دراسات اقتصادية - دكتوراة
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Item دبلوماسية الامم المتحدة الرقمية(جامعة النيلين, 2009) محمد صغيرون الشيخ الفكيThis research addresses the impact of the Internet on modern diplomacy, based on the United Nations’ experiment. This research seeks to determine the impact of the Internet as a new element contributed to changing the composition of the structure of international relations, and various activities of contemporary diplomacy, and the search for optimal ways on how contemporary diplomacy meets such impact, which is in a range of new challenges. The research also seeks to reach vision to utilize the Internet and use it in achieving the goals of contemporary diplomacy. This research emerged from several assumptions which the researcher tested through this study. It was among these hypotheses that the advent of the Internet has made a significant impact in an environment of the international relations, having created the information age. The information age has put the contemporary diplomacy before new challenges didn't experienced before. The research assumed that the gap, is the inability of the contemporary diplomacy to cope with the new international environment created by the Internet. This gap includes strategies and old concepts, which dominate the diplomacy. There is a need for diplomatic cadres of certain attributes to keep pace with change brought about by the Internet, with the provision of training programs that fit with this stage. This research also assumed that the United Nations had used the Internet in the development of its internal management performance, and took advantage of the characteristics of the Internet in spreading its message and achieve its objectives, in particular the Millennium objectives of mankind development. The United Nations has led diplomacy to find a global information system based on the Internet. This research found that the Invention of the Internet in the nineties of the last century has affected the contemporary diplomacy, in terms of concepts and activities. This effect can not known without being subjected to the general development that took place in the technology of communication means. The first appeared in the emergence of diplomacy from secrecy to publicity stage, and multiple themes dealt with. The growing force of public opinion due to the advent of the Internet, and development of technology of communication means, and the emergence of new players in the international arena, has laid its shadow on the contemporary diplomacy. The research concluded that there is an urgent need for contemporary diplomacy with new visions, in order to positively deal with the impact created by the Internet. No longer the role of embassies and foreign missions is limited only to send news and reports, through the traditional means, such as diplomatic pouch, or trying to compete with news agencies in the speedy delivery of news to the capitals. There is a need to have an influential contemporary diplomacy to realize the changes that have occurred in the environment of the International relations, and solid ability to extract results and reading between the lines of the enormous amount of available information. Also, to come up with recommendations to the capitals contribute to the achievement of targets set for the foreign policy of the country concernedItem الواقع الاجتماعي لأسر الأحداث العائدين إلي الانحراف في المملكة العربية السعودية في مدن الرياض وجدة والدمام(جامعة النيلين, 2005) علي بن سليمان بن ابراهيم الحناكيDissertation Abstract Dissertation Title: Social Reality of Juvenile Recidivists of Delinquency Prepared by: Ali S. Al-Henaki Research problem: This research attempts to find out the social and familial factors and characteristics associated with recidivism among juvenile delinquents in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Research objectives: The main objectives of this research are as follows: l- Knowing the social status of the families of juvenile recidivists of delinquency. 2- Finding out the nature of social bonds between delinquents and their families. 3- Finding out the social characteristics of juvenile recidivists of delinquency. 4- Finding out the nature of social environment of recidivists of delinquency. 5- Drawing recommendations based on the research findings in order to reduce the rate of recidivism amongjuvenile delinquents. Research Methodology: In order to answer the research questions, the social survey method was conducted. Random sample of 72 recidivists of delinquency is chosen from Riyadh, J eddah and Dammam in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Another sample of 15 parents of recidivists of delinquency was chosen from the three cities. Two questionnaires were administered to collect data besides interviews and field visits. The research used statistical analyses methods such as frequencies, percentages, rank order, and analyses of variance. Main Results: The main results and findings of this research are summarized as follows: 1- Most recidivists of delinquency came from families that consist of more than seven persons. Such families do not provide basic familial care to their children. 2- Most of the parents of recidivists of delinquency spend much of their times outside their homes. At home, most of the parents do not pay attention to their children and do not show love and affection. This atmosphere of hatred may have bad effect on the juvenile delinquents. 3- Most of the recidivists of delinquency lack the proper family bonds. Recommendations: Based of the findings of this research some recommendations are given here as follows: 1- There is a necessity of establishing specialized centers for solving problems of families and assisting them in bearing their parental responsibilities. 2- The role of social counseling is very important to prevent juvenile delinquency and recidivism. Therefore, recruiting experts in social counseling to work with delinquents and their families is highly recommended. 3- Post- release programs most be established cause they are very important to assist those who are released from social institutions and help them stay away from troubles. 4- Attention must be given to the educational role of the school, close relation between school and home, social and educational counseling at school and non-syllabus materials. 5- Proper selection of marriage partner is very important to achieve social and cultural homogeny that leads to stability, coherence, and solidarity of families.Item تحليل قياسي لكفاءة إستخدام التمويل الزراعي وأثره على الإقتصاد القومي السوداني(جامعة النيلين, 2006) سعد عبدالله سيد أحمد الكرامAbstract The thesis is primarily concerned with the impacts of financing on the agricultural sector of the Sudan in regard with the fact that this sector is a major and, crucial for economic activities in the country. The sector provides jobs for more than 70% of the population and raw materials for domestic industries. However, the thesis argues that the financing problems should not be insulated from the contemporary domestic and international political and socioeconomic conditions. Two major aspects are cardinal in this analysis: (1) the macroeconomic conditions and restructuring programs‘ as combined with the major targets of ~the agricultural policies, development efforts and investments in sub sectors and (2) analysis, interpretations and assessment of the present financing's paradigms in order to coalesce cultivated areas, value of the productivity, product, and the other production factors on the demand for finance. Moreover, it is also important to correlate input-output relationships to approximate possibilities for horizontal and vertical expansions. All this comes under the present administrative, technical impediments, organizational structural and the weaknesses of the financial systems in the Sudan. The Sheil system still prevails and extracts most surpluses of the famler's income who may even be unable to cover basic cost. In addition, taxation sequesters the leftovers and contributes more to sufferings. That is reflected on all the agricultural sub sectors, e.g., irrigated, rainfed and traditional. In order to verify such hypotheses the analysis too field samples from all those sub sectors and first conducted descriptive analysis that was followed a quantitative_ one. The data were obtained through extensive questionnaires for selected areas presumed to represent the Sudanese agricultural sector. An econometric approach based on linear model was built to contain all crucial variables and was tested by using ordinary least squares where agricultural finance represented the dependant variable. The estimated regression equation revealed that the most important is cultivated area whereas increasing it increases demand for finance by 2357 Dinars. The other tested factors, agricultural product, revenue where 1.201 and 0.858, respectively. From the questionnaires data it was concluded that are three major sources for financing; (1) self-finance (84%), (2) the formal sectors and Banks (12%) and (3) the informal sector (4%). The thesis however, expressively proves that despite of the other problems of agriculture such as irregular irrigation in irrigated farming, the continuing increases cost of agricultural inputsand decreased productivity, the scarcity of formal financing is the main determinant factor. Its impacts are reflected in all the agricultural parameters, e.g., cultivated area, operations and productivity. The recommendations detailed in the thesis are centered on an amelioration ofthe formal agricultural financing and a rehabilitation of the of loans systems. Moreover. a reformation of the present and overwhelming short-termed loans approach to expansions of the medi__t_nn and long term loans which should be guaranteed by stronger collaterals such as land that has a strong background of deeds granted by the state ln addition, a reconsideration of the present interest rates is necessitated and should be built on a wide-based research with primary perceptions ol‘ reviving the agricultural sector.Item الرقابة والتفتيش على السجون ودورهما في حماية المجتمع من الجريمة دراسة دور هيئة التحقيق والادعاء العام في المملكة العربية السعودية(جامعة النيلين, 2005) إبراهيم بن محمد القناصAbstract This thesis is aiming to explore the impact of inspection and supervision of convicts while in prison in preventing tendency towards evil. The role of Public Attorney and Investigation Department is examined as a case studies. The thesis falls, in addition to the introduction, in five chapters. Chapter one is set to give on idea about the research, its importance, concepts used, previous studies etc... In Chapter Two, research methodologies is'shown. As an interdisciplinary work sociological concepts and theories of crime and tackled against interactive principles concerned with treatment of convicts. Chapter Three is maintains descriptive. An idea about the Department of . Public Attomey in Saudi Arabia, its history, role, jurisdiction is given. In Chapter Four, the fmdings of field work eamed among at random samples of detained are among officers in charge of the department of examined. And finally, in Chapter Five, these resultsiare analyzed in order to give an idea about how successful is the department is fulfilling its mandate.Item تقويم أداء سوق تجارة الجملة للخضر والفاكهة الطازجه في الأردن(2000) عاكف احمد الزغبيAbstract Market performance is considered to be the result of its structure and participant conduct. Its importance is related to the correlation between the productivity of economic activities and distribution of the retrmrs of these activities with the market performance that is assumed to improve with the conversion of the market towards perfect competition. For that, the subject of market perfonnance was opted. Fresh fruit and vegetable wholesale market were selected because of its nutritional and economic importance as the production, in the last few years, reached 1.8 million tonnes fulfilling the local consumption needs as well as exporting around 400 thousand tones generating more than 100 million dollars. The problem the study is to investigate and try to remedy the several imperfection features of the wholesale market for fresh fiuits and vegetables that are prevailing. To ratify market performance, the study selected two approaches: organizational structure of the market and price efficiency. The study objective, in that context, aimed at determining the market structure, participant conduct and price efficiency in terms of seasonality, marketing margins and market integration to attain the overall objective of the study, which is improving market performance. ’, According to the study plan, the study described and defmed marketing and its principals, market performance and evaluation criteria, the importance of fresh produce to the Jordanian economy and the state of wholesale markets in the country. Furthermore, the study analyzed and suggested rectifications to the market structure and price efficiency. Finally, the study deduced the future prospects of fresh produce wholesaling industry in Jordan. The study findings include the following: a- Low moderate monopolistic competition exists among commission agents and among exporters Barriers to entry and exit of new commission agents. - Homogeneity of product. " ' ' - Infonnation are not equally available for all participant. No price collusion among commission agents or exporters nor between exporters and commission agents. f- ' Commission agents and » exporters have.» bargaining power compared to producers. __ . g- Wholesale markets are not performing their role. 11- Violations in the auction procedures and reselling of the produce. i- Seasonal price variation. v Lack of correlation between economies of scale and marketing margins and lack of correlation between margins and provided services. - Markets integration found to be moderate to low. ' As a remedy to the existing problems, the study arrived at the following recommendations: Amending laws and regulations to assure market freedom Removal of barriers to entry and exit Lnstitutionalizing national information system Improve wholesale market regulations and auction procedures and prohibition of reselling of produce Encourage the utilization of technology ' _ Encouraging investment in marketing infrastructure Improving scientific research and training as well as extension Promote contract farming ir1 the export and processing industries. Institutionalizing of financing programs to finance producers and exporters at favorable conditions. iItem تحليل سياسات النقل في السودان بالتركيز علي قطاع النقل الداخلي(2000) سليمان خليفة عباسAbstract Transport is an important part in economic structure where the link is evident in its effect in the national domestic product and is evident as well in the link of transport supply and the increase in the country production in all sectors of agriculture, industry and services. Sudan knew transport modes since the dawn of civilization in peace and war and its transformation from subsistence to market economy was made on the railways. Inspite of its importance in a large country, transport remained unable to meet the inland transport needs geographically across the states and structurally along the various modes. Policies followed to establish transport structure or rehabilitate its components during the different stages did lead to the establishment of a sustainable system meeting the inland transport demand with the appropriate efficiency. Inland transport shortages are evident in its low coverage especially in states inflicted with armed conflict remaining deficient in transport system that could provide security and social livelihood. Moreover the transport system is characterized as an imbalanced system among its various modal components of rail, road, river and air transport modes. Policies adopted during the colonial era and up to the seventies of the last century provided the railway with a monopolistic status but did not prepare it for the up coming competition. Change of policies paved the way for roads to empower the sector in a monopoly status. The other sectors did not have the facilities that aid in competition in an open market where policies favour road and weekend rail and river transport. Now policies are advocated to coordinate the transport modes, however this is not linked to a plan or time scheduled prograamme to make that implementable. Historical intemal inclination of the sector is attributed the transport policies in Sudan. This deprived the country from benefiting from land locked cotmtries transit traffic via Port Sudan. At the same time that deprived the transport network from expanding across long distances increasing the utilization of their resources more efficiently. Projects advocated in regional forums will strengthen regional links and increase the size of the transport networks as it is the case in other regions of the world. Acquisition and implementation of new technologies are still very limited in the transport sector and the study points to the importance of this in the development of transport modes to meet economic and social growth. The study points also to the importance of considering the environmental factors associated with the transport sector and that it highly important to establish the basis that mitigates their effects and relief the coming generation from long term effects in absence of timely treatment.Item المؤسسات العامة فى السودان بين الإصلاح والاستخصاص دراسة حالة مؤسسة النيل الأزرق الزراعية 1969 - 2000م(2004) محمد حسن محمد العجبABSTRACT This dissertation Generally aitns to study and analyze the practice and experience ot‘ public corporations in Sudan, so as to find out the reasons lor their declining performance, \vhich negatively influences their expected role in development. Specifically, it aims to study and analyze the experience of privatization in Sudan, mainly focusing on the privatization process ofthe Blue Nile Agricultural Corporation. The main problem otithe dissertation could be summed up as that, the perloi"inaitce ol‘ public corporations in Sudan was not so weak to justify, or to be as a motive to its privatization, since some of them had achieved relative success in administering and achieving development in Sudan, tor example the Gezira Scheme and the Rahad Agricultural (‘orporation. But this couldn’t den_v the deteriorating and weak perlormance oli many oi‘ them, as a result ol‘ legal, administrative, linancial and technical problems those laced them, as well as the negative impact ol'the political, economic and social influences on their perlormance and hence on their expected role in development. So, some attempts lor their reforming and developing had been adopted, but they were not suflicicnt to make their privatization is the only alternative to relorin and de\ elop them, specially the privatization ol‘ so many of them didn’t achieve a considerable success. (iencrally, the privatization of public corporations in Sudan isn’t an easy process, so it has been confronted by some legal, administrative, linancial and technical problems, mainly the privatization process of the Blue Nile Agricultural corporation, which exposed to so many legal, administrative linancial and technical problems those influence the establishing and managing the new companies, and hence negatively reflected on the perliormance and the productivity of‘ the Blue Nile Agricultural Schemes. The descriptive -~ analytic approach had been used in presenting the intmmation related to the research topic. Also some of the research techniques had been used in collecting primary data, such as questionnaires \vhich had been analyzed on the computer by using the Statistical Package tor Social Sciences (SPSS), in addition to formal and informal interviews and observation. As well, the secondary data has been obtained from the relevant literature in books, periodicals, researches, publications, reports and papers. 'l'he dissertation consists olisix chapters, as follows: Chapter One is an introductory part that includes the main outlines of the dissertation such as the problem, the hypotheses, the questions, and the approach. Chapter Tow deas with the main theoretical perspectives on public corporations. Chapter Three presents and discusses the most important theoretical perspectives on privatization theory. Chapter Four studies and analyzes the practice and experience of‘ public corporations, in addition to experience ofiprivatization in Sudan. Chapter Five analyses the primary and secondary data that related to the privatization experience ofithe Blue Nile Agricultural Corporation within these areas : Establishment Area, Internal Organization Area, External Relations Area, Evaluation Area. Lastly, Chapter Six introduces the findings, and testing the hypotheses by using statistical methods of‘Binomial Distribution and Chi ~ Square on the computer. The testing olihypotheses proves that there are different levels ofisignificance between the respondents’ responses which found appropriate to the dissertation hypotheses. Lastly, the chapter introduces the recommendations in respect to the findings, which could be classified into findings resulted from the analysis of‘ the secondary data, which related to the practice of public corporations in Sudan and the experience otitheir privatization as indicated in (6-l-l ). As well as to the findings resulted from the analysis olithe primary data, which related to the case study ofthe |)l‘l\’£tllZZtIlOI1 ofithe Blue Nile Agricultural Corporation, as listed in to-I-Z).Item الاثار الاجتماعية للجرائم الاخلاقية الجنسية : دراسة تحليلية ميدانية بمنطقة الرياض(جامعة النيلين, 2007) هشال بن عبد العزيزالخريصيABSTRACT This study aims to discern the social impacts of MORALESTIC AND ETHICAL CRIMES on individual and family levels through authenticating the following hypotheses: 1. There is a co-relation between the MORALESTIC AND ETHICAL CRIMES and its reason. 2. There is strong relation between the MORALESTIC AND ETHICAL CRIMES and its impacts on individual level. 3. There is strong relation between the MORALESTIC AND ETHICAL CRIMES and its impacts on family level To authenticate the above hypotheses and to actualize the aims of this studies many theories and literary has been revised in this study's chapters, along with defining study's methodic fiats. The type of study has been defined as descriptive study, the methodology type was social sun/ey in addition to the purport analysis method, in order to collect necessary data for this study two questionnaires has been designed, first one for convicted persons in MORALESTIC AND ETHICAL CRIMES in Riyadh city and the second one for those working in the crime striven field, the designing of these questionnaire passed through different stages to quantify their veracity and constancy as described in chapter five of the study. The study sample for convicted persons was chosen randomly among convicted persons in Malaz prison, Haeir prison and social observation house in Riyadh (sample size is 340 individual), in depth interviews was conducted among a group of authorized persons in judging, allegation, investigation, criminal cypernating, social specialist, psychiatric specialist, educational specialist and those who works in commandment with unmistakable and illegitimatizing from nihilist this sample was consist of (200) individuals, also a random sample was chosen from cases files (20) files was picked up. This study reach a number of results among which:Item مشكلات التلاميذ بمـدارس الاساس الحكوميـة ودور الخصـــائي الاجتماعي فـي علاجها: دراسة حالة ولاية الخرطوم(جامعة النيلين, 2005) آسيا محمد شريف همتAbstract This research dealt with problems facing students at government basic schools and the role of school social worker to resolve these problems, that was throughout a case study of Khartoum state. The research §ought to achieve varying objectives, the most important were the following : - Identification of wide-spread problems at government basic schools. - Identification of relationship of student exposure to these problems, with school and his own family environment .This was in addition to clarifying the role that school social worker could play in resolving these problems, as well as factors affecting his performance; inducements and obstacles he might had been facing. The research based on the main following question: Is there any relationship of statistical significance between student’s exposure to problems, with school and family environment that he is living in?. This was, in addition to many other subsidiary questions. To achieve and test these questions , the research had adopted the descriptive methodology, the historical methodology, as well as the quantitative methodology. Research community was a sample of social workers, teachers, in addition to a sample of student's families. The research had utilized various tools to collect field data that is including questionnaire, interviews, focus group and the intended observation. The most important findings that the research had arrived at were the existence of a reflective relationship between exposure of student to problems, with school and family environment, however, the more sound of school and family environment the less vulnerability of student to be exposed to problems. In the other hand, social worker who holds a degree in social work or sociology had succeeded in professional intervention in a good manner compared to those who have experience only or even to those who have held other specializations.Item دور العمل الطوعي في التنمية الاجتماعية(alneelain, 2006) صلاح الدين جعفر سيد احمدAbstract . Recently the increasing role of voluntary work emerged in development of many communities, which carried out by individuals and institutions, it is a non-profit work and with no returns to those who perform it, but carried by virtuous individuals and groups. This understanding developed through time from a mere traditional help by relatives and the extended family members and neighbours in traditional communities to playing an important role in promoting and developing these communities, including the urban ones and successful social development programs and plans. The institutions and voluntary organizations which practise this work include Islamic institution and Islamic voluntary organizations which now have huge role in social development not only in Islamic countries but world wide, including western countries. So this requires to be studied and analyzed and to call for further studies, in future. The study aims to show the role of the Islamic voluntary organizations in the realm of social development in Sudan. The data related to the study was obtained from books, periodicals, writings, researches, publications, general & private documents, news papers, magazines, video tapes and interviews. In this study I have followed many methodologies which help in information analysis such as historical methodology and content analysis methodology and the analytic scientific methodology (deductive and inductive) and statistical methodology. The study concluded that the Islamic voluntary organizations in Sudan have played an important role in all social development aspects and they need more study and research. This research was divided into introduction and four sections each one consists of a number of detailed chapters which are as follows:- Introduction • First section: Theoretical Frame • Second section: History of voluntary work • Third section: The role of Islamic Voluntary Organizations in Social Development. • Fourth section: Results & Recommendations And the study reached to the following results: First: The great interest by Islamic voluntary institutions and organizations in many fields of social development, and the work of these organizations in this field arises out of Islamic values, traditions and rules, Second: The rational developmental policy of the state which based on Islamic principles and values, and the cultural heritage of the Sudanese society which led to open doors for Islamic and Non-Islamic organizations to participate in social development efforts by passing laws and providing facilities to these organizations, has a great effect on the work of these organizations and achievement of successes being done, Third: The great response from the public by actuating the efforts of these organizations and participation in social development desirous of reward from Allah (Almighty be He), Fourth: Islamic Voluntary Organizations are considered as important elements of society with its effects and influence in helping the state in executing development plans through people's effort complementary to the efforts of the state, Fifth: Islamic Voluntary Organizations in Sudan have played an important role in all fields of social development, and it needs further stUdies and deep research.