Study on Bio-security in Dairy Farms at Khartoum State : دراسة الأمن الحيوي بمزارع الألبان في ولاية الخرطوم

Abstract

RESEARCH ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to study the efficiency of application of

biosecurity measures in milk farms of Khartoum State. The biosecurity

preventive measures subject of the current research included: type of breed, milk yield and quality, storage of milk, prevalence of diseases, vaccination, general hygiene , use of disinfectance, general veterinary supervision, milk

sheds, water supply, equipment used, fodder and source and by- products

disposal.Also the quality of raw milk produced by these farms was also studied

to determine the contamination by pathogenic bacteria e.g. E.coli, S.aureus

and salmonella spp. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was designed, delivered to the farms of the three different areas, beside personal meeting and

visits to the concerned farms. For the microbial tests of milk, 102 milk samples, 34 samples from each

area were collected and then subjected to laboratory tests on E.coli, S.aureus

and salmonella spp. The results obtained concerning the types of breed showed that the

average % of cross breed animals was (92 .5%±1, 92 .5%±1%, and 97.5%±1)

in the farms of Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. For

local breeds was (7.5%±1, 5%±1and 2.5%±1) respectively. and for pure breed

was (0% ±1, 2.5%±1 and 0% ±1) respectively. A high significant difference

(p< 0.001) was found between the types of breed in the farms of the different

areas.The daily milk yield of the farms in the three areas, the results showed

that the highest yield was obtained in Omdurman (80% ±1) followed by

Khartoum North (32.5%±1) and then Khartoum (27.5%±1). The statistical

analysis indicated a high significant difference (p< 0.001) in the daily milk

yield of the farms of the different areas. Concerning the milking procedure no

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significant difference was found (p<0.05) since all farms in the concerned

areas apply hand milking twice a day. The results obtained concerning the prevalence of diseases per year

indicted no significant difference between the levels of prevalence (p<0.05), except mastitis, since significant difference was found between the level of its

prevalence in farms of the mentioned areas. It was also noticed that the

storage of milk directly after milking is not associated with cooling, since it

stored under normal room temperature in all areas. The farms of the three areas were subjected to direct veterinary

supervision. The average (%) of the daily supervision was (72.5%±1, 77.5%±1 and 77.5%±1) and weekly (27.5%±1, 22.5%±1 and 22.5%±1) for

Khartoum , Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively, no

significant variation(p<0.05) was recorded in this case. It was also noticed that

the vaccination operations were carried out regularly in these farms. The results obtained showed that the average (%) of permanent workers

in the concerned farms was (77.5%±1, 87.5%±1 and 57.5%±1) Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively. Significant difference

was recorded between the average (p>0.05). The shortage in workers was over

comed by par time workers. The use of disinfectants in the areas was very poor as given by the

obtained results. The average (%) of using disinfectants was (7.5%±1, 5%±1

and 0%±1) for Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman farms

respectively. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p>0.05)

between these averages. The cleaning and disinfection of the equipment used by the different

farms varies between very good and bad. For very good cleaning and

disinfection the average (%) was (2.5%±1, 0%±1 and 5%±1) for good

(60%±1, 80%±1 and 80%±1) for bad (37.5%±1, 20%±1 and12.5%±1) in

Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. The statistical

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analysis result indicated significant difference (p>0.05) between above

mentioned averages. The disposal of by-products was carried out either daily, 3-4 days or

weekly, where by the weekly disposal was dominating, no significant

difference (p<0.05) was recorded in the average (%) between Khartoum, Khartoum North areas, while significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded

between Omdurman area (67.5%±1) compared with Khartoum and Khartoum

North (55%±1 and 55%±1) respectively. The fodder used for feeding the animals composed mainly of

concentrates, which were used in average (%) of (65%±1, 85%±1 and 90%±1)

by Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. Significant

difference (p>0.05) was recorded in this case. This was also applicable for the

green fodder Abu70 (30%±1, 15%±1 and 10%±1) respectively and for Barsim

(5%±1, 0%±1 and 0%±1). It worth noticing that Barsim was not used as

source of green fodder in Khartoum North and Omdurman. The results obtained showed that the source of fodder was dependant on

purchasing form the local market with average (%) of (72.5%±1, 85%±1 and

80%±1) for Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. No

significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded. The materials for building or constructing the sheds, pens and parlour

composed of iron pipes, heavy iron pipes and mud. It is noticed that the

milking procedure is done inside the shed, since no specific areas for the

milking process was designed. The most prevailing materials for construction was from heavy iron pipes

with an average (%) of (55%±1, 60%±1 and 65%±1), for mud (37.5%±1, 40%±1 and 35%±1) and for iron pipes (7.5%±1, 0%±1 and 0%±1) for

Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman respectively. The statistical

analysis result showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in this case.

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The microbial tests results showed that the positive average (%) for

bacteria S.aureus in raw milk was 32.4%, 38.2% and 35.3%, for E.coli 23.5%, 32.4% and 26.5% and for Salmonella 23.5%, 14.7% and 14.7% in raw milk of

Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman farms respectively. No significant

difference (p>0.05). It is noticed that the measures used to determine the efficiency of the

bio- security in the farms of the three areas vary from one to another. The

application of certain measures was week or sometimes ignored. So, it seems

of vital importance to establish extension programs dealing with the

importance of bio- security and the role it play and its effect on the whole

production operations in these farms. Finally certain recommendations are

given