مجلة المختبرات الطبية

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Janus Kinase2 V617F Mutation in Sudanese Patients with Essential Thrombocythemia
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016) Samia Ali Gafar; Elshazali Widaa Ali
Background: Janus Kinase2 (JAK2) is a cytoplasm tyrosine kinase involved in transduction of signal from growth factor receptor on auto phosphorylation following activation via ligand binding, JAK2 recruit STAT molecules which are then phosphorylated and translocate to the nucleus to act as transcription factor. Mutations of JAK2 gene have reported to be associated with all myeloproliferative disorders with variable frequency. Objective : This study aimed to determine the frequency of JAK2 V617F mutation in Sudanese patients with Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and investigate its correlation with platelet count, age of incidence, and patients' demographic data. Material and Methods: A total of 50 patients with ET were enrolled in this study. Three milliliter (ml) of venous blood was collected from each subject and DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes by salting out method. JAK2 V617F mutation was detected by allele –specific competitive blocker polymerase chain reaction. Platelet was counted using automated hematology analyzer. Results: A total of 50 Sudanese patients with essential thrombocythemia were enrolled in this study; 23(46%) of them were males and 27(54%) were females; their age range from 18 to 82 years. The results showed that 31(62%) of patients were positive for JAK2 V617F mutation. The platelet count was found higher in patients with the mutation than those without the mutation but the different was not statistically significant ((Mean±SD: 1071.6±543.5X103/μl and 956.3±508.9 X103/μl respectively, P.value: 0.85)). Also no statistically significant difference was found in mean age of incidence in patients with the mutation compared to those without the mutation (Mean±SD: 53.8±15.7 & 48.8±13.8 years respectively, P. value: 0.67). Conclusion: About two third of the Sudanese patients with ET were found to have JAK2 V617F mutation. Presence of the mutation has no significant effect on platelet count or age of incidence.
Seroprevalance of Hepatitis E virus among HIV-1 infected patients in Khartoum
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Tayseer A Moneim; Mustafa E Yassin; Abbas B Rahama; Mohammed S. Elboni
Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enterically transmitted pathogen that causes wide scale epidemics of acute hepatitis in highly HEV-endemic areas such as Africa, Asia and the Middle East. HEV can cause chronic infection and cirrhosis in the immunosuppressed, including patients with HIV-1 infection. Little is known about HEV and HIV-1 co infection in Sudan. Objectives: The aim of this study was to detect seroprevalence of HEV antibodies (IgG and IgM) among HIV-1 infected patients in Khartoum, Sudan. Materials and methods: This was descriptive and cross-sectional study, a total of 92 HIV-1 infected patients were tested for anti-HEV IgM and IgG by, using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), in period from December 2015 to March 2016. Result: Out of 92 HIV-1 infected patients, anti-HEV IgG and IgM were detected in 21.7% and 8.7% respectively. HIV-1 infected patients complaining of liver cirrhosis and jaundice were 5 (5.43%) and 46 (50%) respectively. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG and IgM were 100% and 60% within patient with liver cirrhosis, and 32.6% and 10.9% within patients with jaundice. Conclusions: Regarding IgG, the overall seroprevalence of HEV among study group was high (21.73%), and interestingly it was higher within patients with liver cirrhosis and jaundice.
Clinical and karyotypic aspects of Down's syndrome in Sudanese patients
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Safa. M. Hamid; Imad M. Fadl-Elmula
Introduction Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome is the most common type of autosomal chromosome abnormality it has three chromosomal patterns the free copies of chromosome 21, translocation and mosaics. The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical and the karyotypic pattern of Sudanese Down's syndrome patients and to compare the data with what have been reported before. Material and Methods A total of 230 patients referred during 2009 and 2013 for confirmation of Down syndrome by cytogenetic analysis at the Cytogenetic Unit at Al Neelian Medical Research Center, faculty of medicine, Al Neelian University, Sudan. Cytogenetic analyses performed in peripheral blood samples that cultured in RPMI 1640 medium for three days, the clonality criteria and the karyotypic descriptions were according to the ISCN 2009 recommendations. Result Out of the 230 cases of Down's syndrome male to female ratio was found to be (1.2:1) in the referred cases, free trisomy 21 was present in 221cases (96. 4%), 6 patients had translocation (2.6%) and three cases were mosaics (1.3%) The median maternal age of the Sudanese mothers at the birth of the affected child was 35.9 years the average age at presentation was 15.6 months (range 1 days to13years), 43.9% of the cases had congenital heart disease. Conclusion the identification of specific types of chromosomal abnormalities in Down's syndrome patients showed that regular trisomy 21 is more common than translocation and Mosaics which is important to assists in patient management and family counseling.
Evaluation the Serum Levels of Gonadotropin Hormones and Total Testosterone in Sudanese Male Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type2
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Sharaf O. Mohammed Alamein; Suhair A.Ahmed; AbdElkarim A. Abdrabo1
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been shown to be associated with certain endocrine disorders in men. We therefore investigated the levels of male sex hormones in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and non-diabetic controls (NDMC) with a view to establish the effect of diabetes mellitus on their endocrine system. Methods: Case control study was conducted at primary heath care center (Alfaraby) in Khartoum state during the period from January to February 2016.Ninety subjects were enrolled in this study , 60 diabetic male subjects classified according to their BMI as 30 patients with BMI less than 25Kg/M2 and 30 patients with BMI more than 25Kg/M2 .( BMI: normal weight (18.5-24.9 Kg/M2), and Obesity (30-39.9 Kg/M2). The other 30 are healthy subjects as control. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), male sex hormones (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and total testosterone) were estimated. Results: The mean value of FPG, FSH and LH were significantly higher in diabetic subjects when compared with the control group (NDMC), there was significant difference in the levels of LH, FSH and BMI. The level oftotal testosterone was significantly lower in diabetics normal weightthan in NDMC (P. value =0.001). The level of total testosterone was significantly lower in diabetics obese than in NDMC (P=0.000). There was no significant correlation between duration of diabetes and male sex hormones (FSH, LH, and total Testosterone).Results also showed that Total testesterone, LH, are dependent of age (P. value = 0.01, P. value=0 .038) respectively. Conclusion: The data from this study showed reduction in serum T. testesterone and increase in serum FSH and LH of diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals.
Hemoglobin Patterns in Patients with Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Eman A. Ajjack; Hiba A. Awooda; Sana Eltahir Abdalla
Background: Hemoglobinopathy is a group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule; and sickle cell disease constitutes one of the major genetic blood disorders in Sudan. The aim of this study was to determine the hemoglobin patterns of patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Methods: This is a hospital based case control study conducted at the Military Hospital, Omdurman. A total of 100 blood samples were collected, 70 cases diagnosed or suspected to have sickle cell disease and 30 was healthy control. Sickling test and hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis were performed using Capillary 2 Flex Piercing (SEBIA). Results: Capillary Hb electrophoresis exposed the following variants of sickling hemoglobinopathies among cases group: 37 patients (52.9%) AS pattern, 1 patient (1.4%) AS/C Pattern, 8 patients (11.4%), S/B Thalassemia pattern, 1 patient (1.4%) S/C pattern, 3 patients (4.3%) S/D pattern and 20 patients (28.6%) SS pattern. While Hb electrophoresis obtained from normal healthy controls' group revealed normal expected values, the means of HbA (α2β2) was 95% with small amounts (<3.5%) of Hb A2 (α2δ2) and Hb F (α2γ2). The mean level of Hb was lower in patients' group while HbA2 demonstrated no significant change, while HbF and HbS showed different levels according to the type of hemoglobinopathy. Conclusion: Different variants of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies were identified; AS patterns, AS/C patterns, S/B Thalassemia patterns, S/C patterns, S/D patterns and SS patterns were reported. Hemoglobin A2 had no significant difference in patients with sickle cell disease, while Hb F and Hb S showed significant elevation.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D Polymorphism and Risk of Acute Myeloid Leukemia among Sudanese Population
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Rania Ahmed Elmubarak; Ebtihal Ahmed Babiker; Elshazali Widaa Ali
Background: Local bone marrow Rennin- Angiotensin System (RAS) has been suggested to be involved in pathological neoplastic hematopoiesis and leukogenesis, and angiotensin has been suggested to act as an autocrine growth factor for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with risk of AML. Materials and methods: A total of 30 patients with AML and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected from all subjects in ethylene diamene tetra acitic acid (EDTA). DNA was extracted from whole blood using salting out method, and analyzed for ACE I/D polymorphism using allele specific polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results showed that, the genotype DD was the most frequent among both patients and control groups, followed by the genotype ID, whereas the genotype II was present in patients and completely absent in control group. There was a significant association between I allele of ACE and risk of AML (O.R: 3.5, 95%CI: 1.2-10.0 , P.value: 0.017). Conclusion: I allele of ACE is associated with increased risk of AML.
Assessment of Trace Elements, Total White Blood Cells and Platelets Count in Pregnant Ladies with Preeclampsia in Sudan
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Akram Elkhair Noor Eldaem; Salah Ismael; Elfadil AL ObeidOmer
Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy, which complicates pregnancy. Maternal mortality with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in Sudan is ascertained and accounts for 4.2% of the obstetric complications in Sudan. Despite decades of research into the condition, predicting which women are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia remains problematic and we did this study to detect the role of some elements and to correlate them with Preeclampsia. Pregnant ladies with preeclampsia were selected as cases, and age matched with normal pregnant ladies as controls. Venous blood samples were collected from every patients and controls. Trace elements, copper, zinc, and iron were measured. Total white blood cells and platelets were counted also. Levels of copper and zinc were low in patients while they were normal in controls. Iron was normal, total white blood cells were high in patients and platelets were low. The reduction in serum levels of zinc and copper during pregnancy might be possible contributor in etiology of pre-eclampsia.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Rapid Antigen Test in Diagnosis of Streptococcal Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Nehad Abdulla; Mohamme Nafi Hamad
Background: Sore throat is one of the most common reasons for visits to family physicians. While most patients with sore throat have an infectious cause (pharyngitis), fewer than 20% have a clear indication for antibiotic therapy (i.e. group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection). Reducing the number of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions given for common respiratory infections has been recommended as a way to limit bacterial resistance. Objective: This study aimed to detect the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid antigen detection test (ICT) for diagnosis of throat infection caused by group (A) β- hemolytic streptococci, compared with culture as the gold standard test. Materials and methods: A total of 76 patients with new upper respiratory tract infections accompanied by sore throat were assessed by a physician. Pharyngeal swabs were obtained from all patients and both rapid test and throat culture were performed. Results: Streptococcus pyogenes was identified in 22 out of 76 throat swabs (28.9%), of these 16 were positive by both ICT and culture. 19 (25%) were positive by ICT and also 19 (25%) were positive by culture. The sensitivity of the ICT was 86.4% and specificity was 95%. Conclusion: Our study supports new approaches to diagnosis of sore throat by using ICT of streptococcus pyogenesas rapid, simple, and easy method in laboratory for any patients with centor criteria, to avoid the misdiagnosis and unnecessary antibiotic use.
The roles of DOG1, CD117 and Ki-67 as immunohistochemisty biomarker in Sudanese patients’ diagnosis with GISTs
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Mawaheb Elgilani; Mohammed Abdalla; Nada Salih; Babikir Fadul; Elsadig A. Adam; Mona Ellaithi
Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are potentially aggressive mesenchymal neoplasm. The use of Immunohistochemistry biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of GISTs is rarely used and no standard operating procedure has yet been established in Sudan. In this study we investigated the expression of three biomarkers CD117, Ki67 and DOG1 in GISTs in order to select the most accurate potential biomarker in the diagnosis of GISTs. Materials and Method: A total of 40 histopathological sections diagnosed with GISTs were recruited from Radiation and Isotope Centre of Khartoum (RICK)- histopathology laboratory. The study included 23 (57.5%) male and 17 (24.5) females. Age ranged from 11 to 90 years old. The three biomarkers CD117, Ki67 and DOG1 expression were tested in all the sections. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.44± 18.43 (SD) years. Thirty six (90%) were positive for Ki67 and DOG 1 and 33 samples (85%) were positive for CD117. Four (10%) samples were negative for Ki67 and DOG1 and 7 samples (17.5%) were negative for CD117 marker. A highly significant association was noticed between Ki67 & DOG1 (P value 0.004). A higher association was between Ki67 and CD117 (P value 0.000). However there wasn’t a significant association between the expression of DOG1 and CD117 (P. Value 0.075). Discussion: This study showed that DOG1 and Ki67 are the biomarkers of choice in diagnosis of GISTs. For the first time in Sudan we showed that Ki67 is a biomarker that correlated with GISTs. It is already known that Ki67 remains in itsuse as a prognostic biomarker. Thus further studies can test Ki67 as a prognostic indicator for GISTs. We conclude that Ki67 and CD117 can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of GISTs.
Assessment of Preeclampsia Multiple Biomarkers in Sudan
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Akram Elkhair Noor Eldaem; Salah Ismael; Elfadil AL ObeidOmer
Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy, which complicates pregnancy. It is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although pre-eclampsia is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, its aetiology is still under investigation. The aim of the present study was to investigate biochemical markers in preeclampsia predictions. We focused in this study on organs functions and analysis of different analysts, and salts in the preeclamptic females to gather which factors could influence or predict the preeclampsia. Pregnant women were selected, venous blood samples were collected from every patients and controls. Liver and renal function tests were measured for urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total and direct serum bilirubin, sodium and potassium. Urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, total protein, albumin, total and direct serum bilirubin concentrations were normal in patients and controls. Uric acid, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase were found to be markedly increased in patients while calcium and phosphorus were decreased. These results indicate that the elevation of uric acid, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase enzyme, alanine aminotransferase enzyme and the reduction in serum levels of calcium during pregnancy might be possible contributors in etiology of pre-eclampsia.
Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among elevated HA1c and Type - 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients attending Khartoum Hospitals
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Nuha Azhari; Mohammed Nafi
Background: There are conflicting reports on Helicobacter pylori prevalence and its relationship to patients with diabetes mellitus type - 2 (T2DM). Aim: The current study was carried out to detect the sero-frequency of Helicobacter pylori among high HA1c and Type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in Khartoum. Methods: A total number of 50 plasma samples were collected randomly from uncontrolled DM patient's attending different hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan from January to March 2016 and 40 plasma samples were collected from healthy individuals as controls. The detection of Helicobacter pylori IgG was performed by using an Enzyme–linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Helicobacter pylori antibodies were detected in 24.0% HAc1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus patient's and 47.5% control group (P value 0.02). Conclusion: Helicobacter pylori infection is not associated significantly with high HAc1and Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Risk of Thrombosis in Upper GIT Bleeding Patients
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Omima Mohammed Adam; Hiba BadrEldin Khalil
Introduction: Upper Gastro-Intestinal (GIT) bleeding is a serious emergency that results in high morbidity and mortality, and therefore requires admission to the hospital for emergency and urgent diagnosis and management. Objective: This study aimed to assess the thrombotic marker D-dimer (D.D) level in patients with upper GIT bleeding due to different etiology. Materials and Methods: 2.5 ml of citrated venous blood were collected from 46 Sudanese patients diagnosed by endoscopy as having upper GIT bleeding; 32 of them were males and 14 were females with age ranged between 18-75 years. The D-dimer level was measured by i-CHROMA quantitative immunoassay. Results: D-dimer (D.D) level was increased according to the severity of bleeding; In mild cases, the mean of D.D was 311.8 ng/ml, while in severe cases, the mean was 2332ng/ml. Based on the etiology of upper GIT bleeding, it seemed highest (2652ng/dl) in patients who intake ibuprofen or naproxen for long time, while patients with bile reflux, it was a little lower (2639ng/dl). On the other hand, patients who had upper GIT bleeding due to stress, their D.D level was (1732ng/dl), and patients with bleeding due to eaten corrosive substance was (1404ng/dl). Finally, patients had bleeding due to H. pylori positive, their D.D level was (872ng/dl). Conclusions: Although most of the patients were suffered from upper GIT bleeding (mild or sever) due to different reasons, but they showed D-dimer level higher than the reference value. D-dimer is a simple test results to exclude thrombosis and it should be performed for patients with upper GIT bleeding for treatment management and follow up.
Role of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Mutation in Cardiac Syndrome X
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Nasir Abdelrafie hamad; Imad M. Fadl Elmula
Background: Cardiac syndrome X (angina-like chest pain, positive stress - ECG, and normal coronary angiogram) has serious medical complications. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) may be an important factor associated with the disease. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the association between MTHFR C677T mutation and cardiac syndrome X (CSX) in Sudanese population. Materials and methods: A total of 50 patients with CSX and their matching controls were enrolled in this study. Venous blood sample was collected from each participant in Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA). DNA was extracted from blood samples using guanidine chloride method and MTHFR mutation was detected by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 18. Results: The mean age for patients was 44.98 years and for controls was 40.38 years. MTHFR C677T was significantly associated with CSX (20% versus 4% in control group; P.value: 0.014); the frequency of the heterozygous allele was higher than the homozygous allele (20% vs. 2%). Conclusion: MTHFR C677T is associated with CSX in Sudanese population. The mutation may be used as a molecular screening tool for the disease.
Prothrombin Time, Activated partial Thromboplastin Time and Platelets Count in Pregnant Females and Postpartum Period with Deep Venous Thrombosis
(Al Neelain University-Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2016-02) Huda I. Babiker; Hiba A. Awooda; Sana E. Abdalla
Background: Venous thromboembolism is one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, the aims of this work was to determine the levels of (Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and platelets count (PLts)) in pregnant and postpartum females affected with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods: This is a hospital based case control study conducted at Omdurman maternity hospital and Khartoum teaching hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan.The study involved 30 females divided in to two groups: Study group included fifty females of child bearing age (15-45) years presented with signs of DVT either during pregnancy or postpartum period were investigated for PT, APTT and Plts count and fifty, and control group of either pregnant and postpartum femals presented without signs of DVT, the study and control females completed questionnaire of personal data and clinical history such as age, usage of contraceptive pills, family history of DVT and number of pregnancies. Automated coagulometer method used to measure PT and APTT. While PLTs counted using automated haematological analyzer Sysmex K 21. Results: PT was prolonged in vast majority of case group (90%), while it was normal in 10% of study population. APTT was prolonged in 62% of patients, mostly higher in third trimester with percentage of 69.4%. Platelets count found normal in vast majority of patients in all 3 trimesters. Prolonged prothrombin times showed highly significant association between and cases and control groups (P = 0.000), no significant association between prolonged PT and APTT in the third trimester among the study population. Conclusion: Normal platelets level where found in both control and study group, while PT is significally prolonged among cases (P =0.00). APTT is also prolonged in study group; but no statistically significant association found when compared with control group.
Compression between Direct Blood Films, Rapid Diagnostic Test, and Molecular tests for detection of Plasmodium vivax malaria
(كلية المختبرات الطبية, 2017-03-01) Osman Ali, Samar; Elfadil Elkhairi, Madiha; Mohamed Elfaki, Tarig
P. vivax malaria has a wide distribution, recently it has been observed in Ethiopia and Sudan, and it is more difficult to control because of the hypnozoite forms of the parasite. Using treatment with primaquine is based on results from laboratory examination. Accurate diagnosis is becoming increasingly important both for individual case management and for P.vivax malaria surveillance. Methods: A total of 422 blood samples were examined by microscopy for P.vivax malaria, with a subset also examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The performances of these diagnostic methods were compared. Results: A total of 206 samples were positive, and 216 were negative for P.vivax by microscopy. When compared to the results of RDTs, RDTs had sensitivity and specificity of 86%, 88% respectively. PCR had sensitivity and specificity of 93%, 94% respectively. Conclusions: Microscopy is a reliable method in rural areas where malaria is often seen, but RDT’s offer a good alternative method for remote areas where have no facilities for microscopy. Development of an easy and cheap molecular detection system makes it promising tools for the near future.
Duffy Blood Groups among Plasmodium vivax Malaria Patients, Khartoum, Sudan, 2015.
(كلية المختبرات الطبية, 2017-03-01) Osman Ali, Samar; Abdalgadir Mohammed1, Alsaida; Elzobair, Mohamed; Kamil, Mazin; Mansour, Osman; Abdelkarim Elamin, Elamin
P. vivax is the second common cause of malaria in the world after P. falciparum, but it has a wider geographical distribution.
GSTT1 polymorphism in Sudanese Children with Sickle Cell Anemia: Impacts on Hematological Findings
(كلية المختبرات الطبية, 2017-03-01) Magboul Ali, Tasneem
Background: GSTT1gene deletions was known detoxification agents and cause oxidative damage, thus it thought to affect severity of anaemia in patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA).
Prevalence of intestinal parasites with emphasis on Blastocystis hominis infection among Sudanese Irritable bowel syndrome Rome III (IBS), 2016
(كلية المختبرات الطبية, 2017-03-01) LS, Brair; LB, Eltayeb; SA, Algazy; AM, Nail; AS, Aljafari
Background: Intestinal parasitosis is known to cause IBS-like symptoms that can be continuous, intermittent, sporadic or recurrent. Indeed
Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus with high pyrexia patients in Khartoum state, Sudan
(كلية المختبرات الطبية, 2017-03-01) F Alfadil, Mohammed; Bakhit Mohmmed, Abbas; M, Abdullah
Chikunguunya fever (CHIK) is an acute disease characterized by high pyrexia with sever and often debilitating arthralgia. The etiological agent in an arbovirus (chikungunya virus) transmitted by infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegptia and Aedes alboictus).
Capacity and Quality for Malaria Microscopy at the Primary Health Care Centers, Khartoum- Sudan
(كلية المختبرات الطبية, 2017-03-01) Mustafa Ibrahim, Alfarabi; Saifudinn Aljafari, Alfatih
There are 7.5 million malaria cases in Sudan annually that are responsible for 35000 deaths and 11% of hospital visits. Proper diagnosis is the key factor for any control program, treatment trail, and epidemiological surveys.