المقالات العلمية - كلية الزراعة
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Item Amino Acid Composition of Human and Animal’s Milk (Camel, Cow, Sheep and Goat)(2012) Sabahelkheir MK; Fat en MM; Hassan AAThis experiment was conducted in 2010, lab. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University. The objective of this investigation was to determine the essential, non essential and branched chain amino acid in human, camel, cow, sheep and goat milk. In methodology, the amino cid Analyzer (Sykam S 7130 Amino Acid Regent Organizer) was used to determine amino acid composition. Results have shown several differences in essential, non- essential and branched chain of amino acids patterns in five milks at p≤0.05. Keywords: milk, lysine, human, sheep and camel.Item Body Gain and Carcass Characteristics of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) under Extensive System of Management in the Sudan(2013) Salim Gibril; Rania M. Shamseldin; Osama E. Yassin; Al hafiz A. Hassan; Muzzamil AttaThe objective of this study was to examine the body weight gain and carcass traits of turkeys under the extensive system in the Sudan. 100 unsexed turkey growers of the British United Turkey (BUT Big 6) were kept in an extensive system of management at the University of Bahri Farm from 9 th to 16 th weeks of age. During this period, the birds were fed on an experimental diet of 2958 kcal/kg and 180.0 g/kg metabolizable energy and crude protein contents, respectively. The results showed that the turkey had initial weight of 2.49 ± 0.067 kg, final weight of 5.9 ± 0.255 kg, daily body gain of 66.25 ± 1.530 g/day, weekly feed intake of 1.31 ± 0.080 kg/bird/week, feed conversion ratio of 2.82 ± 0.307 g feed intake/g body gain and total mortality rate of 8%. The turkey also had 78.4 ± 2.776%, 14.87 ± 1.693%, 14.48 ± 2.143% and 35.72 ± 5.937% total dressing out, thigh, drum stick and breast percentages, respectively. No differences (P>0.05) were observed between male and female in the measured parameters. It can be concluded that turkeys can be reared under the extensive system of the Sudan with satisfactory body performance. Key words: BUT Big 6, Turkey, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, extensive systemItem Broiler performance and carcass characteristics as affected by graded levels of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) powder(2016) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Tamadur Ali Eltayb Algam; Talha Elsadig AbbasAbstract The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of cinnamon powder (0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%) on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. One hundred and sixty, 1 day-old, unsexed broiler (Ross 308) weighed (48.1 g ±1.7) were randomly assigned to 16 floor pens (1m2 each) with wood shavings. The four isocaloric and isonitrogenous starter and finisher diets were formulated according to nutrient specifications of national research council (NRC.1994). Feed intake, live body weight, body weight gain, FCR and PER were determined for each pen. At the end of the experiment (6 weeks of age) two birds from each pen were randomly selected, weighed and manually slaughtered for carcass characteristics and internal organ determination. Data were analyzed in completely randomized design using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. Growth performance parameters except body weight gain, FCR and PER during starter phase were not significantly (P≥0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. Body weight gain was significantly (P≤0.05) reduced for birds fed 0.50% cinnamon powder versus those fed control and 0.25%. FCR and PER for birds fed 0.50% and 0.75% cinnamon powder were significantly (P≤0.05) poorer than control. Most of the carcass traits and internal organs weights were not significantly (P≥0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. It can be concluded that inclusion of cinnamon powder up to 0.75% had no growth promoting effect on broiler chickens.Item Chemical Composition and Amino Acids Profile of Leucaena Jeucocephala Seeds(2009) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Khadiga Abbas AbdelatiItem Cow Urine (TEI ORKEY) Uses by Ghulfun Tribe (ANCHO) in Noba Mountains, State of Southern Kordofan, As Therapy and Food Additive(2013-11) Hassan A A; Kashka G.O; Sabahelkhier MKThe aims of this study are screened the Biochemical analysis and microbial activity of cow urine. It is conducted in Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science; Biochemical analysis revealed that moisture, urea and minerals contents of fermented cow urine were 95, 2.5 and 2.5%, respectively. The cow pea treated with cow urine is good source of Carbohydrates, protein, fats and minerals which play vital role in health of the person. Whereas, the fermented cow urine was free from bacterial that causes diseases. Keywords : Tie, Orkey, Ghulfun and Angsho, cow urineItem Effect different fat sources on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers(2017) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Talha Elsadig AbbasAbstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary fat source on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Ninety one day-old unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery. Chicks used in this study had uniform initial live body weight (44.31g ±0.90). The chicks were randomly allotted to 9 pens (1mx1m) in groups of 10 chicks in a pen. The chicks were divided into three dietary treatments; each group was replicated three times. The birds were fed on starter and finisher experimental diets containing vegetable oil (A), hydrogenated vegetable oil (B) and beef tallow (C). At the end of the experiment (42 days), 2 birds per replicate were randomly selected for carcass characteristics and internal organs evaluation. The results revealed that different sources of fat had no significant (p≥0.05) effect on live performance parameters during different growth phases. However, body weight gain during starter phase (0-3 weeks), was significantly (p≤0.05) higher for birds fed dietary hydrogenated vegetable oil and beef tallow versus those fed vegetable oil. During the finisher phase (4-6 weeks), broilers fed hydrogenated vegetable oil grew faster by 13.9 and 12.0% versus those fed vegetable oil and beef tallow, respectively. In addition, FCR and PER of broilers fed dietary hydrogenated vegetable oil were improved by 12.3 and 12.4%, respectively as compared with those on dietary beef tallow.Item Effect of Choline Chloride Supplementation on Broiler Chicks Fed Leucaena leucocephala Seeds(2011) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Khadiga Abbas AbdelatiAbstract: This experiment was carried out to assess the effect of feeding leucaena seeds supplemented with choline on broiler chicks’ performance. Two levels of choline chloride (0, 0.1%) were added to three levels of leucaena seeds (0, 6 and 12%) and incorporated in broiler starter and finisher diets. All performance parameters were depressed with the inclusion of leucaena seed diets. PCV% of birds fed any level of leucaena seed diets was not significantly different compared to control. Plasma GOT, ALP, Na, Pi, K and globulin were not affected by the dietary treatments. Plasma cholesterol of birds fed leucaena seed diets was significantly lower than that of control. Leg score of birds fed leucaena seed diets was significantly (p<0.05) poorer compared to the control except for birds fed 6% choline supplemented leucaena seedsItem Effect of Dietary Levels of Processed Leucaena Jeucocephala Seeds on Broiler Performance and Blood Parameters(2008) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Khadiga Abbas AbdelatiItem Effect of Dietary Graded Levels of Leucaena Jeucocephala Seed on Layers Perfomance, Egg Quality and Blood Parameters(2009) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Khadiga Abbas AbdelatiItem Effect of Dietary Phytocee and Zist on Broiler Performance and Carcass Characteristics(2016) Mohamed E. Ahmed; Nasir H. Mohamed; Talha E. AbbasAbstract: The present study was aimed at evaluation of growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks fed dietary polyherbal formulation Phytocee and Zist. One hundred and twenty day-old, unsexed broilers (Ross 308) with an initial live body weight of 46.78g ± 0.21 were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments, each consisting of 4 replicates with 10 birds each. The three starter and finisher experimental diets consisted of control (0.0% phytocee and 0.0% Zist), 0.03% phytocee and 0.03% Zist. Dietary treatments indicated no significant (p>0.05) effect on all live performance parameters through starter, finisher and overall period. However, overall body weight gain, FCR and PER were improved in Zist diet by 10.84, 11.68 and 9.80%, respectively compared to control. Carcass characteristics and internal organs showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in response to dietary treatments. The result of the current study revealed that Zist improves live performance parameters during different growth phases. Based on this finding, Zist could be added to either starter or finisher broiler diet with positive effects on broiler performance.Item Effect of Dietary Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Some Metabolic Responses of Broilers(2015) Mohamed E. Ahmed; Talha E. Abbas; Mojahid A. Abdlhag; Dafaalla E. MukhtarAbstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding graded levels of yeast on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and some hematological indices. One day old Hubbard broiler chicks (n=160) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 8 broilers each. The dietary treatments contained 0% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a negative control diet, 0% yeast + 30 ppm Oxytetracyline as a positive control, 1%, 2% and 3% yeast in the starter and finisher diets. During the experimental periods of 6 weeks, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio values were calculated. At the end of the experimental period (6 weeks of age), some biochemical and hematological indices, carcass characteristics traits and internal organs weights were recorded. Growth performance parameters were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by experimental diets. Chicks fed either 0 or 3% yeast recorded the highest (P≤0.05) feed intake, however, the best (P≤0.05) body weight gain was obtained by birds fed 0 or 1% dietary yeast compared to the positive control diet. The highest (P≤0.05) feed conversion ratio was reported for birds fed the positive control diet and 3% dietary yeast compared to the negative control diet. The inclusion of different dietary treatments had no significant (P≥0.05) effects on dressing percentage, hot base and relative weights of heart, gizzard and abdominal fat. Nevertheless, birds fed 3% dietary yeast showed significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the relative weight of the liver compared to the negative control diet. Relative weights of breast and thigh were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in birds fed 1% yeast than those fed 3% yeast. There were linear decreases in serum cholesterol and albumin of broilers fed graded levels of dietary yeast. It is concluded that yeast can be included in broiler diet at 1% without detrimental effects on performance, and could therefore serve as a natural substitute for antibiotics.Item Effect of EDTA Supplementation on Broiler Chicks Fed Leucaena Leucocephala Seeds(2008) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Khadiga Abbas AbdelatiItem Effect of Feeding Graded Levels of Decorticated Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan) Seeds on Broiler Chicks Performance(2013-10) Al hafiz Abdelrahman Hassan; Osama Elshiek Yassin; Salim GibrilThis study was conducted at Alneelain University farm, Jebal Awlia, Khartoum, Sudan, to assess the performance of broiler chicks fed on graded levels of decorticated Pigeon pea (Pp) Cajanus cajan seeds as a replacer to sesame cake. Two hundred unsexed Ross hybrid one day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 5 groups, 40 chicks each and randomly divided into 4 replicates of 10 chicks each in 5 feed treatments inside an open sided deep litter poultry house. They were fed (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%and 12%) levels. The study results showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvement in feed intake, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) weight gain and final body weight by decortications and increasing rate of inclusion of (Pp) progressively. Incorporation of (Pp) at 12 % level followed by 9% gain the best results for all parameters studied but 6% incorporation did not show any significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference from 9 and 12% inclusion rates indicating best option for incorporation. Serum proteins and uric acid were within normal levels for all incorporation rates. Mortality ranged from 2.5-10% being highest at 12% incorporation level. It was concluded from this study that broilers can perform well up to 12% incorporation rate of (Pp) as a substitute to sesame cake.Item Effect of feeding graded levels of ginger on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks(2017) Tamador Ali Eltayb Algam; Mohamed Elamin AhmedAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ginger root powder additives on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. One hundred and sixty unsexed one day-old (Ross308) broiler chicks were used in this study. Ad libitum feeding system was applied during the two rearing periods, starter period for 3weeks and finisher period for other 3weeks. The broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups, each represented a treatment (40 birds/treatment) with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. Four experimental rations were formulated to meet requirement for essential nutrients for broiler chicks according to NRC (1994) recommendation. These rations contain four graded levels of ginger root powder 0%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75%. The experiment lasted for six weeks. Results showed no significant (P≥0.05) differences in overall feed intake, live body weight and weight gain among all dietary treatments. Birds fed on 0.50% ginger showed significant (P≤0.05) deterioration in feed conversion ratio FCR and protein efficiency ratio PER during finisher and overall period when compared with control. However, birds fed on 0.25 and 0.75% were not significantly (P≥0.05) different versus control. Dietary treatments had no significant (P≥0.05) effect on most carcass characteristics and internal organs. The results showed that theItem Effect of fluctuating ambient temperature on the performance of laying hens in the closed poultry house(2011) Talha E. Abbas; Mamoun M. Yousuf; Mohamed E. Ahmed; Ali A. HassaboExperiments were carried out to observe the effect of fluctuating ambient temperature and humidity on the performance of layers inside the closed system. The study was performed at El-najah Poultry Farm (closed system) in the central region in Saudi Arabia. 360 one-day-old layer chicks (Hy-line W98) were distributed randomly into three locations A, B and C in the central floor of the central line (battery) of the rearing house. At the beginning location A, centre location B and at the end of the house location C. Each location consists of 6 replicates (A1–A6, B1–B6 and C1–C6). In each replicate 20 chicks were housed. Pullets were transferred to the production house in the same farm at 17th week in the similar locations mentioned above. Each location consists of 6 replicates. In each replicate 5 birds were weighed and housed. The study revealed that, birds in location B (the centre of the house), where the temperature ranged (14-28°C) and humidity (22-90%), exhibited better performance than the other two locations, A and C, where temperature range (18-30°C, and 20-32°C) respectively, and humidity (30-80%, and 34- 84%) respectively. Therefore it was concluded that fluctuation of temperature inside the closed poultry house will affect the performance of laying hens.Item Effect of rearing system, slaughter age and sex on turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) carcass components percentages(2014) R. M. Shamseldin; S. Gibril; M. Atta; O. E. Yassin; A. A. HassanThe objective of this study was to examine the burden of rearing system, slaughter age and sex on slaughter body weight, carcass weight and various carcass cuts percentages of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). 25 male and 24 female turkey growers were reared under semi intensive (13 males and 12 females) or extensive systems (12 males and 12 females). Eight males and 7 females of the semi intensive group were slaughtered at the 16 th week of age and the rest of birds in the group (5 males and 5 females) were slaughtered at the 28 th week of age. Regarding the extensive system group, 7 males and 7 females were slaughtered at the 16 th week of age, whereas 5 males and 5 females were slaughtered at the 28 th week of age. The results showed that birds slaughter at the 28 th week had higher slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage and percentage of breast cut weight and had lower percentages of wing tip, middle wing, drum matte, drum stick cuts weights than their fellow mates slaughtered at the 16 th week of age. Males always excelled females in slaughter weight, carcass weight and percentages of neck and thigh cuts weights. Only the breast cut weight increased at significantly faster rate than the whole carcass weight. It was increasing by 1.246% for each 1% increase of the carcass weight. Neck and thigh cuts weight increased at the same rate of the whole carcass weight (increase rates of 0.995 and 0.983%). The other cuts weights had significantly lower relative increase coefficients (ranging between 0.238 and 0.863%). It can be concluded that the slaughter age and sex significantly altered the percentages of the carcass components. Slaughtering at 28 weeks of age produced high yield of carcass. The system of rearing showed an insignificant load on the carcass components percentages. It is evident that the development of turkey’s carcass weight depended mainly on the breast cut weight increase. Keywords: Carcass; carcass components; TurkeysItem Effect of supplementation of Nigella sativa seeds to the broiler chicks diet on the performance and carcass quality(2010) Talha E. E. Abbas; Mohamed E. AhmedAbstract- The research was conducted to examine the effects of supplementation of Nigella sativa seeds to the broiler chicks’ diet on the performance and carcass quality. A total of 96 one – day – old unsexed broiler chicks (Hubbard) were used. The experiment lasted 5 weeks (8 – 42 day). Three experimental diets were supplied ad – libitum. 1% whole crushed Nigella sativa seeds (WCNSS) were added to the first experimental diet. To the second diet 2% Nigella sativa seeds was added. The third one which is the control was free of whole crushed Nigella sativa seeds (WCNSS). Supplementation of ground black seeds to the broilers chicks diet resulted in a significant (P< 0.01) decreased in feed consumption, body weight gain and live body weight. Birds fed on diet supplemented with 1% whole crushed Nigella sativa seeds showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in dressing % when compared to those fed on control or 2% supplemented diets. Addition of ground black seeds had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio liver, gizzard, heart and abdominal fat %. It was concluded that addition of 1% or 2% whole crushed Nigella sativa seeds to the broiler chicks diet produces adverse effects on the performance and carcass quality.Item Effects of Dietary Levels of Methionine on Broiler Performance and Carcass Characteristics(2011) Mohamed Elamin Ahmed; Talha E. AbbasAbstract: The present experiment was carried out to determine the effect of dietary methionine levels higher than NRC recommendation on broiler performance and carcass traits. Four dietary levels of methionine 0, 100, 120 and 130% of NRC recommendation were used. Dietary levels of methionine, expressed as percentage of NRC recommendations, significantly (p<0.05) affected feed intake, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). Feed intake was numerically improved with 110 and 130% of NRC methionine, but was not improved by 120% NRC methionine. Body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) improved by 110 and 130% of NRC methionine compared to the control. The broiler chicks on methionine higher than NRC showed significant (p<0.05) increase in absolute and relative weight of breast and significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat.Item Formulation of Poultry Diet to Improve Immune Response: A Review(2017) Mohamed E. AhmedEarly in the past, poultry diet was mainly formulated to meet maintenance and production requirements, so the focus was on productive performance, and health of birds expected to be involved within these requirements. Thereafter the use of antibiotics as feed additives at subtherapeutic dose was introduced to increase productivity by reducing bacterial colony count in the gut and improving gut equilibrium. That means more concern about health of birds. Recently, arises of poultry welfare concern in addition to the ban of the use of antibiotics as feed additives by European Union from 2006, rushed producers and nutritionists into more concentration on health of birds and immunity when they formulate poultry diets. Hence two ways were adopted to improve bird health and immunity by feed formulation without supplementation of antibiotics as growth promoters. The first one is by using antibiotic alternatives as growth promoters. The other one, which emerges recently, is formulation of feed to meet the needs of cells of the immune system. This means studying its needs for nutrients such as protein, energy, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. There is also, feeding of infected birds when the diet should be formulated in a way to avoid exacerbating the condition by feeding microorganisms and help them to proliferate. This review aims to discuss the role of nutrients and feed formulation in improving poultry health and immunity either through meeting requirements of cells of the immune system or through antibiotic alternatives suppleItem Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Different Levels of Dietary Lysine(2014) Mohamed E. Ahmed; Talha E. AbbasThe effect of feeding different levels of dietary lysine (100%, 110% and 120% of NRC 1994 recommendations) was evaluated in the current study. These levels were included in broiler starter and finisher diets. A completely randomized experimental design was used. Feed intake and body weight gain in broilers receiving 110% of NRC 1994 lysine, were significantly (P≤0.05) increased versus control. However, feeding 120% lysine significantly (P≤0.05) decreased feed intake. Body weight gain was not different (P≥0.05) among broilers fed control diet and 120% lysine. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly (P≥0.05) different among dietary lysine levels. There was no significant (P≥0.05) effect of dietary lysine levels on dressing percentage, relative weight of gizzard and liver. However, relative weight of abdominal fat decreased significantly in broilers received 110% and 120% of NRC lysine. It was concluded that offering 110% of NRC lysine to broiler chicks enhanced feed intake and body weight gain, but supplying of dietary lysine to broiler chicks above this level might decrease feed intake. Addition of 110% and 120% NRC lysine to broiler diet declines relative weight of abdominal fat.