribal groups to inside the state, specially Shendi province, and their entrance in disputes with the native population on the usage of the rural and residential land. Although, the agricultural land is hereditary.’ There are few farmers who have documents that confirm their ownership. These lands are subject to be but between the disputers, and hence the agricultural productivity can be diminish in the future. 4 — An agricultural investment map drawed for the study area in which physical features of the area, with putting into consideration the a commercial targets in the following: a - The actual existing agricultural schemes, which the researcher recommends their presentation with the improvement of the agricultural environment. b- The forestry belts domain: It is divided into two parts: Around the mobile sand dunes. It is compared of wood trees which can be used for the production of wood. The second part is around the fixed sand dugs in which the fruit trees shall be planted for the purpose of protection of the environment, and the possibility of planting the sdil by trees and achievement of an economical retum from the agriculture. c- The wheat domain: Wheat is planted in the flat clay plains by the side of the Wadi Blhawad and Wadi Alawateep, and the immigration shall be by the use of seeds which been these features, and with the use of a tripartite rotation in which the animal will be introduced. i d- The Drua and Animal husbandry domain: The researcher suggests that the animals farms shall be south of the province where the slight soil layer allows he grow of pasture and the dura plantation shall be at the area of the alluvial east of Wadi Alawateep and S. of the main root and the immigration shall be by spraying from the wells. This site is distinguished by its nearness to the consumption areas of extemal and intemal towns, and the easy contact via the surface transport seems and the railways. e- The Honti culture Domeain: The researcher recommends to be in a criminal from around the towns at the old alluvial sediments and at the maderas areas of the mode men recommendations conceming the easing of the physical and human difficulties which face the agriculture in the area for the target of its development and the increase of the land productivity with parting into account the sustainable development which sustains the resources for the coming generation.Item دراسة جيومورفولوجية خور ابو حبل(جامعة النيلين, 2003) سيد كباشي احمد طلبItem مشروع الفاضلاب الزراعي بين الامكانيات والمعوقات خلال الفترة من 2000- 2003 م(جامعة النيلين, 2004) احلام محمود مصطفىAbstract The River Nile state is unlikely other states largely dependent on agriculture for many factors, the Nile flows through its vast fertile lands and soil on both sides besides the Al Fadlab project which is considered as one of the important schemes achieves self sufficiency and provides employment. The study has aimed to identify the resources in the area and its geographical structures and human features and how to exploit all of these and to show the system of land possession. The study has adopted the geographical and statistical methods to compare and identify the changes that might affect the scheme performance. The means used based on twe sources, primaiy sources as references and libraries, secondary sources like field work. The study has included actual information and data such as interview with the manager of the scheme senior officials, and some agriculturists to know the production and the productivity increase by using the effect chemical fertilizers and the role of agricultural. However, it has been noticed that there are some seeds which delay and hinder agricultural growth. The result of the research is submitted: - Problems of desertification and Hadam. - Reduction of production. - It is not easy to find spare parts. - The high prices of petrol. - Internal migration and external migration in the study area is quite high. The researcher has finally come to recommend the followings: Tackling the administrative and organizational defects in all its aspects, suggesting an administrative Bureau to administer the scheme effectively besides tackling its budget. Eradicating tree as (maskiet) so as not to hider the growth of other plants the change of system of irrigation to grantee irrigating of all remote lands. The adoption of agricultural cycle to grantee the fertility of soil. Improving the means of transport to cany products by constructing a bridge to link the westem and eastern sides where the scheme is located in order to lessen the cost of agricultural products. Retum back immigrants to their place in order to work in agriculture.Item تصميم وإنتاج الخرائط الآلية لأطلس سكان السودان(2008) علوية صالح أحمد حسينItem تصميم قاعدة بيانات للنقل الحضري في مدينة امدرمان(2009) اشرف حسن عجب الدورItem أثر العمالة الوافدة في فرص العمل للعمالة الوطنية بالقطاع الخاص في المملكة العربية السعودية .(2009) رده بن مردد عمر الطلحيمستخلص تناولت الدراسة أثر العمالة الوافدة في تضيق فرص العمل للعمالة الوطنية في المملكة العربية السعودية بمنطقة مكة المكرمة لإظهار اثر العمالة الوافدة من حيث ضيق فرص العمل على العمالة الوطنية. ومن الأهداف الأساسية لهذه الدراسة معرفة عدم اقبال المواطنين السعوديين في العمل بالقطاع الخاص والأسباب الكامنة وراء هذا الرفض . معرفة أسباب إعتماد اصحاب العمل على العمالة الوافدة أكثر من العمالة الوطنية . وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الإستقرائي للإستنتاج الحقائق الكامنة وراء زيادة العمالة الوافدة بمنطقة مكة المكرمة ، وتضيق فرص العمل للمواطنين . واهم ما توصلت إليه الدراسة غياب الحد الأدنى للأجور والأمن الوظيفي ودوام العمل بالقطاع الخاص بالإضافة إلى رغبة أصحاب العمل في إستخدام العمالة الوافدة دون كلفة اضافية في الأجور ودون تحديد ساعات العمل . وغياب التدريب المستمر والاجازات المدفوعة الأجر . وخلصت الدراسة إلى وضع ضوابط تنظم الحد الأدنى للأجور والوصف الوظيفي للعاملين بالقطاع الخاص وكذلك إلى اتاحة الفرصة للمرأة لتوسيع نطاق عمل المرأة دون حصرها في مهن محددة وذلك لتشجيع العمالة الوطنية للعمل بالقطاع الخاص .Item النِّظام الرَّعوي عند قبيلة الميدوب(2009) شادية احمد اسحق عزيفملخص البحث يُعتبر النشاط الرعوي ، بجانب تربية الحيوان ، الدعامة الرئيسية التي يعتمد عليها المواطن في منطقة الميدوب . لذا تحاول هذه الدراسة الإحاطة بهذه الأنشطة والظروف الصعبة التي تواجه المواطن أثناء ممارسته لها ، ولأنشطة أخرى أقل أهمية ، وذلك في سبيل توفير سبل العيش ، خصوصاً وأن الموارد شحيحة في هذه المنطقة . وقد تم جمع البيانات والمعلومات التي تقوم عليها هذه الدراسة عن طريق إجراء لقاءات شفهية عديدة مع المسئولين عن الثروة الحيوانية والرعاة في المنطقة ، كذلك تمت الاستفادة من بعض التقارير والدراسات . وقد اعتمدت الباحثة على استخدام المنهج الوصفي والتاريخي الذي أفاد البحث في الوصول إلى ما وصل إليه من نتائج . ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة أن سكان هذه المنطقة قد تركوا في العقود الأخيرة حرفة الرعي بالرغم من أنها النشاط الرئيسي لهم ، وقد اعتمد كثير منهم على التجارة ، واستفاد عدد منهم من الفرص المتاحة للتعليم فاشتغلوا في بعض الوظائف الحكومية ، لكن كثيرًا منهم اتجه نحو الهجرة الداخلية والخارجية . وقد أدى كل ذلك إلى تناقص ملحوظ في الثروة الحيوانية لأسباب عديدة منها أن المنطقة واقعة في نطاق المناخ الصحراوي وشبه الصحراوي الأمر الذي ساعد على نمو النباتات الشوكية التي أدت إلى خشونة المراعي مما أضر بالحيوانات الصغيرة . كما تسبب الزحف الصحراوي في انحسار الأراضي الزراعية وإلى تقلص الأراضي الصالحة لمزاولة النشاط الرعوي . إضافة إلى ذلك فقد انعدمت العناية الصحية بالنسبة لإنسان هذه المنطقة ، كما انعدمت العناية البيطرية أيضاً لذلك تضاءل الإنتاج الحيواني بصورة ملحوظة . وقد خرجت الدراسة ببعض المقترحات التي رأت أنها ستساعد في زيادة الإنتاج الحيواني ومن أهمها العمل على تشجيع القائمين على تربية الحيوانات وإرشادهم إلى الطرق الصحيحة للتربية والتغذية ، ولا بد من تشجيع البحث العلمي في هذا المجال واتباع برامج مدروسة لتحسين الإنتاجية ، والعمل على تحسين المراعي الطبيعية وحمايتها .Item الحراك السكاني بولاية شمال دارفور أسبابه وآثاره(2009) حمزة آدم عبد اللطيف فضل اللهالمستخلص تناولت الدراسة الحراك السكاني بولاية شمال دارفور أسبابه وآثاره، دراسة حالة محلية كبكابية باعتبارها منطقة صراع متكرر نتيجة لتداخل حرفتي الزراعة والرعي وبالتالي تكرار عملية الهجرة والنزوح إليها بصورة متكررة. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة الآثار الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية المترتبة على الحراك السكاني بالمنطقة، إضافة إلى عوامل الطرد والجذب للهجرة الوافدة ومعرفة المناطق الأصلية للنازحين وزمن وصولهم إلى منطقة الدراسة، كما هدفت إلى معرفة الجوانب الإيجابية والسلبية للنازحين على منطقة الدراسة، والشعور النفسي للمهاجرين تجاه بيئتهم الجديدة. اعتمد الباحث في هذه الدراسة في سبيل الحصول على المعلومات المتعلقة بالدراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة في جمع المعلومات على العمل الميداني خاصة تطبيق الاستبانة على قطاعات النازحين والمقيمين، كما اعتمدت على المقابلة الشخصية، إضافة إلى المصادر الثانوية التي تتمثل في المراجع والدوريات والأبحاث وغيرها. خلصت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج والتوصيات تتلخص في الآتي: هناك العديد من العوامل تداخلت مع بعضها البعض وأدت في النهاية إلى ظاهرة النزوح والهجرة من الأرياف والبوادي إلى منطقة كبكابية والتي تمثلت في الجفاف والتصحر والصراعات القبلية بين المزارعين والرعاة. على الرغم من معاناة النازحين في السكن والجوانب الحياتية الأخرى إلا أنهم أبدوا ارتياحهم العميق للعيش في المدينة وبل تمنى الجزء الأكبر منهم لو حدث هذا النزوح منذ زمن بعيد. للنازحين جوانب إيجابية وأخرى سلبية على منطقة الدراسة، تتمثل الجوانب الإيجابية في الآتي: وفرة الأيدي العاملة الرخيصة. حصول جميع سكان المنطقة على مواد الإغاثة والخدمات الصحية المجانية. أما الجوانب السالبة فتتمثل في: نتيجة لنزوح أعداد كبيرة من البشر أصبح هنالك انفلات في الأمن مما أدى إلى كثير من انعدام الاطمئنان داخل المدينة. ارتفاع أسعار السلع وازدياد عدد المستولين في الأسواق والأحياء. تشوه المظهر العام للمدينة (تريف المدن). على ضوء النتائج السابقة أوصى الباحث على أن تتبنى الدولة مسئوليتها تجاه المواطن في المنطقة، وذلك بمعالجات الخروقات الأمنية، والعمل على إحكام روح القانون بين المواطنين حتى لا تعم الفوضى بغياب القانون. ضرورة تنظيم العلاقة بين الرعاة والمزارعين وإيجاد الآليات الفاعلة التي تحد من تكرار الصراعات. معالجة المشكلات الناجمة عن التنافس على الموارد وإعادة التخطيط وترسيم المراحيل والمسارات وتوفير الخدمات ورتق النسيج الاجتماعي والتعايش السلمي لتعزيز ثقافة السلام.