Masters theses : Agricultural
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Item دراسة الخواص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للزبادي المجمد من لبن الإبل(جامعة النيلين, 2010) Salma Khalaf Alla Ahmed Ibrahimملخص أجريت هذه الدراسة بهدف دراسة الخواص الكيميائية و الفيزيائية للزبادي المجمد من لبن الابل و ذلك للإستفادة من القيمة الغذائية للزبادي و مكونات الآيسكريم معآ . تم تصنيع 27 عينة زبادي مجمد من لبن الإبل باستخدام مستويات مختلفة من الدهن(١٫٥،٣ ،٥)٪ مع نسب مختلفة من المواد الصلبة اللادهنية (١٣،١٤،١٥)٪ ، كذلك تمت دراسة مستويات مختلفة من السكر(١٣،١٤،١٥)٪،مع نسب مختلفة من البوادئ (١،٢،٣)٪وكان تركيب المنتج النهائي كما يلي يلي (١٫٢- ٢٫٥ )٪ دهن ، الجوامد الصلبة الكلية (٣٣- ٤٠ ٪(،الجوامد الصلبة اللادهنية (٢٨٫٢-٣٧٫٩ ) ٪،قيم الpH (٤٫٠٦-٤٫٥) ،أما نسبة الحموضة فتراوحت بين(٫٨٤-١٫٢)٪، الكثافة تراوحت بين (١٫٠٦٤- 1.071) و نسبة الريع تراوحت بين (٣٣٫٧- ٨٣ )٪ . باضافة أنواع مختلفة من الفاكهة (موز ، جوافة ، مانجو) بنسب مختلفة (١٠،١٢،١٤ ) ٪كانت نسبة الدهن في الناتج (١٫١- ٢٫٣ ) ٪، الجوامد الصلبة الكلية ( ٣٥٫٣- ٣٨٫٠٣ ) ٪، الجوامد الصلبة اللادهنية ( ٣٤٫٠١- ٣٦٫٨ ) ٪، تراوحت قيم ال pH بين (٤٫٠١- ٤٫٨) ، بينما كانت قيم الكثافة بين ( ٫1.061 – 1.097 ) ، أما النسبة المئوية للريع فتراوحت بين ( ٢٤٫٧- ٦٦٫٨ ) ٪. نتائج التقييم الحسي للمنتج أثبتت وجود فروقات معنوية بالنكهة عند استخدام النسب المختلفة من الدهن مع النسب المختلفة من الجوامد الصلبة اللا دهنية ، كذلك وجود فروقات معنوية في المظهر و القوام و النكهة و القبول العام عند استخدام النسب المختلفة من السكر مع النسب المختلفة من البوادئ ، بينما عند استخدام الانواع المختلفة من الفواكه بنسب مختلفة ، اثبتت النتائج عدم وجود فروقات معنوية في المظهر والقوام و النكهة والقبول العام و وجود فروقات معنوية في اللون . أكثر العينات قبولاً كانت العيئة 14% جوامد صلبة لا دهنية مع 5% دهن و العينه 15% سكر مع 3% بادئ و العينه 14% مانجو ، حيث كانت أفضل من الكنترول . Abstract The objectives of this study is to study chemical and properties of the of frozen yoghurt from camel milk, to gain the nutritive value of yoghurt , ingredients of ice cream together. Twenty seven samples of yoghurt were processed with different levels of fat ( 1.5 % , 3 % , 5 %),with different levels of solids non fat (13 % , 14 % , 15 % ),different levels of sugar (13 % , 14 % , 15 % ),with different levels of starter (1 % , 2 % , 3 %) were studied . The results showed that fat percent in the product ranged from( 1.2 - 2.5 ) % , total solids percent ranged from ( 33 - 40 ) % ,solids non fat percent ranged from( 28.2 - 37.9 ) % , pH values ranged from ( 4.06 - 4.5 ) , acidity ranged from ( 0.84 - 1.2 ) % , specific gravity ranged from (1.071- 1.064 ) and overrun ranged from ( 33.7 - 83) % . By addition of different types of fruits (banana , guava , mango) with (10% , 12% , 14%) , the fat percent of frozen yoghurt ranged from (1.1 – 2.3 ) % , total solids percent ranged from ( 35.5 – 38.03 ) % , solids non fat ranged from ( 34.01 – 36.8 ) % , pH values ranged from ( 4.06 - 4.5 ) , specific gravity ranged from (1.061–1.097) , and overrun ranged from ( 24.7 – 66.8) % . The results of sensory evaluation showed ,the differences were significant( P>0 - 05) in flavor by use different levels of fat and solid non fat , also significant in appearance , texture , flavor and overall acceptability by use different levels of Sugar and starter , while there is no significant differences ( P> 0- 05) in appearance , texture , flavor and overall acceptability between different levels and type of fruits , and it was significant in color . Samples with 14% SNF and 5% fat , 15% sugar 3% starter , 14% mango were more acceptable and better than control sample .Item أثر إحلال مسحوق الأسماك بمسحوق مخلفات الدواجن على نمو أصبعيات أسماك البلطي النيلي "(جامعة النيلين, 2016) عبدالله صالح حاج نافعAbstract This experiment was conducted at the fish farm Faculty of Agricultural Technology and fish Science, El-Neelain University, in the period from 4/5/2015 t0 17/8/2015. To study and compare the effects of adding fish powder and chicken remnants in a feeding formula for (Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings)Nile Tilapia's fry , and to determine the level that achieves better growth, better economic of the addition. The experiment was carried out on 12-glass basin,with dimensions of (90 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm), and with four treatment (D, C, B, A) at a rate of three frequencies per treatment. the fish stocking rate was 30 fish / basin, with averaged weight (0.92, 0.96, .0.90, 0.90) g of the four treatments (D, C, B, A) respectively . It has been supplied with Oxygen pumping basins or 24 hours. The water basins renewed daily at a rate (10.5%) of the volume of water. Fish was fed with four diets, each containing 35% protein,with rate of (4-2) per day, with percentages (10 - 4%) body weight. The first treatment (Control) contained source of vegetable protein only, and the second treatment contained 12% fish meal, and the third treatment contained a mixture of fish meal and chicken manure at a rate of 6% each, the fourth treatment contained 12% of chicken remnants powder . Fish performance was evaluated during the experiment and at the end using criteria (weight gain, cm lengths, the daily qualitative and relative growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, and net meat). The statistical analysis showed there was significant differences between the averages of the fish weights in treatment (D and A), no significant differences between the averages of the rest of treatments and no significant differences between the fish lengths mean (total length and standard) in all treatments. It outperformed the two treatments (B and C) in the ratio of net meat on the fourth treatment D, and otherwise do not find significant differences between the treatments.Also there were no significant differences between the mean fish tissue ratios in a ll of the (moisture, dry matter, protein, and fat, and minerals) of all treatments. Treatment (D) recorded increase in the proportion of moral fiber in fish tissue more than treatments (B, C), respectively, but there were no significant differences between the treatments. The study concluded that it could be dispensed with entirely protein fish meal (12%) and rely on plant sources of protein in the feeding fry, and the addition of poultry remnants powder led to an improvement of the plant source of protein in the growth rate and the cost of food. And when taking into account the growth rate, and economic factors (cost of food, and the yield on the cost of food), it was found that the best treatment achieved better growth and economic returns recommended by the study is the fourth treatment, which contained 12% chicken remnants powder.Item تأثير أنواع مختلفة من الحراثة علي معدل التسرب وإنتاجية محصول أبو سبعين(جامعة النيلين, 2011) عاطف عبد العظيم إبراهيممستخلــــــص البحـــــث ABSTRACT تم إجراء هذا البحث في مزرعة كلية التقانة الزراعية وعلوم الأسماك ( جامعة النيلين ) بمشروع سندس الزراعي لموسمين متتالين (2009م – 2010م) بهدف دراسة تأثير أنواع مختلفة من الحراثة علي معدل التسرب وإنتاجية محصول أبو سبعين . تم تصميم التجربة باستخدام القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة ، خمس معاملات بخمسة تكرارات متمثلة في المحراث القرصي +المشط القرصي ، المحراث القرصي ، محراث الطراد مرتين، المحراث الازميلي والحراثة الصفرية. شملت الدراسة تأثير أنواع مختلفة من الحراثة علي معدل التسرب ، وكذلك نمو نبات ابو سبعين من حيث طول النبات ، عدد الأوراق والانتاجية. أوضحت الدراسة أن متوسط السعة الحقلية 25.3% ومتوسط الكثافة الظاهرية 1.16 جم/ سم3 ومعدل تسرب ابتدائي في الخمس دقائق الأولي 192 ملم/الساعة ، 180 ملم/الساعة ، 174 ملم/ الساعة ، 168ملم/ الساعة ، 158 ملم/الساعة لمعاملة الطراد مرتين ، محراث قرصي ، محراث ازميلي ، محراث قرصي + مشط قرصي ، الحراثة الصفرية علي التوالي في الموسم الأول . أما في الموسم الثاني فكان معدل التسرب الابتدائي في الخمس دقائق الأولي 216 ملم/ الساعة ، 210 ملم / الساعة ، 204 ملم/الساعة 200 ملم / الساعة ، 160 ملم / الساعة للمحراث الازميلي ، المحراث القرصي ، المحراث القرصي + المشط القرصي، محراث الطراد مرتين ، الحراثة الصفرية علي التوالي . معدل التسرب الأساسي للموسم الأول كان 10.2 ملم / الساعة ،12 ملم/ الساعة، 11.4 ملم / الساعة ، 10.2 ملم / الساعة ، 9.6 ملم / الساعة لمحراث الطراد مرتين ، محراث قرصي ، محراث ازميلي ، محراث قرصي + مشط قرصي ، الحراثة الصفرية علي التوالي . أما معدل التسرب الأساسي في الموسم الثاني كان 13 ملم / الساعة ، 12.6 ملم / الساعة ، 11.4 ملم / الساعة ، 9.6 ملم / الساعة ، 7.2 ملم / الساعة للمحراث الإزميلي ، المحراث القرصي ، المحراث القرصي + المشط القرصي ، محراث الطراد مرتين ، الحراثة الصفرية علي التوالي . سجل المحراث القرصي + المشط القرصي أعلي قراءة لطول النبات ( 163 سم ، 111.92سم ) للموسمين علي التوالي بينما سجل محراث الطراد مرتين أدني قراءة لطول النبات 131 سم في الموسم الأول في حين سجل المحراث القرصي أدني قراءة لطول النبات 103.08 سم في الموسم الثاني. معاملة المحراث القرصي + المشط القرصي سجلت أعلي نسبة لعدد الأوراق ( 15.8 ، 14.2 ) للموسمين علي التوالي بينما سجلت معاملة الطراد مرتين أدني نسبة لعدد الأوراق 12.2 للموسم الأول في حين سجلت معاملة المحراث الإزميلي أدني نسبة لعدد الأوراق 12.2 في الموسم الثاني . معاملة المحراث القرصي سجلت أعلي إنتاجية 26 طن / هكتار في حين سجل المحراث الإزميلي أدني إنتاجية 21 طن / هكتار في الموسم الأول للعلف الأخضر بينما سجلت معاملة المحراث الإزميلي أعلي إنتاجية 21 طن / هكتار 19طن/هكتار في حين سجلت معاملة الطراد مرتين أدني إنتاجية 14 طن / هكتار في الموسم الثاني للعلف الأخضر. ABSTRACT This research had been conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences, Farm Sondos Agricultural Scheme, in the period (2009 –2010), for two consecutive seasons. the objective of this research aimed at study the effect of different tillage treatments, on the infiltration rate and the productivity of Abu Sabeen crop. The experiment has been set in the complete randomized block design with five treatments applied represented by Zero tillage, the Disc Plough+ the Disc Harrow, the DiscPlough, Double Ridging and the Chisel Plough. The study included effect of different tillage treatments on the infiltration rate. and the development AbuSabeen crop plant length, number leaves and productivity. The study showed that the average field capacity was 25.3%, the average of the bulk density was 1.16 gm/cm3 , the infiltration rate, in the first five minutes was 192 mm/hr.,180 mm/hr., 174 mm/hr, 168mm/hr, 158mm/hr, for the Double Ridging, Disc Plough, Chisel Plough, Disc Plough + Disc Harrow, for the Zero tillage, respectively in the first season. As for the second season, the infiltration rate was, in the first five minutes was found to be 216mm/hr, 210mm/hr, 204mm/hr, 200mm/hr, 160mm/hr, for the Chisel Plough, the Disc Plough, the Disc Plough + the Disc Harrow,the Double Ridging, and the Zero tillage,respectively. The Basic infiltration rate, in first season, was found to be 10.2mm/hr., 12mm/hr., 11.4mm/hr., 10.2mm/hr,9.6mm/hr, for the Double Ridging; Disc Plough, Chisel Plough, Disc Plough + Disc Harrow,and the Zero tillage respectively. The basic infiltration rate in the second season,was found to be 13mm/hr., 12.6mm/hr., 11.4 mm/hr, 9.6 mm/hr, 7.2mm/hr for the Chisel Plough, the Disc 7 Plough, the Disc Plough + the Disc Harrow, the Double Ridging and Zero tillage, respectively. The Disc Plough + Disc Harrow treatment, registered the highest readings for plant length, 163cm, 111.92 cm, for the two seasons, whereas the Double Ridging registered the least reading for the plant length– 131cm,in the first season; while the Disc Plough treatment had registered the lowest reading for the plant length 103.08 cm, in the second season. The Disc Plough + the Disc Harrow treatment registered the highest number of leaves14.2, 15.8 for the two seasons, The Double Ridging treatment registered the lowest number of leaves12.2 in the first season; whereas the Chisel Plough treatment registered the least number of leaves12.2 in the second season. For the green crop, the Disc Plough treatment had registered the highest productivity 26 tons/hectares; while the Chisel Plough treatment registered lowest productivity21 tons/hectares in the first season .the Chisel Plough treatment and the Zero tillage treatment had registered the highest productivity 21 tons/hectares, 19ton/hectares, while the Double Ridging treatment had registered the lowest productivity 14tons/hectares, in the second season.Item أثر الحراثة وسماد المزرعة علي نمو و إنتاجية الذرة الرفيعة (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Momech) في الأراضي الصلبة (القردود) (بولاية شمال كردفان)(جامعة النيلين, 2011) بشير الصديق عبيد الله الضيمستخلص الدراسة أجريت تجربة حقلية في الأراضي الصلبة الحمراء والسوداء (القردود الأحمروالأسود ) لموسمين متتالين (2007-2008 و 2008-2009 ) بمحلية شيكان ولاية شمال كردفان في موقعين للتعرف علي أثر إستخدام الحراثة وسماد المزرعة على أعماق (0سم, 15سم و 25سم) و تراكيز(18,12,6,0و24 طن/هكتار) للتعرف علي نمو وإنتاجية محصول الذرة الرفيعة صنف (أرفع قدمك). تم تصميم التجربة باستخدام القطع العشوائية المنشقة بأربعة تكرارات. أظهرت النتائج أن لطول النبات, قطر الساق, عدد السلاميات, الكثافة النباتية والإنتاجية فرق معنوي (p≤0.05) عند عمق حراثة 15سم وتركيز سماد مزرعي 6 طن/هكتار و24 طن/هكتار للقردود الأسود والأحمر للموسمين على التتالى. ولا توجد فروق معنوية لعدد النباتات والنبتات ووزن المائة حبة. وبلغت متوسط إنتاجية محصول الذرة لكل المعاملات 1.75 طن / هكتار و1.96 طن/ هكتار في كل من القردود الأحمر و القردود الأسود علي التوالي. Abstract Afield experiment conducted in North Kordofan state for successive rainy seasons (2007/2008- 2008/2009) to investigate the effect of tillage and farm yard manure on growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) monech) (Arfaa Gadamuk) in gardoud soil (Red and black) in two location. The treatments 5 (د ) consisted of three tillage depth (0, 15 and 25 cm) and five concentrations of farm yard manure (0,6,12,18 and 24 t/ha). Split plot design with four replications was used. Character studied were plant height, stem diameter, number of nodes per plant, plant density, number of panicles/m2 , number of grains per panicle, panicle grain weight and final grain yield (t/ha). The results showed that, the tillage and manure had significant effect on most growth and yield attributes measured. Tillage depth (15 cm) was highest in stem diameter, number of nodes per plant, plant population and highest in productivity. Concentration manure of 6 and 24 (t/ha) were superior in growth indices (stem diameter and number of nodes per plant) and final grain yield. Tillage and manure had no significant different in number of tillers and 100- grain weight. Black gardoud soil had higher grain yield (1.96 t/ha) than red soil (1.75 t/ha).Item Study on Bio-security in Dairy Farms at Khartoum State : دراسة الأمن الحيوي بمزارع الألبان في ولاية الخرطوم(Al-Neelain University, 2011) Amal Osman ALatta MohamedRESEARCH ABSTRACT This research was conducted to study the efficiency of application of biosecurity measures in milk farms of Khartoum State. The biosecurity preventive measures subject of the current research included: type of breed, milk yield and quality, storage of milk, prevalence of diseases, vaccination, general hygiene , use of disinfectance, general veterinary supervision, milk sheds, water supply, equipment used, fodder and source and by- products disposal.Also the quality of raw milk produced by these farms was also studied to determine the contamination by pathogenic bacteria e.g. E.coli, S.aureus and salmonella spp. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was designed, delivered to the farms of the three different areas, beside personal meeting and visits to the concerned farms. For the microbial tests of milk, 102 milk samples, 34 samples from each area were collected and then subjected to laboratory tests on E.coli, S.aureus and salmonella spp. The results obtained concerning the types of breed showed that the average % of cross breed animals was (92 .5%±1, 92 .5%±1%, and 97.5%±1) in the farms of Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. For local breeds was (7.5%±1, 5%±1and 2.5%±1) respectively. and for pure breed was (0% ±1, 2.5%±1 and 0% ±1) respectively. A high significant difference (p< 0.001) was found between the types of breed in the farms of the different areas.The daily milk yield of the farms in the three areas, the results showed that the highest yield was obtained in Omdurman (80% ±1) followed by Khartoum North (32.5%±1) and then Khartoum (27.5%±1). The statistical analysis indicated a high significant difference (p< 0.001) in the daily milk yield of the farms of the different areas. Concerning the milking procedure no iv significant difference was found (p<0.05) since all farms in the concerned areas apply hand milking twice a day. The results obtained concerning the prevalence of diseases per year indicted no significant difference between the levels of prevalence (p<0.05), except mastitis, since significant difference was found between the level of its prevalence in farms of the mentioned areas. It was also noticed that the storage of milk directly after milking is not associated with cooling, since it stored under normal room temperature in all areas. The farms of the three areas were subjected to direct veterinary supervision. The average (%) of the daily supervision was (72.5%±1, 77.5%±1 and 77.5%±1) and weekly (27.5%±1, 22.5%±1 and 22.5%±1) for Khartoum , Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively, no significant variation(p<0.05) was recorded in this case. It was also noticed that the vaccination operations were carried out regularly in these farms. The results obtained showed that the average (%) of permanent workers in the concerned farms was (77.5%±1, 87.5%±1 and 57.5%±1) Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively. Significant difference was recorded between the average (p>0.05). The shortage in workers was over comed by par time workers. The use of disinfectants in the areas was very poor as given by the obtained results. The average (%) of using disinfectants was (7.5%±1, 5%±1 and 0%±1) for Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between these averages. The cleaning and disinfection of the equipment used by the different farms varies between very good and bad. For very good cleaning and disinfection the average (%) was (2.5%±1, 0%±1 and 5%±1) for good (60%±1, 80%±1 and 80%±1) for bad (37.5%±1, 20%±1 and12.5%±1) in Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. The statistical v analysis result indicated significant difference (p>0.05) between above mentioned averages. The disposal of by-products was carried out either daily, 3-4 days or weekly, where by the weekly disposal was dominating, no significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded in the average (%) between Khartoum, Khartoum North areas, while significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded between Omdurman area (67.5%±1) compared with Khartoum and Khartoum North (55%±1 and 55%±1) respectively. The fodder used for feeding the animals composed mainly of concentrates, which were used in average (%) of (65%±1, 85%±1 and 90%±1) by Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. Significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded in this case. This was also applicable for the green fodder Abu70 (30%±1, 15%±1 and 10%±1) respectively and for Barsim (5%±1, 0%±1 and 0%±1). It worth noticing that Barsim was not used as source of green fodder in Khartoum North and Omdurman. The results obtained showed that the source of fodder was dependant on purchasing form the local market with average (%) of (72.5%±1, 85%±1 and 80%±1) for Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. No significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded. The materials for building or constructing the sheds, pens and parlour composed of iron pipes, heavy iron pipes and mud. It is noticed that the milking procedure is done inside the shed, since no specific areas for the milking process was designed. The most prevailing materials for construction was from heavy iron pipes with an average (%) of (55%±1, 60%±1 and 65%±1), for mud (37.5%±1, 40%±1 and 35%±1) and for iron pipes (7.5%±1, 0%±1 and 0%±1) for Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. The statistical analysis result showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in this case. vi The microbial tests results showed that the positive average (%) for bacteria S.aureus in raw milk was 32.4%, 38.2% and 35.3%, for E.coli 23.5%, 32.4% and 26.5% and for Salmonella 23.5%, 14.7% and 14.7% in raw milk of Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively. No significant difference (p>0.05). It is noticed that the measures used to determine the efficiency of the bio- security in the farms of the three areas vary from one to another. The application of certain measures was week or sometimes ignored. So, it seems of vital importance to establish extension programs dealing with the importance of bio- security and the role it play and its effect on the whole production operations in these farms. Finally certain recommendations are givenItem Evaluation of Mortadella Products in Khartoum Markets(Al-Neelain University, 2015) Rawaa Fouad Mohmmed AliABSTRACT This study was designed to evaluate the smoked meat products ( Mortadella ) in Sudanese local markets from four different meat industries using chemical analysis ( moisture, protein, fat, and ash content% and total energy content of the products which gane significant differences in fat and ash content %. Energy values were not significantly different, beside moisture and protein Content %. Color was determined for ( redness – Yellowness – Lightness ) which obtained significant differences ( p > 0.01 ) in Yellowness and Lightness and were not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ) in redness . The quality attributes were evaluated by determining the ultimate pH , water holding capacity, storage loss%, peroxide value and acid value, which gane significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) in pH, water holding capacity and there were not significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) in storage loss%, peroxide value and Acid value among the mortadella products. Sodium chloride and microbial growth were determined and there were no significant differences in Sodium chloride and total viable bacterial count L og10 ( cfu /g ) Packaging was evaluated by determining the weight of whole package of mortadella, mortadella slices weight and plastic of package. Which showed significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) in weight of plastic among the mortadella products. Sensory attributes of mortadella products were assessed by panelist it included colour, flavour tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability. Which gane significant differences (P > 0.05 ) in tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability X and there were no significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) in colour , flavor among mortadella products.Item Effectiveness of Fishing Gears and Methods Used in the Khour sagour (Khorsagour) and Alhasaia Parts (Al Hasia) of Jebel Aulia Dam(Al-Neelain University, 2010) Ahmed Mustafa ElbalulaAbstract The study was carried out at Jebel Aulia Dam using three sets of gill nets of different mesh size (6cm, 8cm and 21cm). The biology of three commercially important fish species (Oreochromis niloticus, Labeo. niloticus and Lates niloticus) was investigated. The filed work data collected through questionnaire was coupled with experimental fishing to verify findings of the questionnaire. The abundance of Labeo niloticus (23.2%) and Oreochromis niloticus (19.1%), exhiblited a marked increase while Labeo coubie (.2% ) was low of abundance during the Study. Percentage of total catch by weight during the investigation period showed clear difference as 65.6% at Alhasaia (Alhasaia) and 34.4% at Khorsagour (Khour sagour), The number of fish families encountered during the Study period were 16. The number of fish species were 32 and also two rare species were recorded. The biological studies of the three fish spp, (included distribution and abundance) growth, age and weight. The use of skeletal structure: scale, otoilth and operculum were found. Length-weight relationships were curvilinear in all species, and their regressions were highly significant (p<.001) and correlated (r>0.9). The study concluded that gill nets were highly selective. It is recommended that gill nets of multifilament twine (nylon) with mesh size less than 6 cm should be restricted in summer and winter seasons while meshes made of monofilament (Asab) with less than 8 cm should be prohibited during all seasons of the year. iii iv ملخص الدراسة اعتمدت الدراسة على ةثلةثة أنواع من شباك خيشومية مختلفة فتحة العين ( 6سم، 8سم، 21سم) لتحديد إنتقائيتها لصيد السماك ببحيرة خخخزان جبخخل أوليخخاء. وشملت الدراسة ةثلةثة أنواع من السماك التجارية هخي (العجخل- البلطخي النيلخي- الدبس). وجمعت البيانات للدراسة عن طريقتين هي الستبيان التجاري للصخخياد ، أما الطريقة الثانية وهي الدراسة التجريبية، أوضحت الدراسة أن إنتاجيخة الخدبس( 2.23 (%والبلطي (1.19 (%مرتفعة بينما قل إنتخخاج الكخخدن (2 .(%ظهخخر اختل ف واضح في النتاج الكلي للسماك المصادة من شمال الخخزان (الحصخايه) 6.65% بالمقارنة مع مصيد جنوب الخزان(خور صقر) 4.34 .%وخلل الدراسة تم تسجيل 16 عائلخخة و 32 نخخوع مخن السخخماك بالضخافة لنخخوعين مخن السخخماك التخخايجورة، الدراسات البايولوجية للنواع الثلةثة اشختملت علخى دراسخة النمخو، تقخدير العمخر، الطخوال، الوزان. وإسختعمال طخرق تقخدير العمخر أةثبتخت إمكانيخة العتمخاد علخى القشور، غطاء الخياشيم، عظمة النذن كما هو مستعمل. وأةثبت التحليل الصحصائي للبيانات وجود علقة وطيدة بين الطول والوزن لكل النواع قيد الدراسة. ُأستنتج من البحث الحالي أن الشباك الخيشومية نذات إنتقائيخة عاليخة لصخيد جميع أنواع السماك، لذلك توصي الدارسة منع استخدام شباك صيد مصنوعة من النايلون عديد الفتلة نذات فتحة العين أقل من 6سم في موسخخم الصخخيف والشخختاء بينما تمنع شباك الصيد نذات العيون أقل من 8 سخم المصخنوعة مخن خيخط عصخب أصحادي الفتلة في كل المواسمItem EFFECT OF THE DEFATTED SOYBEAN FLOUR SUBSTITUTION WITH WHEAT FLOUR ON THE QUALITY PROPERTIES OF BISCUITS(Al-Neelain University, 2015) SAFA ABD ALRAHMAN MOHAMED ABD ALLAAbstract This study was conducted to standardize the addition of different levels of defatted soybean flour (5, 10, 15,and 20%) in the biscuit doughs. Australian wheat ( Triticum aestivum) flour (Extraction 72%) was used as base, then mixed with the different levels of the defatted soybean flour (DFSF) for making fortified biscuits. DFSF biscuits were subjected to evaluation of the chemical composition (protein, fat, ash, fibre, and carbohydrate), minerals content, amino acids content, protein digestibility, physical properties(diameter, thickness, spread factor) and sensory assessment. Increasing of the (DFSF) in the biscuit doughs was found to increase the falling number values from 451 to 488 second. This study was revealed significant increasing (P ≤ 0.05) in the protein digestibility ranged from 89.88% to 90.60% directly proportional with the level of the added DFSF. Biscuit supplemented with 20% (DFSF) was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the level of ash, protein and fibre contents 1.2, 14.2 and 0.86% respectively, compared with that of the control levels of ash, protein and fiber which were 0.65, 9.1 and 0.63% respectively. Unlilke, The supplementation with the (DFSF) was resulted in slight decreasing of the total carbohydrates in the prepared biscuits. The addition of biscuit (DFSF) was found to increase the levels of the all essential amino acids, especially the lysine amino acid level in the products, which reached as maximum as 36 – fold than in the wheat flour, and consequently the protein quality must be improved that. IV Our findings were revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreasing in the spread ratio of the biscuit dough’s supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20% (DFSF). The values were 6.74, 6.70, 6.56 and 6.54 cm respectively,spread ratio obtained from the biscuits that made by the wheat flour only. Biscuit supplemented with 5% (DFSF) was found to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) acceptable in all sensory properties ( flavour , taste, texture and overall acceptability) compared the control biscuit. V أجریت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة مستویات مختلفة من دقیق الصویا منزوع الدهن (5،10،15 و20 (% المضافة لصناعة البسكویت. تم خلط دقیق القمح الاسترالي (استخلاص 72 (%الخاص بالبسكویت كمكون أساسي ثم تم خلط خلطة مع دقیق الصویا منزوع الدهن (DFSF (في المستویات المختلفة لعجینة البسكویت. تم تقییم التركیب الكیمیائي لبسكویت الصویا ( بروتین، رماد، دهون، ألیاف ، رطوبة، كاربوهیدریت %)، محتوى المعادن ، الأحماض الأمینیة، هضمیة بروتین الصویا، الخواص الفیزیائیة (القطر، السمك، معامل الإنتشار)، والتقییم الحسي. إضافة دقیق الصویا منزوع الدهن ( DFSF (في جمیع المستویات الأربعة لدقیق القمح أدت إلى زیادة في رقم السقوط تراوحت من 451 -488 ثانیة. - أظهرت الدراسة زیادة معنیة عند مستوي (05.0 ،(ܲ ≤ في هضمیة بروتین فول الصویا تراواحت من 88.89 -60.90 %تناسبت طردیا مع الزیادة في DFSF دقیق الصویا منزوع الدهن المضاف. - ظهرت زیادة معنویة (05.0 (ܲ ≤ في محتوى الرماد والبروتین والألیاف في البسكویت بزیادة التدعیم بدقیق (DFSF (وكانت 2.1 ،2.14 و 86.0 %على التوالي عند مستوى أضافة 20 %من (DFSF (مقارنة بالبروتین ، الرماد، والألیاف للشاهد التي كانت 1.9 ،65.0 و 63.0 %على التوالي، دعم البسكویت بدقیق الصویا في كل النسب المضافه أدت إلى انخفاض قلیل في محتوى الكاربوهیدریت الكلي. - عند دعم البسكویت بدقیق الصویا منزوع الدهن تحسن مستوى كل الأحماض الأمینیة الأساسیة خاصة اللایسین في البسكویت مما ادي الي زیاده جودة البروتین بالتالي. - أظهرت الدراسة نقص معنوي (05.0 ،(ܲ ≤ في درجة انتشار عجینة البسكویت عند مستوى إضافة مع مقارنة، بالتوالي سم6.54 ،6.56 ،6.70 ،6.74 وكانت% 20 ،15 ،10 ،5 ،(DFSF) 76.6سم لانتشار عجینة دقیق القمح المستخدم. - البسكویت المدعم بإضافة (5 (%من (DFSF (كان الأفضل معنویاً (05.0 ،(ܲ ≤ والأكثر قبولاً في كل الخواص الحسیة في النكهة، الطعم، القوام والقبول العام مقارنة بالشاهد.