PHD theses : Science

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Abinito Some Thermodynamic properties of Gum Arabic using Maple program
(Al-Neelain University, 2020) Lyla Yagob Safi Elnour Abdalla
ABSTRACT In this research, the thermal properties of Gum Arabic (GA) have been determined theoretically, by means of fitting using Maple simulation program. The experimental results of viscosity variation with temperature have been successfully fitted. From the partition function formulation of statistical mechanics the thermal properties, namely Gibbs free energy, the mean energy, specific heat, entropy and enthalpy, have been tabulated, and graphically displayed. By using the viscosity coefficient investigation, the thermal properties results, of (GA) were different variation linearly with temperature. A new formula for the intensity levels function was calculated from the relationship of belonging energy levels. This function was used to derive analytical expressions for the thermodynamic parameters that were mentioned, which facilitated the study of these effects in one and thus the theoretical calculations can be compared with their experimental counter parts more accurately. The results computed using the new density levels function showed the increase in energy per particle compared to the calculation using the ideal gas model. This confirms the effectiveness of the results computed using the new level intensity function. This increase in energy was explained by the presence of space between the particles, where the transition temperature calculated using the ideal gas model. This displacement temperature is known as the critical temperature and is lower than the transition temperature calculated by using the ideal gas model. By using the innovative state density function, specific heat was calculated by differentiating the energy value of each particle with respect to temperature. It has been found that at the critical temperature the specific heat reaches its maximum value and at the maximum value it is found that specific heat is streamlined continuous, which confirms the absence of a second- degree phase transition. It was found that the liberated energy and favoritism in this study are largely consistent with that measured in practice. Due to the compatibility of the results calculated by theoretical modeling with those measured in practice, the developed theoretical model that was used in this thesis describes the thermodynamic properties in a good ways. To study the ionization energy of Gum Arabic, finally we studied thermodynamic properties, structural and ionic energy of Gum Arabic; which appear that the good property of Gum leads to ideal Gum Arabic. المستخلص في هذه الرسالة تم تحديد الخواص الديناميكية الحرارية للصمغ العربي نظرياً عن طريق مطابقة النتائج التجريبية لتغير اللزوجة مع درجة الحرارة بنجاح باستخدام برنامج الميبل .(Maple) باستخدام دالة التقسيم تم استنتاج وجدولة ورسم الطاقة الحرة، الحرارة النوعية، الانتروبي و الانثالبي. باستخدام معامل اللزوجة كمدخلات وجد ان الخواص الديناميكية الحرارية تتغير خطياً مع درجة الحرارة. و تم حساب صيغة جديدة لدالة كثافة المستويات من علاقة الانتماء لمستويات الطاقة واستخدمت هذه الدالة في اشتقاق تعابير تحليلية للمعاملات الديناميكية الحرارية التي ذكرت. مما سهل دراسة هذه التأثيرات مجتمعة في آنٍ واحد وبالتالي يمكن مقارنة الحسابات النظرية مع مثيلتها التجريبية بصورة ادق. ولقد بينت النتائج المحسوبة باستخدام دالة كثافة المستويات الجديدة أن تأثير محدودية الحجم والتفاعل ينتج عنه انخفاض الجزء المكثف وزيادة الطاقة المحسوبة لكل جسيم مقارنة بالمحسوبة باستخدام نموذج الغاز المثالي مما يؤكد فعالية النتائج المحسوبة باستخدام دالة كثافة المستويات الجديدة. وتم تفسير هذه الزيادة في الطاقة إلى وجود قوى التنافر بين الجزيئات. وكذلك استُخدِمت طريقة مبتكرة لحساب ودراسة الحرارة النوعية للتكثيف وذلك بتفاضل الطاقة المتوسطة لكل جسيم بالنسبة لدرجة الحرارة. وقد وجد انه عند درجة الحرارة الحرجة تبلغ الحرارة النوعية قيمتها العظمى. وعند درجة الحرارة العظمى وجد ان الحرارة النوعية متصلة وانسيابية مما يؤكد عدم وجود انتقال طوري من الدرجة الثانية. وقد وجد ان الطاقة المحدودة والمحسوبة في هذه الدراسة تتفق إلى حد كبير مع تلك المقاسة عمليا. نظراً لتوافق النتائج المحسوبة بالنمذجة النظرية مع مثيلاتها المقاسة عملياً فأن النموذج النظري المتطور والذي تم استخدامه في هذه الدراسة يصف الخواص الديناميكية الحرارية للصمغ العربي بطريقة جيدة. ولدراسة طاقة التأين للصمغ العربي تمت أيضاً دراسة الخصائص الديناميكية الحرارية للطاقة الأيونية للصمغ العربي والتي تُظهِر أن الخصائص الجيدة للصمغ العربي تؤدي إلى الصمغ العربي المثالي.
Activated Carbon from local Sudanese Agricultural waste: Preparation and Characterization
(Al Neelain University, 2014) Nazar Abdulaziz Elnasri Hamza
Activated carbon was prepared from agricultural waste of three Sudanese plants, mesquite trees (ACM), corn maize seeds (ACC1) for chemical activation and (ACC) for physical activation and Doum fruit(ACD). Three samples were chemically activated and only one was physically activated. Proximate analysis of the activated carbon including determination of the concentration of inorganic elements through XRF technique, determination of functional groups on activated carbon samples by (FT-IR) technique, Crystalline structure of minerals on activated carbon prepared from a sample by (XRD)technique and adsorption kinetic were studied. I The result showed that the carbon percentage of mesquite tree and doum fruit were 40.65% and 35.13% respectively. The carbon content of corn maize prepared by physical and chemical activation was (44.26%) and (49.42%) respectively. Ash content of samples were 3.90, 4.20 and 4.90% for ACM, ACCI, and ACD respectively low ash content was reported for ACC sample (3.60%) ’ - Results showed that the total iodine number of ACM and ACD were (13.22 mg I2/g and 15.42 mg I2/g), whereas for ACC and ACC1were 16.06, 13.0 mg I2 / g respectively. The number and type of porous in activated carbon in all the samples was measured using methylene blue test. ACD sample had methylene blue value of (200 mg/gm) compared to 166.6 and 190.6 for ACM and ACCl samples respectively. On the other hand ACC had a methylene blue value of (150.9 mg/gm). Porosity of the samples were in range between 54-60%, ACC have a porosity percentage of 52.20%. Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups of all samples. The result showed a strong and broad adsorption peak at 1577.66 cm'1, which corresponds to the lactone in ACD samples, Conjugate carbonyl was observed at 1595.20 cm'1 for the same sample. The main functional groups in ACC were quinone, carboxyl and aromatic C-H, phenol lactone, C-O and aliphatic CH2 were found in samples ACM and ACC1. Concentration of inorganic element/s presents in the material play an important role during the adsorption process. Therefore the measurement of elements is required. XRF results showed that the major elements in ACD sample are potassium (1.04%), calcium (1.25%) and zinc(5.26%) while for ACM sample have the concentration of potassium ,calcium and iron were (0.30l%),(0.3 57%) and (0.687%) respectively . Comparative analysis between physical and chemical activated form of corn maize sample showed signiﬁcant difference between ACC and ACC1 samples. The concentration of calciurn, strontium were (4.34%) , (3.66%), (0.023%) and (0.0075%) respectively. XRD analysis showed the presence of a highly organized crystalline structure of raw activated carbon for ACD sample. Carbon with crystalline structure rhombohedral and carbon supplied with crystalline structure orthorhombic were detected. ACM yield highly organized crystalline structure such as orthorhombic, cubic and monoclinic, while ACC sample had more crystalline structure of rhombohedral , orthorhombic and cubic than that detected for ACC1 sample which had one crystalline structure of monoclinic for potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
analysis classfikation and evaluation of major and tract elements in iron ores
(Neelain University, 2006) AHmIED HASSAN HASAB ALLA
In the ‘Sudan, large quantities and various types of iron ores are distributed. Some of these types are economically distinguish, because they contain high percentage of iron beside other some elements. Chemical analysis for eight samples and a standard sample of iron ores was carried out to determineltheir constituents and percentage of the iron and also some elements by different methods. The applied methods were compared together. - Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate methods were used to titrate iron; ammonium hydroxide method was used to determined iron gravimetric; 1,10 phenanthroline , salicylic acid and ammonium thiocyanate methods were used to determine iron by spectrophotometric methods; Also atomic absorption spectrophotometer and X-ray ﬂuorescence were used to determine iron and the other elements. The results indicated that determination of iron by: AAS was gave low results due to the chemical and physical interferences; 1.10 phenanthroline method gave good results except for samples 3and 8 which gave high results due to Mn interference; salicylic acid method gave satisfactory results excepts samples l, 3 and 7 which gave high results because Ni interference while sample 8 was gave low results due to phosphate and sulphate interferences; thiocyanate method gave high results in samples l, 8 and 9 due to Ti and Co and Ill
Anti-hepatotoxic and Anti-Diabetic Activities of Origanum majorana L and Solenostemma argel on Wistar Rats
(Al-Neelain University, 2020-12) Iman Abdalla Ali Mahmoud
ABSTRACT This study is carried out on Wistar rats to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic and anti-diabetic activities of Origanium majorana and Solenostemma argel extracts. The anti-hepatotoxic study was carried out on 24 rats. 250 and 500 mglkg of aqueous extracts were administrated orally for 30 days. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting 3 mL/kg of CCL4 in day 7 subcutaneously. Type1 diabetes was induced by administration of single intraperitoneal dose of 150 mg/kg of alloxan, while Type2 diabetes was induced with chronic ingestion of 20 mg/km of 50% w/v glucose once a day for 30 days. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of O. majorana L and S. argel were prepared and given orally to diabetic and hyperglycemic rats respectively for 30 days. 66 adult Wistar rats comprising of 6 normal and 60 alloxan induced diabetic rats were used for antidiabetic assessment. Typ2 diabetic rats were distributed into 10 groups each of 6 rats, nine of them administrated supra physiological dose of glucose solution, the last group kept as normal control. At day 30 blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. Oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted in normal healthy rats using single dose of 350 mg/kg of each extracts of study plants. The study showed that there were no differences in mean body weight gain among the groups of liver injured rats treated with S. argel. There was significant decrease in the values of MCHC, and significant increase in MCV value, and elevated ALP and AST activities as well as liver and kidney damages. Histopathology finding and serum chemistry indicate that 500 mg/kg S. argel cause hepatic damage in rats. O. majorana extract given to the liver injured rats at 250 and 500 mg/kg caused a significant increase in body weight, mild alteration in haematological parameters and non-significant decrease in serum ALP and AST activities. The administration of the aqueous O. majorana extracts demonstrated a significant protective effect by lowering the level of hepatic marker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) and improving the histological architecture of the rat liver, which were compared with Silymarin as standard hepatoprotective drug. The results of antidiabetic evaluation show that alloxan induced diabetic groups treated with O. majorana had significantly lower fasting glucose level and glycosylated haemoglobin and improved lipid profile, insulin concentration was insignificantly changed. Blood glucose and cholesterol values were significantly decreased in glucose loaded rats treated with water extract at low dose. The current observations indicate that aqueous and methanolic extracts of S. argel are effective in maintaining blood glucose level in both type 1 and type2 DM. In conclusion, the present study revealed that aqueous extracts of O. majorana play protective role by improving the change in histopathological structure against CCl4 - induced liver damages and enhancing liver enzyme activity in rats. The present study provides experimental evidence that the orally administered aqueous and methanolic extracts of Origanium majorana in alloxan induced diabetic rats possess antidiabetic effects. O. majorana and S. argel mediated good glycemic management and restoration of metabolic disorders caused by glucose toxicity in Wistar rats. مستخلص البحث اجريت هذه الدراسة على فئران التجارب لتقويم فعالية مستخلص نباتى البردقوش والحرجل كمخفض للجلكوز لدى مرض السكرى ومضاد لتسمم الكبد.وقد أجريت الدراسة المضادة لسمية الكبد على أربعة وعشرين من الفئران باستخدام تركيزين من المستخلصات المائية للنباتين عن طريق الفم لمدة 30 يوما. تم تحقيق إصابة الكبد عن طريق حقن 3 مل / كلجم من رابع كلوريد الكربون تحت الجلد في اليوم السابع. تم إحداث مرض السكري عن طريق إعطاء جرعة واحدة داخل الصفاق قدرها 150 ملجم / كلجم من الألوكسان ، في حين تم إحداث ارتفاع السكر في الدم باعطاء 20 ملجم / كلجم من 50 ٪ من الجلوكوز مرة واحدة في اليوم لمدة 30 يوما تم تحضير المستخلصات المائية والميثانولية للنباتات وتم إعطاؤها للفئران المصابة بداء السكري وارتفاع السكر في الدم عن طريق الفم بتركيز 250 و 500 ملجم / كجم / يوم عن طريق الفم لمدة 30 يومًا. استخدمت ست وستون من الفئران ستون منها تم حقنها بالالوكسان. تم توزيع الفئران المصابة بمرض السكري من النوع الثاني في عشر مجموعات ، كل منها من ست فئران، تسعة مجموعات خضعت للجرعة الفسيولوجية الفائقة من محلول الجلوكوز ، وكانت المجموعة الأخيرة تحت السيطرة الطبيعية.بعد 30 يوما تم جمع عينات الدم لاجراء التحاليل البيوكيميائية. تم إجراء اختبار تحمل الجلوكوز عن طريق الفم (GTT) في الفئران السليمة الطبيعية باستخدام جرعة واحدة من 350 ملجم / كلجم من كل المستخلصات . أظهرت الدراسة أنه لا توجد فروق في متوسط زيادة وزن الجسم بين مجموعات الفئران التي عولجت بـالحرجل كان هناك انخفاض كبير في قيم MCHC ، وزيادة كبيرة في قيمة MCV ، وارتفاع أنشطة ALP و AST بالاضافة لحدوث تغيرات مرضية على الكبد. تشير نتائج الانسجة وكيمياء المصل إلى أن 500 ملجم / كلجم من الحرجل يسبب تلف الكبد في الفئران. تسبب مستخلص البردقوش عند 250 و 500 ملجم / كلجم في زيادة ملحوظة في زيادة وزن الجسم وتغيير بسيط في معايير الدم ونقص غير معنوى في نشاط , ALP وAST . أظهر استخدام المستخلصات المائية للبردقوش تأثيرًا وقائيًا مهمًا من خلال خفض مستوى إنزيمات الكبد AST و ALT و ALPوتحسين البنية النسيجية للكبد ، والتي تمت مقارنتها مع سيليمارين كدواء قياسي لعلاج الكبد. أظهرت النتائج أن الفئران التي تم حقنها بالألوكسان والتي عولجت بـمستخلص البردقوش والحرجل سببت انخفاضا معنويا فى مستوى الجلوكوز في الصيام وهيموغلوبين الغليكوزيلاتي وتحسين معدل الدهون ، كما احدثت تغييرغير معنوى فى تركيز الأنسولين. انخفضت نسبة الجلوكوز في الدم والكوليسترول في الدم بشكل ملحوظ في الفئران المحملة بالجلوكوز والتي تم علاجها باستخدام المستخلص المائى بجرعة منخفضة. اوضحت الدراسة الحالية أن المعالجة بالمستخلصات المائية للبردقوش تلعب دورًا وقائيًا عن طريق تحسين التغير المرضى في التركيب النسيجى للكبد الناجم عن CCl4 وتعزيز نشاط أنزيمات الكبد في الفئران. اظهرت الدراسة فعالية كل من البردقوش والحرجل فى علاج مرض السكرى من النوع الاول والثانى.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts of callus and intact plant (rhizome) of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
(Al-Neelain University, 2019) Ammar Mohammed Ahmed Ali
Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and to investigate the chemical profile of extracts prepared from ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome, callus and callus treated with different concentrations of chemical elicitors (yeast extract, glycine and salicylic acid). Callus, direct and indirect organogenesis of Z. officinale were induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. Pieces of fresh weight (200 mg) of induced callus were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of 2,4-D, then treated with different concentration of elicitors namely; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (50 and 100 mg/L) separately. Extraction of Z. officinale rhizome, callus and treated callus was carried out by maceration in petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) (CM). Phytochemical studies were carried out by different chromatographic techniques and spectroscopy methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by evaluating the effect of rhizome and callus extracts on the activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme and measure their effect on the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and enhancement the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10(IL-10) and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β). The results of the present study revealed that, the highest significant value of callus fresh weight (1.302 ± 0.09g) was induced from shoot tip explants by MS medium+1.00 mg/L of 2,4-D, while a suitable concentration to regenerate callus by subculture was 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. Direct organogenesis showed highest number of in vitro shoots and roots, 4±0.35 shoots and 15±0.46 roots per explants by MS medium+4.5 mg/L BAP. The best shoots and roots initiated by indirect organogenesis were 2±0.21 shoots and 22±0.33 roots on MS medium+ combination of 1.00 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA. Preliminary phytochemical screening using thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of phenols, terpenoids and flavonoids in PE and CM extracts of rhizome and phenols and terpenoids in callus extracts. The total phenolic content of callus was significantly affected (P<0.05) by the type and concentration of elicitors used. The highest significant increase (37%) in phenolic content was observed in callus treated with 100 mg/L yeast extract. HPLC analysis showed that 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol were found in both PE and CM extracts of ginger rhizome and were not detected in the callus extracts. Furthermore, gallic acid was only found in CM extracts of rhizome (34.05±0.39μg/mg) and callus (17.88±0.01μg/mg). Yeast extract, salicylic acid and glycine elicitors enhanced significantly (P< 0.05) the production of gallic acid in callus. The findings of GC/MS show for the first time that, the oil of ginger callus contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid, methyl ester (31.11%) was 51-fold higher than that in rhizome oil (0.61%), and the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid, methyl ester (28.56%) recorded 10.65-fold higher than that in rhizome oil (2.68%). Furthermore, the oil of callus contained a remarkable level of steroids. On the other hand, callus treated with different concentrations of elicitors showed enhancement in the production of some bioactive compounds that were not detected in control. Treatment of callus with elicitors showed significant effects (P<0.05) in enhancing phenolic content and related antioxidant activity. Treatment of callus with yeast extract (100 mg/L), salicylic acid (50 mg/L) and glycine (200 mg/L) increased significantly (P<0.05) the antioxidant activity in DPPH assay by 34%, 30% and 29% respectively. All extracts of ginger rhizome and callus suppressed significantly (P< 0.05) the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6. Both callus extracts showed significantly (P<0.05) higher activity than the rhizome extracts. CM callus extract showed significantly (P< 0.05) higher capacity to suppress the IL-6 production. CM extract of ginger callus treated with elicitors showed significant (P<0.05) capacity to inhibit the production of pro- inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) at highest concentration used (100 μg/mL) when compared to control (untreated callus). Among all extracts estimated, PE extract of untreated callus had maximum 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 μg/mL), which was more than that was obtained by positive control Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 μg/ml). CM extracts of callus treated with elicitors enhanced significantly (P<0.05) the callus inhibitory effect on 5-Lipoxygenase activity. Treatment of callus with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract recorded highest inhibition levels against 5-Lipoxygenase activity where it was decreased by 33.16% and 25.46% respectively. In conclusion, studying the effect of elicitation on biosynthesis and accumulation of many types of plant secondary metabolites in in vitro ginger cultured tissues would be of immense importance for pharmacological, cosmetic and agronomic industries. Ginger callus extracts could be included in nutraceutical formulations where it could provide valuable protection against oxidation and inflammatory diseases. المستخلص هدفت هذه الدراسة لتقدير الفعاليات الحيوية المضادة للأكسده وللإلتهابات خارج الجسم الحي بالإضافة إلى دراسة المحتوى الكيميائي للمستخلصات المحضره من ريزوم وكالس والكالس المعامل بتراكيز مختلفه من المحرضات(مستخلص الخميره والجلايسين وحمض السالسيليك) لنبات الزنجبيل. كالس نبات الزنجبيل والأعضاء النباتية (المجموع الجذري والخضري) الناشئة بالطريقة المباشرة وغير المباشرة تم إستحثاث نموها على الوسط الغذائي موراشيج وسكوج(MS) المزود بتراكيز مختلفة من منظمات النمو النباتية. تم نقل قطع من الكالس النامي (200ملجرام) إلى الوسط MS المزود ب 0.5 ملجرام/لتر من 2,4-D والمعامل بتراكيز مختلفة من المحرضات; مستخلص الخميرة (100 و300 و500 ملجرام/لتر) & جلايسين( 100 و200 و300 ملجرام/لتر) & حمض سالسليك ( 50 و100 ملجرام/لتر) كلاً على حده. عملية الإستخلاص لريزومات النبات والكالس والكالس المعامل بتراكيز مختلفة من المحرضات تمت بواسطة عملية النقع في الإيثر البترولي (PE) ومحلول كلوروفورم:ميثانول (C:M) بنسبة 1:1 لمدة 72 ساعة. دراسة المحتوى الكيميائي النباتي تمت بواسطة تقنيات الكروماتوجرافيا المختلفة وطرق التحليل الطيفي. لتقدير الفعالية المضادة للأكسدة تم تنفيذ ذلك باستخدام طريقة DPPH و طريقة ABTS. تم تقييم الفعالية المضادة للإلتهاب في المستخلصات النباتية المحضرة بواسطة تقديرفعالية المستخلص على نشاط إنزيم 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) وكذلك أيضا قياس فعالية المستخلصات المحضرة على تثبيط إنتاج بعض السايتوكاينز المحفزة لعملية الإلتهابات مثل Tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF- α) Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6(IL-6),وتقدير فعالية المستخلصات النباتية المحضرة على تحسين إنتاج بعض أنواع السايتوكاينز المثبطة للعملية الإلتهابية مثل Interleukin-10 (IL-10) و Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β). أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن أعلى وزن طري من الكالس (1.302±0.09 جرام) تم الحصول عليه من القمه الخضرية المستخدمة كمنفصل نباتي والمزروعة على الوسط الغذائي MS المزود ب 1.00ملجرام/لتر 2,4-D، بينما كان التركيزالمناسب لإكثار الكالس عن طريق إعادة الزراعة هو تركيز 0.5 ملجرام/لتر 2,4-D. أعلى عدد من الأعضاء النباتية الناشئة بالطريقة المباشرة كان4±0.35 أوراق و15±0.46 جذور للمنفصل النباتي النامي على الوسط الغذائي المزود ب 4.00 ملجرام/لتر ,BAP في حين سجل أكبر عدد من الأعضاء النباتية الناشئة بالطريقة غير المباشرة 2±0.21 أوراق و22±0.33 جذور للكالس النامي على الوسط الغذائي المزود ب1.00 ملجرام/لتر +BAP0.5 ملجرام/لتر NAA. نتيجة الفحص اللوني بطريقة الطبقة الرقيقة أظهرت وجود عدد من مركبات الآيض الثانوي النباتية مثل الفينولات والفلافونويدات والتربينات في مستخلص الإيثر البترولي ومستخلص كلوروفورم: ميثانول ريزوم الزنجبيل، كذلك أيضا وجود المركبات الفينولية والتربينات في مستخلصات الكالس. أثبتت الدراسة أن محتوى الكالس من المركبات الفينولية تأثر بشكل إيجابي وبفارق معنوي(P<0.05) بنوع وتركيز المحرضات المستخدمة. أعلى زيادة معنوية (37%) في المحتوى الفينولي للكالس كانت محسوبة في الكالس المعامل ب 100ملجرام/لتر من مستخلص الخميرة. أظهرت نتيجة التحليل باستخدام كروماتوغرافيا الأداء العالي HPLC وجود المركبات الأساسية الفعالة في نبات الزنجبيل 6-جنجيرول و 6-شوغول في كل من مستخلص الإيثر البترولي ومستخلص كلوروفورم:ميثانول الريزوم، بينما لم يسجل وجود لهذين المركبين في مستخلصات الكالس. أيضا حمض الجالليك وجد فقط في مستخلص كلوروفورم:ميثانول الريزوم (34.05±0.39μg/mg) و الكالس (17.88±0.01μg/mg). معاملة الكالس بمستخلص الخميرة والجلايسين وحمض السالسيليك حسنت وبفارق معنوي (P<0.05) إنتاج حمض الجالليك في الكالس. نتائج التحليل الكيميائي بإستخدام كروماتوغرافيا الغاز وطيف الكتلة GC/MS أظهرت ولأول مرة أن مستخلص الإيثر البترولي لكالس نبات الزنجبيل إحتوى على كميات عالية من الأحماض الدهنية وبشكل أساسي الاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة مثل حمض الأوليك,ميثيل إسترOleic acid, methyl ester (31.11%) والذي كان أعلى ب51-ضعف مقارنةً بكمية الحمض نفسه المحسوبة في مستخلص الإيثر البترولي للريزوم (0.61%). الأحماض الدهنية المشبعة مثل حمض البالميتيك ,ميثيل إستر palmitic acid, methyl ester (28.56%) سجل 10.65-ضعف أعلى من ذلك المحتوى من نفس الحمض في مستخلص الإيثر البترولي لريزوم النبات(2.68%). مستخلص الإيثر البترولي للكالس إحتوى على كميات معتبرة من المركبات السترويدية والتي لم يسجل وجودها في مستخلص الإيثر البترولي لريزوم النبات. في نفس الوقت الكالس المعامل بتراكيز مختلفة من المحرضات أظهر تحسنا في إنتاج بعض المركبات الفعالة والتي لم يسجل وجودها في العينة الضابطة. معاملة الكالس بتراكيز مختلفة من المحرضات أثرت وبفارق معنوي (P<0.05) في رفع محتوى الكالس من المركبات الفينولية والذي نتج عنه تحسن في الفعالية المضادة للأكسدة. معاملة الكالس ب 100ملجرام/لتر مستخلص خميرة و 50ملجرام/لتر حمض سالسيليك و 200ملجرام/لتر جلايسين أدت الى رفع الفعالية المضادة للأكسدة وبفارق معنوي(P<0.05) في تجربة DPPH بنسبة 34% و30% و29% على التوالي. مستخلصات الريزوم أظهرت فعالية معنوية (P<0.05) لكبح إنتاج السايتوكاينز المحفرة للعملية الإلتهابية TNF-α, IL-1 & IL-6. مستخلصات الكالس سجلت فعالية مضادة لإنتاج السايتوكاينز المحفرة للعملية الإلتهابية أعلى وبفارق معنوي (P< 0.05) مقارنة بمستخلصات ريزوم النبات. مستخلصات كلوروفورم:ميثانول الكالس المحرض بتراكيز مختلفة من مستخلص الخميرة والجلايسين وحمض السالسيليك أظهرت فعالية مضادة لإنتاج السايتوكاينز المحفز للإلتهاب ( TNF-α, IL-1 &IL-6) عند تركيز 100 μg/mL أعلى وبفارق معنوي من فعالية مستخلص العينة الضابطة (الكالس غير المعامل بالمحرضات). من بين كل المستخلصات المختبرة مستخلص الإيثر البترولي للكالس أظهر أعلى تأثير مثبط لفعالية إنزيم 5-Lipoxygenase (IC50 58.33±4.66 μg/mL)مقارنة بالمستخلصات الأخرى وأعلى من ذلك التأثير الناتج عن مركب Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 μg/mL). مستخلصات كلوروفورم:ميثانول الكالس المعامل بتراكيز مختلفة من المحرضات حسنت وبفارق معنوي (P <0.05) تثبيط نشاط إنزيم 5-Lipoxygenase. الكالس المحرض ب100و300ملجرام/لتر من مستخلص الخميرة سجلت أعلى تأثيرضد فعالية إنزيم 5-Lipoxygenase بنسبة 33.16% و25.46% على التوالي. في الختام وبناءً على ماعرض من نتائج الدراسة فإن دراسة تأثير المحرضات على التخليق الحيوي للعديد من منتجات الآيض الثانوية في نبات الزنجبيل النامي في المختبر بتقنية زراعة الأنسجة النباتية يعتبر من الأهمية بمكان في مجال صناعة العقاقيرالصيدلانية ومواد التجميل والمنتجات الزراعية .حيث يمكن تقديم مستخلصات كالس الزنجبيل كمواد أولية لتحضير تشكيلات مختلفة من العقاقير الصيدلانية كمضادات للأكسدة وللإلتهابات.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer and Cytotoxic Activities of some Sudanese Medicinal Plants
(Neelain University, 2014) Ehssan llassn Osman Moglad
Abstract Five plants were selected in the present study on the basis of their known traditional uses in the treatment of various diseases in Sudan. These plants were identiﬁed as Cadaba farinose Forssk, Solanum nigrum L., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link., Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk).A.Rich. and Striga hermonthica Qlellile) Benth. Leaves and stems of the plants were ground into ﬁne powder and then extracted by maceration procedures using chloroform and methanol solvents. Active methanol extracts were fractionated using three solvents Acetyl acetate, n- butanol and distilled water. Eighteen extracts and ﬁfteen fractions were investigated for their bioactivity against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi as follow: four different ‘references bacteria: two Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) and against two references fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) using the cup plate agar diffusion method. The results have shown that the different extracts have been known to inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (l\/lICs) of all methanol and chloroform extracts of the plants against standard bacteria and ftmgi were also determined. It was found that MICs ranged between 2.5-5 (mg\ml) concentration. The antibacterial activity of the three reference antibiotics and the antifungal activity of the two reference drugs were determined against the tested four bacteria and two fungi and their activities were compared to the activities of the plant extracts. It can therefore be suggested that, they are promising antimicrobial agents. Moreover, the eighteen plant extracts were also investigated for their cytotoxicity against the Brine shrimps (Artemia salina L.), the results revealed that, this plant extracts posses strong and moderate cytotoxic effect and this can be considered as anti-tumour, insecticidal or parasiticidal properties. In vitro cytotoxic assays were carried out using 3T3 NIH mouse embryo ﬁbroblast cell line and CC-1, a rat Wistar hepatocyte cell line. The MTT based assays for cytotoxicity indicated that, all of leaves and stems extracrs of tested plants were non toxic for 3T3 and CC-1 cell line (CC50> 100 pg/ml), except methanol leaves extract of Solanum nigrum which showed high percentage of growth inhibition for both 3T3 and CC-1 cell lines with CC50 of 17.37 pg/ml and 75.7pg/ml respectively. The leaves and stems of the methanol extracts of Solanum nigrum were further fractionated using three solvent systems; Acetyl acetate, n— Butanol and Aqueous. These fractions were tested for their cytotoxicity against 3T3 NIH mouse embryo ﬁbroblast cell line using different fraction concentrations 100, 10.0, 1.00pg/mL and MTT assay. The results obtained indicated that stems acetyl acetate and aqueous fractions were non toxic with CC50 > l00ug/ml. While the other fractions showed cytotoxicities in a dose dependend manner. Furthermore, the ﬁve plants that investigated for their activity on the two cancer cell lines which were Hela (cervical cancer) and PC3 (prostate cancer), the highest percentage of growth inhibition was obtained by methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum stems on Hela cell line and PC3 which were 91.11 and 80.49% respectively in comparison with control positive 89.07% inhibition. Followed by methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum leaves on Hela cell line and PC3 with growth inhibition percentages of 84.86 and 74.28% inhibition respectively. Therefore, these extracts were fractionated using three solvent systems; Acetyl acetate, n- Butanol and Aqueous. The fractions are tested for their anticancer activity on PC3 prostate cancer cell line and Hela cervical cancer cell line using different fraction concentrations 50, 25 and Spg/ml by MTT assay. The results obtained indicated that the most active fraction was leaves n- Butanol fraction which inhibits both type of cancer cells with inhibition growth percentage of 99.81 on PC3 and 98.59% on Hela cell line with IC50 5.92ug/ml and l.6pg/ml respectively. Followed by stems n-Butanol and leaves Acetyl acetate fraction, whereas, leaves aqueous, stems aqueous and stems Acetyl acetate ﬁaction were inactive on the tested cancer cell lines with IC5@ > 50pg/ml. Antioxidant activities of the tested plant extracts were determined using DPPH assay and Metal chelating activity, the results obtained indicated that methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum leaves has shown the highest scavenging percentage against DPPH (85%). It could be concluded that the plant extracts that used were screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents. The results showed that alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, saponins, tannins, sterols, triterpens, and coumarins are present in all of the tested plants, while anthraquinones were absent.
ASSESSEMENT OF INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL GROUNDWATER PROSPECTING METHODS ON BASEMENT COMPLEX AQUIFERS IN NE- NUBA MOUNTAINS — SUDAN.
(Neelain University, 2007) NUHA ELZEIN MOHAMED
Integrated geophysical methods were applied to map the groundwater aquifers on complex geological settings, in the crystalline basement terrain in norﬂaeast Nuba Mountains, which are structurally controlled. The water flow is controlled by the northwest-southeast extensional faults as one of several in-situ deformational pattems that are attributed to the collision of the Pan-African oceanic assemblage of the Nubian shield against the pre-Pan African continental crust to the west. The used assessments are the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), very low frequency-resistivity (VLF-R), and the audio magneto telluric (AMT) soundings, vertical electrical soundings (VES) in addition to water quality analysis and petrophysical measurements. These measurements were designed to be overlapped in order to prove the reproducibility of the geophysical data and to provide better interpretation of the hydrogeological setting in the aquifer complex structure. Different inversion schemes, accomplished by means of a cluster analysis, were attempted for the synthetic and observed ERT data to study their reliability to map the different geometries in the complex subsurface such as fault and graben structures. The sedimentary sequence is not symmetrical due the seasonal variations of the ﬂow direction. Variations of the basement types were also recorded by their resistivity values and consequently their weathered products influence the water quality. The VLF-R data with Transverse Electric (TE) mode has been collected using the transmission stations GBR, GBZ and RI-IA of frequencies 16.0, 19.6 and 23.4 kl-Iz respectively and it was two dimension (ZD) laterally-constrained inverted in a smooﬂily 2D resistivity distribution model after manual incorporation of a priori data . The inverted ERT and VLF-R lines conﬁrmed the fracture zones and the deeper basins. Eight AMT soundings were acquired. True resistivity values and their relevant thickness were calculated and viewed as three dimension (3D) surface images. The VES data was conducted, where ERT survey was not accessible, and inverted smoothly and merged with the ERT in the 3D resistivity grid. Synthetic magnetotellurics MT data enabled us to test the inconsistencies between die interpreted geophysical results and the geologic expectations across AlBetira fold. I-Iydrochemical analysis (analyses) was applied to 42 water samples collected from the (hand) dug wells in the study area. Extremely high saline zones due to different reasons were recorded. Petrophysical measurements of an artificial saturated aquifer, using different soil types and various water salinities, provided a range for the porosity, formation factor and resistivity of the bulk formation and the later can be represented in terms of grain size distribution. A combination between the electric conductivity (EC) data and iso-resistivity horizons provides a better resolution of the target aquifer location, type and grain size distribution. The formation factor i
ASSESSMENT OF MIXING CHLORINE WITH CHLORINE DIOXIDE ON BROMATE, CHLORITE, CHLORATE AND THMs LEVELS IN DRINKING WATER IN DISTRIBUTIONS SYSTEMS IN QATAR
(Neelain University, 2018) Elsamoul Hamdnalla Mohamed Hamdnalla
Abstract To meet new WHO regulations, water utilities need to evaluate different disinfectants that will be of broad spectrum against a variety of microorganisms and produce limited amounts of DBPs. Drinking water will be safer, when it is clear from pathogens using disinfectants with minimum organic or inorganic DBPs. Chlorite, chlorate, bromate and trihalomethane's (THMs) are the major DBPs included in WHO guidelines for drinking water quality that need to be monitored and minimized. This study developed and examined novel mixture of disinfectant system by dosing different chlorine concentrations as calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) to water containing chlorine dioxide to evaluate the control of water quality in storage and the distribution system in Qatar with emphasis on chlorite, chlorate, bromate, pH and other parameters. Seven water samples were collected from the Ras Laffan-Q Power desalination plant outlet in amber bottles having a chlorine dioxide concentration of 0.3 mg/L in 1 liter. The bottles were spiked with Ca(ClO)2 in sequence to give concentration of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mg/L as free chlorine. The mixtures were stored for 7 days at 25°C in the dark then heated to 45°C for two days more, and analyzed daily for physical and chemical parameters. A total of 312 sub-samples were analyzed for chlorite, chlorate, bromate, bromide, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, THMs, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and chlorine and chlorine dioxide residuals. Chlorite concentration reductions were observed from the ﬁrst day forward as 59, 65, 68, 94, 100, and 100%, and 17.4, 22.1, 39.2, 63.9, 66.0, 68.9% (from 0.157 to 0.049 mg/L) respectively based on observed means for seven days the commensurate respective chlorate concentrations increases were 196, 344, 516, 602, 703, 787% (from 0.035 to 0.313 mg/L) based on observed mean values for seven days. These data were statistically analyzed by multivariate regression. There were no signiﬁcant changes in THMs concentrations and the reductions in chlorite and increases in chlorate concentration are chlorine dosage dependent. No bromate formation was observed. Chlorine dioxide levels decrease as the free chlorine residual levels increased. This study demonstrates that hypochlorite/chlorine dioxide can be used as an operational tool to control the chlorite levels, and slow the disappearance of the chlorine dioxide over time during distribution, that is usually faster than chlorine disappearance. The original chlorine dioxide dosage will determine the ultimate chlorate concentration.
Assessment of Novel Synthetic Drugsthat Target Multi-tyrosine kinase Pathwaysin Breast and Leukemia Cancers
(Al-Neelain University, 2021) Mohamed Elzubier Abdallah Elzubier
الخلفية العلمية : السرطان هو ثاني سبب للوفاة في جميع أنحاء العالم. يعتبر سرطان الثدي وسرطان الدم النخاعي الحاد (AML) من أنواع السرطان العدوانية. بشكل عام ، تعتبر المقاومة العلاجية المكتسبة السبب الرئيسي لفشل العلاج الكيميائي للسرطان ، بما في ذلك سرطان الثدي و AML. يُعتقد أن الجمع بين الأدوية التي تستهدف المسارات الجزيئية المختلفة لها دور واعد للتغلب على مقاومة العلاج الكيميائي. الأهداف: قامت هذه الدراسة بقياس الأنشطة التآزرية المحتملة المتعلقة بالسمية الخلوية ، والموت المبرمج للخلايا ، وتوقف دورة حياة الخلية للجمع بين LY294002 (LY): مثبط فوسفاتيديلينوسيتيد -3 كيناز (PI3K) مع عقار مضاد للإستروجين ، تاموكسيفين (تام) ، ضد خلايا MCF7 لسرطان الثدي . علاوة على ذلك ، تم فحص الأنشطة التوليفية المضادة للسرطان لمثبط التيروزين كيناز الجديد (HAA2020) TKI مع العلاج التقليدي dinaciclib ، في خلايا سرطان الدم HL60. طرق: تم فحص السمية الخلوية لـ LY و TAM على خلايا MCF-7 و HAA2020 على خلايا HL60 باستخدام مقايسات MTT و clonogenicواستكشاف الآليات الأساسية لهذه التفاعلات التآزرية بين كلا المثبطين باستخدام عدة تقنيات تشمل الالتحام الجزيئي ، وقياس التدفق الخلوي ، والبقعة الغربية ، والوميض المناعي ، و RT-PCR. النتائج: أظهرLY و TAMتأثيرًا قويًا سامًا للخلايا على خلايا MCF-7 بقيم IC50 تبلغ 0.87 ميكرومول و1.02 ميكرومول. أظهر HAA2020 سمية خلوية قوية على HL60 بقيمة IC50 1.814 ميكرومول. أظهر الجمع بين التركيز غير السام لـ LY مع TAM و HAA2020 مع dinaciclib تفاعلًا تآزريًا شديد الأهمية في خلايا MCF-7 و HL60 كما لوحظ من isobolograms ، IC50: 0.17 ميكرومول و 0.87 ميكرومول ، مؤشر المجموعة: 0.18 ميكرومول و (50: 1). تكوين المستعمرة: 9.01٪ مقارنة بالتحكم غير المعالج في MCF-7 فقط. لان خلايا HL60 عبارة عن خلايا عائمة لذا لا يمكننا إجراء فحص مستعمرة لهذا النوع من الخلايا. زادت النسبة المئوية لموت الخلايا المبرمج المبكر / المتأخر بشكل ملحوظ بعد العلاج بمزيج LY + TAM في MCF-740.3٪ 28.3/ ٪(ّP<0.001) وموت الخلايا المبرمج المبكر الناتج عن الجمع (HAA2020 مع dinaciclib) في HL60 بعد 6 ساعات ، 12 ساعة و 24 ساعة 70٪ و 30٪ و 20٪ على التوالي مقارنة بالمعالجة المفردة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تسببت تركيبة LY + TAM و HAA2020 + TAM في إحداث جينات موت الخلايا المبرمج: Caspase-3 و Caspase-7 و TNF-α و p53 ، بالإضافة إلى p21 كمحفز لدورة الخلية ، وتم تقليل تنظيم الجينات المضادة للاستماتة: Bcl- 2 والبقاء. كشف فحص دورة الخلية أن الجمع تسبب في موت الخلايا المبرمج. تم تقييم تعبير البروتين باستخدام WB وأظهرت النتائج أن LY + TAM خاضع للتنظيم pAKT و Cyclin D1 و HAA2020 + TAM يقللان Hsp90 و cyclinD3 و CDK2 و VEGFR2 و EGFR مقارنة بالعلاج الدوائي الفردي. تم تأكيد هذه النتائج على بيانات الالتحام الجزيئي على Hsp90 و VEGFR2 و EGFR. الاستنتاجات: أشارت النتائج إلى أن التأثير التآزري السام للخلايا لـ LY مع TAM و HAA2020مع dinaciclib يتحقق عن طريق تحريض موت الخلايا المبرمج ، وتوقف دورة الخلية ، وتعديل مسارات إشارات الجينات والبروتينات المستهدفة. Abstract Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are considered as aggressive types of cancer. In general, acquired therapeutic resistance is the major cause of chemotherapy failure in cancer, including breast cancer and AML. Combination of drugs that target different molecular pathways is believed to be a promising approach to overcome resistance to chemotherapy. Objectives: This study measured the potential synergistic activities related to cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of combining LY294002 (LY): phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with the anti-estrogen drug, tamoxifen (TAM), against breast cancer MCF7 cells. Moreover, the combinatory anti-cancer activities of a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor,(HAA2020)with the multi TKI, dinaciclib (DINA), were investigated in the HL60 leukemic cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity of LY and TAM on MCF-7 cells and HAA2020 onHL60 cells were investigated using MTT and colonogenic assays. The underlying mechanisms of this synergistic interactions between both inhibitors were explored using several techniques include molecular docking, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR. Results: LY and TAM exhibited potent cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 0.87 µM and 1.02 µM. HAA2020 showed potent cytotoxicity on HL60 with IC50value 1.814µM. The combination of non-toxic concentration of LY with TAM and HAA2020 with dinaciclib showed highly significant synergistic interaction in MCF-7 and HL60 cells as observed from isobolograms, IC50: 0.17 µM &0.87 µM, the combination index: 0.18µM and (50:1). Colony formation: 9.01% compared to untreated control in MCF-7 only that HL60 suspended cells cannot make colony assay for this type cells. The percentage of early/late apoptosis significantly increased after treatment with LY+TAM combination in MCF-7 40.3%/28.3% (P<0.001) and the early apoptosis caused by the combination (HAA2020 with dinaciclib) in HL60 after 6 h, 12 h and 24 h was 70%, 30% and 20%, respectivelycompared to single treatment. In addition, LY+TAM and HAA2020+ TAM combination induced the apoptotic genes: Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and TNF-α, and p53, as well as p21 as cell cycle promoter and significant downregulated the anti-apoptotic genes: Bcl-2 and survivn. The cell cycle assay revealed that the combination induced apoptosis. The protein expression was evaluated using WB and the results revealed that LY+TAM downregulated pAKT and Cyclin D1 and HAA2020+TAM downregulated Hsp90, cyclinD3 and CDK2, VEGFR2 and EGFR compared to the single drug treatment. These results were confirmed the molecular docking data on Hsp90, VEGFR2 and EGFR. Conclusions: The results suggested that the synergistic cytotoxic effect of LY with TAM and HAA2020 with dinaciclib chemotherapy is achieved by induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and modulation of the target genes and proteins signaling pathways.
• Assessment of Steel-Making Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials from Selected Areas in Sudan.
(Al-Neelain University, 2022) Abdelazem Eldouma Adam Mohamed
Abstract This study established to evaluate the impact of long half-life time element such as Uranium 238, Radon 228, Thorium 232 and potassium 40. In addition, existence of radioactivity Such as Iodine 125, Radium 226,288 and Cesium 137. In the common steel making region in Sudan (Giad industrial area (A), Al jurif Traditional Steel Making factory (B) and Wad Ramli Industry Region (C)). In this study, several devices and techniques were used. Firstly, radiation background and Natural Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in three regions were scanned by Backpack in offline situation. In addition, Polimaster survey meter used for screening radiation dose during steel making process. The 70 Soil samples were collected by using auger tool any 10 sample-representing sector approximately 100 m around steel making region. High purity germanium (HPGe) used for measuring activity concentration, Energy Dispersive X-ray fluoresces (EDXRF) used for determining Natural Occurring Toxic Heavy metals in contaminated soil sample and workers blood sample. The components of the collected soil samples and waste analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). The background dose rate were (0.094, 0.041, 0.091) µSv/h in region (A, B and C) respectively. The scanned radioactivity were U238, Th232 and K40 for (A and C) region In addition to I125 and Unknown detection in (B) region, and the annual equivalent dose estimated to be 2.055mSv/year in region (B) during steel process, this value was higher than the recommended dose of workers according to UNSCRP. The average activity concentrations of U238, Th232, and K40 in the soil samples form region (A), were 37.03, 32.27, and 198.93 Bqkg-1, respectively; from region (B) were 39.32, 46.60, and 389.31 Bqkg-1, respectively; and form region (C) were 21.17, 27.17 and 131.14, respectively. The radiation hazard index were estimated absorbed dose (D) were 45.691, 59.507, 32.649 nGy/h from (A, B, C), respectively. These values were less than worldwide level dose to air, except the absorbed dose in (B) (59.507nGy/h) higher than worldwide level. The activity concentration of NORM in slag steel waste were (10.2 for Ra228, 15.2 for Ra226 , 20.6 for Th232, 3.3 for Cs137 , and 341for K40 ) Bqkg-1 , The estimated hazard index higher than acceptable level. Although, the heavy metal such as Pb, Hg, Br, Cl, and Cr , detected in soil and worker blood sample, and the pollution contamination factor index found above than unity, for all collected samples. (C) Region classified as severe contamination. The XRD analysis showed the existence of FeHO2, FeO4P, Fe, Al2BaFe2 and Fe0.924O in slag waste from region (A) and clay elite and maganiso ferrite, from (B) and (C). Finally, Merwe dam surveyed and the radiation background and NORM exists within acceptable level. Finally, safety guidelines for workers protection as well as saving environment from iron and steel industry hazard proposed. المستخلص قيمت هذه الدراسة تاثير العناصر المشعة ذات عمر النصف الطويل مثل اليورانيوم 238 , الرادون 228, البوتاسيوم 40 , الثوريوم 232ووجود بعض العناصر المشعة مثل الايودين 125, الريديم 226و228و السيزيوم 137 في مناطق صناعة الحديد الرئيسه في السودان وهي منطقة جياد الصناعية(أ), الجريف (مصنع حديد تقليدي)(ب) ومنطقة ود رملي الصناعية (ج). في هذه الدراسة استخدام عدد من الاجهزة وكذلك عدد من الطرق , في البدء اجري مسح اشعاعي للخلفية الاشعاعية والعناصر المشعة الموجودة طبيعيا باستخدام جهاز ال (Backpack)في حاله توقف المصنع, كما حسبت الجرعة الاشعاعية في حالة التشغيل باستخدام جهاز ال (Polimaster) , جمع عدد 70 عينه تربة من كل منطقة باستخدام جهاز جامع العينات ال (Soil Sample Auger) حيث كل 10عينات تمثل قطاع في حدود 100متر من كل منطقة , ومن ثم حسب لها التركيز الاشعاعي بواسطة جهاز الهيليوم عالي حساسية الكاشف (HPGe), ومن ثم استنتجت العوامل الاشعاعية . كما حسب لها تركيز العناصر الخطرة طبيعيا باستخدام جهاز (EDXRF) , كما استخدم جهاز حيود الاشعة السينية (XRD) لدراسة المركبات المكونة لبرادة الحديد وامكانية تدوير هذه المخلفات , كما جمعت عينات دماء من العاملين في افران الحديد واستخدم جهاز ال (EDX) لحساب تركيز المواد الثقيلة الخطرة الموجودة طبيعيا في الدم .كانت نتائج المسح الاشعاعي هي : 0.094 , 0.041 و 0.091 مايكروسيفرت /ساعة لكل من (أ, ب ج) بوجود اليورانيوم 238و الرادون 228 والبوتاسيوم 40 لكل من منطقتي (أ و ج) بلاضافة لوجود الايودين 125 الطبي وعنصر أخر للمنطقة (ب) . الجرعة الاشعاعية اثناء تشغيل المصنع (ب) وجدت 2.055 مايكروسيفرت /سنه وهي اعلي من الجرعة المسموح بها , كما وجد التركيز الاشعاعي لعينات التربة لكل من اليورانيوم 238 ,الثوريوم 232 والبوتاسيوم 40 بقيمة 37.029 ,32.27 و 198.934 بيكرل /كيلوجرام علي التوالي لمنطقة (أ) , و بقيمة 39.32 ,46.604 و 389.313 بيكرل / كيلوجرام علي التوالي ل( ب), وبقيمة 21.169 ,27.169 و 131.139 بيكرل /كيلوجرام ل (ج) . حيث ان الجرعة الاشعاعية المحسوبة في الهواء وجدت 45.691 , 59.507, 32.649 نانوقراي /ساعة لكل من ( أ , ب و ج) علي التوالي وان المنطقة (ب) أعلي من القيمة المسموح بها. كما حسب التركيز الاشعاعي لبرادة الحديد ووجد به الرادون 228 و 226, الثوريوم 232 والبوتاسيوم 40 و السيزيوم 137بتركيز اشعاعي 10.2 ,15.2 , 20.6 , 341 و 3.3 بيكرل /كيلو جرام, حسبت العوامل الاشعاعية للبراده ووجدت انها في الحد المسموح به. اختبر وجود الرصاص والزئبق والكروم والبرون بواسطة اختبار العناصر الخطره في مخلفات الحديد ودماء بعض العاملين , كما وجدت منطقة ودرملي هي المنطقة الاكثر سمية بالعناصر الثقيلة الموجودة في مخلفات صناعة الحديد. حللت عينات برادة الحديد للثلاث مناطق تبين وجود المركبات FeHO2 ,FeO4P,Fe, Al2BaFe2 و Fe0.924Oلمنطقة (أ) و الطين ال ilite ومغنطيتات الحديد في كلا من (ب و ج ), وجود هذه المركبات اشارة لامكانية اعادة تدوير البراده واستخدامها في عدة مجالات . اختيراحد المشاريع الاستراتيجية استخدمت به كميات كبيره من الحديد ودارت شائعات كثيرة اثناء انشائه عن وجود مواد مشعه به وهو سد مروي , اجريت مسوحات اشعاعية علي جسم السد لحساب الخلفية الاشعاعية وحساب التركيز الاشعاعي لعينات تربة اخذت من محيط السد اظهرت النتائج انها في حدود القيم المسموح بها.في هذه الدراسة تم تحديد قيم الخلفية الاشعاعية والجرعة الواصلة للعاملين اثناء صناعة الحديد ومدي التلوث اثناء صناعة الحديد وبعد استخدامه في الانشاءات. كما خلصت الدراسة لبعض النقاط التي يمكن ان تعتبر كنواة لقانون او اجراءت قياسية عند صناعة الحديد.
Association of Genteic VEGF-A Polymorphisms ( (rs2010963) G/C and (rs35569394) (I/D) at 2549Position in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy among Sudanese in Khartoum State)
(Al-Neelain University, 2021-08) Hoyam Yousif Hussin Alimam
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time[1] .DM is a large problem worldwide. This disease can develop and lead to complications of the most famous of them diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy More recently, studies have discovered vascular endothelial growth factor (VGF) as biomarkers that aid in the diagnosis and progression of DM complications DR and DN.(VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. Objectives: this study aimed to detect genetic polymorphism in vascular endothelial growth factor and estimate serum level of VEGF among Sudanese patients as well as to identify the association of this polymorphism and level of VEGF protein in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Material and methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted at Selma center of kidney disease for diabetic nephropathy and MAKAA HOSPITAL and ZENAM hospital for diabetic retinopathy during the period from June 2018 to June 2020. A structural questionnaire was designed to collect the demographic and clinical data concerning each participant. Biochemical test including glucose, HBA1c and measurement of vegf level by ELISA The genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from patient have diabetic DR and DN and controls, then VEGF gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) The data were analyzed using SPSS with reference p.value of 5% (0.05) was considered to be statistically significant. The frequencies were obtained for clinical data. The test of goodness of fit and the test of independence using chi- square were performed to test the biochemical variables Results:This study included 252 subjects divided into four groups of 63 subjects each. Regarding the gender in the present study there was 55.6%, 41.3% and 54% males, and 44.4%, 58.7% and 46% females in healthy, DM without DR and DM with DR groups, respectively.The healthy group had age mean of 62.24±1.74, the DM group had age mean of 62.08±1.54 and the DR group had age mean of 67.92±1.13.The HBA1c levels had the highest mean in the DR group, DN group followed by DM without DR (compared with healthy control group similarly, the glucose levels.This study in diabetic retinopathy patient revealed that patients with GC genotypes will be 57.6 % higher at risk to develop DR and 40 % lower at risk to develop DM than those without GC genotype. While, patients with CC genotypes will be 83.2 % higher at risk developing DM and 36.8 % higher at risk developing DR than those without CC genotype. In addition, patients with GG genotypes will be 13.7 % higher at risk to develop DM and 50.9 % lower at risk to develop DR than those without GG genotype. In diabetic nephropathy The I allele was slightly dominant (50.7%) over the D allele (49.3%) in all studied group. The present study observed that all groups were significantly different form each other. Likewise, the I/D genotype (60.3%) in the DC group was the significantly the highest compared to the NC and DN groups (42.9% and 28.6% respectively). Also, the D/D genotype percentage (50.8%) in DN group was significantly the highest compared to the NC and DC groups (17.5% and 14.3% respectively). Conclusion: there was a strong association between increased plasma VEGF levels in Sudanese diabetic patients with progress and development of DR, DN. This study in diabetic retinopathy patient revealed that patients with GC genotypes will be 57.6 % higher at risk to develop DR. The D/D genotype percentage (50.8%) in diabetic nephropathy group was significantly the highest compared to the NC and DC groups المستخلص الخلفية : داء السكري (DM) ، المعروف باسم مرض السكري ، هو مجموعة من الاضطرابات الأيضية التي تتميز بارتفاع مستوى السكر في الدم على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن, ويمثل DM مشكلة كبيرة في جميع أنحاء العالم. يمكن أن يتطور هذا المرض ويؤدي إلى مضاعفات أشهرها اعتلال الشبكية السكري واعتلال الكلية في الآونة الأخيرة ، اكتشفت الدراسات عامل النمو البطاني الوعائي (VEGF) المعروف باسم عامل نفاذية الأوعية الدموية (VPF) وهو بروتين إشارة تنتجه الخلايا التي تحفز تكوين الأوعية الدموية كمؤشر لتطور المضاعفات. الهدف من الدراسة : الكشف عن تعدد الأشكال الوراثية في عامل نمو بطانة الأوعية الدموية وتقدير مستوى مصل VEGF بين المرضى السودانيين وكذلك التعرف على ارتباط تعدد الأشكال ومستوى بروتين VEGF في اعتلال الشبكية السكري واعتلال الكلية. طرق البحث : هذه دراسة مقطعية أجريت في مركز سلمى لأمراض الكلى لاعتلال الكلية السكري ومستشفى مكة ومستشفى زينام لاعتلال الشبكية السكري خلال الفترة من يونيو 2018 إلى يونيو 2020. تم تصميم استبيان هيكلي لجمع البيانات الديموغرافية والسريرية المتعلقة بكل مشارك. اختبار الكيمياء الحيوية بما في ذلك الجلوكوز ، HBA1c وقياس مستوى VEGF بواسطة ELISA تم استخراج الحمض النووي الجيني من عينات الدم التي تم جمعها من المريض المصاب ب DR و DN و DMو NC، ثم تم تضخيم جين VEGF باستخدام تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل (PCR) تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج SPSS.كما تم الحصول على الترددات للبيانات السريريةوإجراء اختبار جودة الملاءمة واختبار الاستقلالية باستخدام chi-square لاختبار المتغيرات البيوكيميائية. النتائج: اشتملت هذه الدراسة على 252 موضوعًا مقسمة إلى أربع مجموعات كل منها 63 فردًا. فيما يتعلق بالجنس في الدراسة الحالية كان هناك 55.6٪ و 41.3٪ و 54٪ من الذكور و 44.4٪ و 58.7٪ و 46٪ من الإناث الأصحاء ، DM وDR و DM على التوالي. كان لدى المجموعة الصحية متوسط عمر 62.24 ± 1.74 ، وكان متوسط عمر مجموعة DM 62.08 ± 1.54 وكان متوسط عمر مجموعة DR يبلغ 67.92 ± 1.13. كان لمستويات HBA1c أعلى متوسط في مجموعة DR ، ثم مجموعة DN تليها DM (مقارنة مع مجموعة التحكم الصحية بالمثل ، مستويات الجلوكوز. كشفت هذه الدراسة في مرضى اعتلال الشبكية السكري أن المرضى الذين يعانون من الأنماط الجينية GC سيكونون أكثر عرضة للخطر بنسبة 57.6 ٪ لتطوير DR و 40٪ أقل عرضة للإصابة بمرض السكري من أولئك الذين ليس لديهم النمط الوراثي GC. في حين أن المرضى الذين يعانون من الأنماط الجينية CC سيكونون 83.2٪ أكثر عرضة للإصابة بمرض DM و 36.8٪ أكثر عرضة لخطر الإصابة بـ DR من أولئك الذين ليس لديهم النمط الوراثي CC. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، سيكون المرضى الذين يعانون من الأنماط الجينية GG أكثر عرضة للإصابة بمرض السكري بنسبة 13.7٪ وأقل بنسبة 50.9٪ للإصابة بمرض السكري مقارنة بأولئك الذين ليس لديهم النمط الجيني GG في اعتلال الكلية السكري ، كان الأليل I هو المسيطر بشكل طفيف (50.7٪) وD allele (49.3٪) علي التوالي في جميع المجموعات المدروسة. لاحظت الدراسة الحالية أن جميع المجموعات كانت مختلفة بشكل كبير عن بعضها البعض. وبالمثل ، كان النمط الوراثي (I/D60.3٪) في مجموعة DC هو الأعلى بشكل ملحوظ مقارنة بمجموعات NC و DN(42.9٪ و 28.6٪ على التوالي). أيضا ، كانت نسبة التركيب الوراثي D/D (50.8٪) في مجموعة DN الأعلى معنويا مقارنة بمجموعتي NC و DC( 17.5٪ و 14.3٪ على التوالي) الخلاصة: كان هناك ارتباط قوي بين زيادة مستويات VEGF في البلازما في مرضى السكري السودانيين مع تقدم وتطور DR، DN. كشفت هذه الدراسة التي أجريت على مريض اعتلال الشبكية السكري أن المرضى الذين يعانون من الأنماط الجينية GC سيكونون أكثر عرضة بنسبة 57.6 ٪ لتطوير DR. كانت نسبة التركيب الوراثي D / D (50.8٪) في مجموعة اعتلال الكلية السكري (DN) أعلى معنوياً مقارنة بمجموعتي NC و DC.
The Bio-physiological Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF- EMR) Emitted From Cellular Phone Towers on Young and Adult Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus).
(Al-Neelain University, 2019-05) Aisha Mohammed Osman Salih
The general objectives of the present study was to evaluate the security of living nearby cell phone towers which emit Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF EMR). Accordingly, experiments were designed to monitor radiation influence on vital glands regarding the basic metabolism and reproduction of animals. In vivo experiments were carried out in several axis concerned morphological effects, histological changes and physiological defects on the thyroid as well as fertility functions . Beside the target glands histology and functions, were as well concerning the effects on blood parameters. A total of 96 male and female wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four groups according to the sex and age. The rats were exposed to RF EMR emitted by cell tower base station in Khartoum State. The rats were further divided into 4 subgroups, as follow: G0: Control. G1: rats were exposed to 57nw/m2 RF EMR, G2: rats were exposed to 37nw/m2 RF EMR, G3: rats were exposed to10nw/m2 RFEMR for 8 weeks for young and4 weeks for adult. Considering the morphological effects, the skin showed hair loss in 83.3% of young male rats exposed to 57 n w/m² and 50% of young female rats exposed to 37 n w/m². The RF EMR exposure led to eye cataract in 16.67% of young male rats exposed to 57 n w/m², adult male rats exposed to 37 n w/m² and led to total damage of eye in 16.67% of adult female rats exposed to 37 n w/m² RF EMR. All groups of treated rats exhibited a retardation in growth of body weight in comparison with control. Histopathological examination of thyroid glands among groups of young and adult males and females rats exposed to RF EMR showed various changes. Most of thyroid follicles enlarged indicating hypothyroidism specially in the young and adult of both sexes exposed to 10nw/m2 RF EMR. In addition, they exhibited hyperplasia and vacuolization of some follicular cells. A Compact tumor was detected in the thyroid of one young male exposed to 57nw/m2 RF EMR. The gland vascularization characterized by blood dilated vessels the adult male and female rats exposed to RF EMR ranged from 10 n w/m2 to 57nw/m2. Walls of Some follicles disrupted and fused to neighboring follicles were confined to G2 of adult male exposed to37nw/m2. Severe necrosis of follicles observed in G1 of young females rats exposed to 57nw/m². Testes of adult and young male rats showed various changes and different stages of damages in both seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissues. These changes varied with force of the RF EMR and the age of the treated rats. The testes of young and adult male rats exposed to higher power of RF EMR (57nw/m2) showed that most of seminiferous tubules exhibited necrosis in the germinal epithelial cells of seminiferous tubules, degeneration of spermatogonia cells, shrinkage and empty tubules with oligo spermia or no sperms all led to polymorphism of seminiferous tubules. Testes capsules, as well, were became thick and fibrous and blood vesicle dilated .Similar changes were demonstrated in the testes of young rats exposed to 37nw/m2 RF EMR with additional damages such as deceleration of spermatogenesis and edema. Testes of adult male rats exposed to 37 n w/m² RF EMR showed beside edema and absent of sperm in the lumen of tubules, showed vacuolization of leyding cells, deformity and necrosis of spermatid cells. Testes of young male rats exposed even to 10 n w/m2 RF EMR were not safe of the above damages. The fibrosis of tunica albuginea and the interstitial tissues were accompanied with hemorrhages. Another histopathological effects to testes of rats exposed to RF-EMR range from 10 n w/m2 to 57nw/m2, were varicoceles in all exposed male groups which defined as abnormally dilated vein. Histopathological changes in the ovaries of both young and adult female rats that exposed to RF EMR emitted from cell phone in all groups exposed to RF EMR i.e. 57nw/m², 37nw/m² and 10 nw/m² powers concerned the reduction of in numbers of primary follicles in young female rats exposed to low and high power RF EMR but the fibrosis and destruction of interstitial stroma cells were detected in young female exposed to 57nw/m2 and in adult female exposed to10 nw/m2. Dilated blood vessels were in young and adult which exposed to 37nw/m2 and to 57nw/m2. Degenerating of corpora luteal cells was observed in of young and of adult females. The common histological change was ovarian luteal cysts. This was detected in young and adult female or only adult females varied due to the strength of the radiation. The results of hormones showed a significant increase of the mean TSH level and a significant decrease of the mean T4 and T3 levels in all groups of the young male and female rats exposed to RF EMR. However, the mean levels of TSH and T4and of adult male rats exposed to RF EMR showed non-significant increase level and significant increase in the mean levels of T3 when compared with control. In contrast, in adult female rats showed significant decrease of the mean serum level of TSH and a significant increase of the mean serum level of T3. Furthermore, the result of this study detected a significance fluctuation in the serum levels of PRL hormone in the different groups varied with sex and age as well as the power of RF- EMR. On the other hand, the present study showed there was a significant reduction in the mean level of FSH in all groups of young male and female rats exposed to RF- EMR than the control. LH concentration showed significant reduction in all groups of young male and adult female rats exposed to RF- EMR while a significance increase in the mean level of LH was detected in all groups of young female and adult male rats exposed to RF- EMR. The higher power of RF EMR revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) on the testes weight and semen reduction in all groups of young and adult male rats exposed to RF EMR. The result of hematological parameters of Wistar Albino rats which exposed to RF EMF revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) in all groups. In the current study, the blood smears in all groups of exposed rats to RF EMR showed various changes that occur in the shapes and sizes of red blood cells. All these above findings are threatening announce to the hazards magnitude of RF EMR which emitted from cell phone towers to organisms especially human living close to those towers.
biochemical and to xicological studies on aflatoxicasis ingoats
(Neelain University, 2007) ammar ismail mohammed ahmed
ABSTRACT A concise information on various mycotoxins with particular emphasis on the toxicity of aﬂatoxins in different species of animals and humans was presented. Evaluation of the possible toxicities of sodium selenite and Nigella sativa seed as well as their uses as hepatorenal protectives against aﬂatoxicosis and other diseases were also described. In the goats fed with diets containing aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb for 3 months, the liver was enlarged and pale yellow, the renal corticomedullary junction was congested with varying degrees of hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium. On microscopy, there was fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes and the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules, bile ductule proliferation, glomerular alterations and lymphocytic inﬁltration in portal tract, cardiac muscle ﬁbres and the intestinal lamina propria. Development of the lesions were accompanied by increases in the activities of senrm aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea. However, the concentrations of bilinrbin and calcium did not change, but those of phosphorus tended to decrease. Although no signiﬁcant changes in erythrocytic series were observed, the values of WBC were found to increase. The goats receiving daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite showed inappetence, diarrhea, salivation, dyspnoea and recumbency prior to death between days 1 and 13. In the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite, the signs of toxicity were less marked and death occurred between days I2 and 22. The main pathological changes were haemorrhages and congestion in the compound stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and catarrhal enteritis with erosions of the intestinal mucosa of ﬂie goats that had received sodium selenite at 20 mg/kg body weight. Pulmonary oedema and emphysema, hydroperitoneum, hydropericardium and severe renal damage were observed in the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite. In these goats, there were increases in the concentrations of serum triglycerides, cholesterol and decreases in the level of calcium prior to death. Leucopenia was observed in goats which had received oral doses 5mg/kg body weight /day. In the goats which had received daily oral doses of Nigella saliva seed at 20 or 5mg/kg body Weight/day for 60 days showed neither pathological changes nor alterations in haematology or serobiochemical parameters. - hr the goats fed the mixture of aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus sodium selenite at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes was reduced with no . evidence of bile duct hyperplasia. However, the renal lesions were persistent as indicated by serum urea elevation. No signiﬁcant changes in haematological values were observed. In the goats fed the mixture of aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus N. sativa seed at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, the liver showed varying degrees of fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes but neither bile duct hyperplasia nor portal ﬁbroplasia was observed. The renal lesions persisted but the activity of serum AST and concentrations of total protein and bilirubin did not change. The concentration of calcium tended to increase and that of phosphorus tended to decrease. The haematological values of RBC and PCV and those of WBC were increased. In the goats receiving daily oral doses of the mixture of sodium selenite plus N. sativa seed (2mg/kg +2mg/kg body weight) showed no clinical manifestations, pathological or haematological changes. Mild nephrotoxicity was observed when compared with that associated with dosing with 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite.
bIOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOG ICAL STUDIES ON AFTATOXICOSIS IN GOATS
(Neelain University, 2007) ammar asmail mohammed ahmed
ABSTRACT A concise information on various mycotoxins with particular emphasis on the toxicity of aﬂatoxins in different species of animals and humans was presented. Evaluation of the possible toxicities of sodium selenite and Nigella sativa seed as well as their uses as hepatorenal protectives against aﬁatoxicosis and other diseases were also described. In the goats fed with diets containing aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 23Oppb for 3 months, the liver was enlarged and pale yellow, the renal corticomedullary junction was congested with varying degrees of hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium. On microscopy, there was fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes and the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules, bile ductule proliferation, glomerular alterations and lymphocytic inﬁltration in portal tract, cardiac muscle ﬁbres and the intestinal lamina propria. Development of the lesions were accompanied by increases in the activities of serum aspartate arninotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea. However, the concentrations of bilirubin and calcium did not change, but those of phosphorus tended to decrease. Although no signiﬁcant changes in erythrocytic series were observed, the values of WBC were found to increase. The goats receiving daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite showed inappetence, diarrhea, salivation, dyspnoea and recumbency prior to death between days I and I3. In the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite, the signs of toxicity were less marked and death occurred between days I2 and 22. The main pathological changes were haemorrhages and congestion in the compound stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and catarrhal enteritis with erosions of the intestinal mucosa of the goats that had received sodium selenite at 20 mg/kg body weight. Pulmonary oedema and emphysema, hydroperitoneum, hydropericardium and severe renal damage were observed in the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite. In these goats, there were increases in the concentrations of serum triglycerides, cholesterol and decreases in the level of calcium prior to death. Leucopenia was observed in goats which had received oral doses 5mg/kg body weight /day. In the goats which had received daily oral doses of Nigella sativa seed at 20 or 5mg/kg body weight/day for 60 days showed neither pathological changes nor alterations in haematology or serobiochemical parameters. In the goats fed the mixture of aﬁatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus sodium selenite at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes was reduced with no evidence of bile duct hyperplasia. However, the renal lesions were persistent as indicated by serum urea elevation. No signiﬁcant changes in haematological values were observed. In the goats fed the mixture of aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus N. sativa seed at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, the liver showed varying degrees of fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes but neither bile duct hyperplasia nor portal ﬁbroplasia was observed. The renal lesions persisted but the activity of serum AST and concentrations of total protein and bilimbin did not change. The concentration of calcium tended to increase and that of phosphorus tended to decrease. The haematological values of RBC and PCV and those of WBC were increased. In the goats receiving daily oral doses of the mixture of sodium selenite plus N. sativa seed (2mg/kg +2mg/kg body weight) showed no clinical manifestations, pathological or haematological changes. Mild nephrotoxicity was observed when compared with that associated with dosing with 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite.
Biological Activities and Chemical Constituents of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Used in Sudanese Ethnomedicine
(Al-Neelain University, 2021-02) Ahmed Abdelhafiz Elshikh Abdallah
ABSTRACT In this study, the activity of ethanolic extracts of nine Sudanese plants were detected namely (Abutilon pannosum, Acacia ehrenbergina, Cassia occidentalis, Geigeria alata, Glinus lotoides, Polygonum glabrum, Rhynchosia minima var. memnonia, Sonchus cornatus and Sonchus oleraceus) as antimicrobial, anti-gardial and antioxidant. In-vitro toxicity was determined using brine shrimp and normal cells line (MTT), and in-vivo acute toxicity was determined using wister rats. The chemical content of these plants was also detected using chromatographic separation methods (TLC and GC/MS). The results showed good activity of ethanolic extracts of Acacia ehrenbergina, Geigeria alata, Glinus lotoides, Polygonum glabrum and Sonchus cornatus as antimicrobial. Ethanolic extracts of the studied plants were found to have good anti-gardia activity. In addition, the highest antioxidant activity was found for crude extract of Polygonum glabrum, followed by Acacia ehrenbergina, Geigeria alata, Sonchus oleraceus, Sonchus cornatus, Cassia occidentalis, Glinus lotoides respectively. In-vitro toxicity using brine shrimp also showed that all plants are toxic except Sonchus cornatus and Sonchus oleraceus. Whereas, in-vitro toxicity using MTT assay on normal cells line showed that all plants studied were not toxic. The study revealed that ethanolic extracts of plants found to have high biological activity such as (Acacia ehrenbergina, Geigeria alata, Glinus lotoides, Polygonum glabrum, Sonchus cornatus) other wise they have no toxic effects on wister rats in various parameters such as (hematological, biochemical and histological), but there are signs of toxicity in dose 2000 mg / kg on histological parameter. The chemical conistutents of ethanolic extracts of studied plants was performed by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography mass-spectrophotometer (GCMS), it was revealed that there are compounds that are biologically active and not toxic. In conclusion, studying the effect of elicitation on biosynthesis and accumulation of many types of plant secondary metabolites inin vitro would be of immense importance for pharmacological, cosmetic and agronomic industries. Extracts of Acacia ehrenbergina, Geigeria alata, Glinus lotoides, Polygonum glabrum and Sonchus cornatus could be included in nutraceutical formulations where it could provide valuable protection against oxidation and inflammatory diseases. المستخلص في هذه الدراسة تم الكشف عن نشاط المستخلصات الإيثانولية لتسعة نباتات سودانية هي (القرقدان Abutilon pannosum، السلم Acacia ehrenbergina، سم الدبيب Cassia occidentalis، القدقات Geigeria alata، ربعة البحر Glinus lotoides، التمساحية Polygonum glabrum، الآضنة Rhynchosia minima var. memnonia، موليتا ملوط Sonchus cornatus، موليتا بلدي Sonchus oleraceus) ضد الميكروبات وطفيل القارديا والأكسدة، كما تم تقدير السمية معملياً باستخدام يرقات الجمبري والخلايا الطبيعية بالاضافة الي تقدير السمية الحادة بإستخدام فيران التجاربب، أيضا تم الكشف عن المحتوي الكيميائي لهذه النباتات بإستخدام طرق الفصل الكروماتوغرافي (TLC و GCMS). أظهرت النتائج نشاط جيد للمستخلصات الإيثانولية للسلم، القدقات، ربعة البحر، التمساحية والموليتا ملوط كمضاد للميكروبات. كما وجد المستخلصات الإيثانولية للنباتات المدروسة لها نشاط جيد ضد طفيل القارديا. أيضا وجد أن أعلي نشاط مضاد للأكسدة كان للمستخلص الخام لنبات التمساحية Polygonum glabrum ، يليه نبات السلم Acacia ehrenbergina، و القدقات Geigeria alata، موليتا بلدي Sonchus oleraceus، موليتا ملوط Sonchus cornatus، سم الدبيب Cassia occidentalis، ربعة البحر Glinus lotoides، كما أظهرت السمية المعملية بإستخدام brine shrimp أن جميع النباتات سامة ما عدا نباتي الموليتا ملوط Sonchus cornatus والموليتا بلدي Sonchus oleraceus، في حين ان السمية المعملية بإستخدام طريقة MTT علي الخلايا الطبيعية أوضحت أن جميع النباتات المدروسة ليست سامة. كشفت الدراسة أن المستخلصات الإيثانولية للنباتات التي وجدت لها فاعلية بيولوجية عالية مثل السلم Acacia ehrenbergina، القدقات Geigeria alata، ربعة البحر Glinus lotoides، التمساحية Polygonum glabrum، موليتا ملوط Sonchus cornatus ليست لها أثار سمية علي فئران التجارب في العوامل المختلفة مثل (الهيماتولوجي، والكيمياء السريرية والأنسجة) ولكن هناك علامات سمية في الجرعة 2000ملغ/كجم علي الانسجة، عند الكشف علي المحتوي الكيميائي للمستخلصات الإيثانولية للنباتات بإستخدام كروماتوجرافيا الطبقة الرقيقة وكروماتوجرافيا الغاز أوضح عن وجود مركبات لها فاعلية بيولوجية وليست لها سمية. في الختام وبناءً على ماعرض من نتائج الدراسة فإن هنالك العديد من منتجات الآيض الثانوية في النباتات تحت الدراسة مثل نبات السلم Acacia ehrenbergina، القدقات Geigeria alata، ربعة البحر Glinus lotoides، التمساحية Polygonum glabrum، موليتا ملوط Sonchus cornatus. هذه المركبات ذات الفعالية البيولوجية تعتبرمن الأهمية بمكان في مجال صناعة العقاقير الصيدلانية ومواد التجميل والمنتجات الزراعية. حيث يمكن تقديم مستخلصاتها كمواد أولية لتحضير تشكيلات مختلفة من العقاقير الصيدلانية كمضادات للأكسدة وللإلتهابات.
Boundary Element Method For Porous Media Flow
(Neelain University, 2005) Azhari Ahmed Abdalla
ABSTRACT The focus point of this study is to develop BEM formulation to overcome the difﬁculties caused by nonlinearity and heterogeneity in the solution of partial differential equations governing the porous media ﬂow .This dissertation consist of two major parts ,theory of BEM , and applications of BEM to two important ﬁelds of porous media ,water ﬂow in aquifers and oil ﬂow in resen/oirs. The contribution done in the theory sections is mainly a mathematical derivation of the standard boundary element method for Laplace's equation and the step by step formulation to the BEM , starting from its correspondence differential equation ,beside the developed form of BEM based on GEM and DRBEM that has presented. to handle both heterogeneous and nonlinearity. in the applications section a novel boundary integral solution was applied for determining : (1) Water table elevation in an unconﬁned homogeneous aquifer subjected to recharge and dewatering from a stream as well as ﬂuctuations induced by constant and continuous recharge in a two stream unconﬁned-aquifer system. (2) Changes in water table exposed to a transient boundary condition and space- dependent recharge. This technique was compared with the closed form solution obtained in [111] and excellent results were obtained. (3) Characteristics of the ﬂow through heterogeneous unsaturated porous aquifer . (4) Solution of reservoir engineering problems. This work adapted the most recent developments in boundary element methods to reservoir engineering problems. The transient pressure (diffusion) and convection- diffusion equations were solved in heterogeneous media using the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method (DRBEM) and the Green Element Method (GEM). Numerical experiments showed that DRBEM is more accurate than a standard ﬁnite difference memod. However like ﬁnite difference methods, DRBEM is subject to spurious oscillation at high Peclet numbers. DRBEM also requires the solution of a dense system of equations. GEM, which is a hybrid boundary eiementlﬁnite element method, overcomes these disadvantages. The method was found to produce very accurate solutions to convection-diffusion problems and only shows small oscillations in the solution at very high Peclet numbers. A further important advantage is the sparse nature of the matrix system. GEM is also amenable to solving transient nonlinear problems, which makes it the basis for a new technique for multiphase ﬂow simulation. This work explores the advantages of a hybrid boundary element method known as the Green element method for modeling pressure transient tests. Boundary element methods are a natural choice for the problem because they are based on Green's functions, which are an established part of well test analysis. The classical boundary element method is limited to single phase ﬂow in homogeneous media. This works presents formulations which give computationally efﬁclent means to handle heterogeneity. Comparisons of the proposed Green element approach to standard ﬂnite difference simulation show that both methods are able to model the pressure change in the well over time. When pressure derivative is considered however the ﬁnite difference method produces very poor results which would give misleading interpretations. The Green element method in conjunction with singularity programming reproduces the derivative curve very accurately. Boundary element method was applied for solving Stokes ﬂow equations on multl particle system. Also, the method is modiﬁed for estimating flow parameters for a speciﬁed porous media. A new method for the solution of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations was presented . lll
Calculation of Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Alkaline Earth Halides CaF2, BaF2 and SrF2 Using Quantum Espresso and Yambo Codes
(Al-Neelain University, 2019-08) Gamar Alanbia Bilal Mansour Hassan
Abstract The naturally occurring calcium fluorides and the potential uses in optical devices in a wide range of spectrum beside the high output technological applications for barium fluorides and strontium fluorides, due to all of these alkaline-earth fluorides have been the subject of several experimental and theoretical studies in recent decades. A first principle calculations within the Density Functional frame work with the plane wave basis set as implemented in the Quantum Espresso code was carried out in this work, the interactions between atomic cores and electrons were described using non-relativistic norm-conserving pseudo-potentials with non-linear correction and with semi-core electrons. The electronic structure, the band structure, and density of states in the ground state of the three bulk compounds CaF2, BaF2 and SrF2 were investigated respectively. The band gaps values of CaF2 and BaF2 are 7.6 eV and 7.4 eV respectively which are lower than the experimental values and that may due to the choices of GGA pseudo potentials. On the other hand good agreement was found with the available experimental result for the SrF2 band gap which is 9.6 eV compared with 9.7 eV. For the exited states - to the best of our knowledge for the first time- solving the Bethe Salpeter equation that yields the excitation energies, the excited state wave functions and the optical absorption spectra. A special methodology was carried out starting with the dielectric constant (!) for the estimation of the following optical parameters : optical conductivity, refractive index in addition to extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, energy loss function and reflectivity of the three compounds CaF2, BaF2 and SrF2, respectively were computed using norm-conserved pseudo-potentials as implemented in the Yambo code. i مستخلص تعتبر فلوريدات الكالسيوم والتي توجد بشكل طبيعي ذات استخدامات محتملة في الاجهزة والمكونات الضوئية والبصرية لمدى واسع من الطيف، اضافة الى التطبيقات التكنولوجية عالية الانتاج لفلوريدات الباريوم وفلوريدات السترانشيوم ونسبة لكل هذا وذاك كانت هاليدات القلويات الارضية موضوعا للعديد من الدراسات النظرية والتجريبية في العقود الاخيرة. في هذه الدراسة تم اجراء الحسابات من المبادئ الاولية باستخدام نظرية الكثافة الوظيفية باستخدام الموجات المستوية المضمنة في برنامج كوانتوم اسبرسو، وتم توصيف التفاعلات بين النوى الذرية والاليكترونات باستخدام الجهد الفعال مع تصحيح لاخطي للاليكترونات القريبة من نواة الذرة. لقد تم التحقق من البنية الاليكترونية وتركيب الحزم وكثافة الاحتمال في الحالة الارضية المستقرة للثلاث مركبات لفلوريد الكالسيوم وفلوريد الباريوم بالاضافة الى فلوريد السترانشيوم على الترتيب. ان قيم فجوة الطاقة لمركبات فلوريد الكالسيوم وفلوريد الباريوم كانت 7.6 الكترون فولت 7.4 الكترون فولت على التتالي وهي أقل من القيمة التجريبية وذلك نسبة لاختيار الجهود الفعالة من نوع GGA ومن ناحية أخرى هنالك اتفاق جيد مع القيمة التجريبية لفجوة الطاقة لمركب السترانشيوم فلورايد والتي كانت 9.6 اليكترون فولت مقارنة مع 9.7 اليكترون فولت للقيمة التجريبية. وعلى حد علمنا للمرة الاولى وباستعمال حل معادلة بيت سالبيتر التي تنتج طاقات الاثارة وتحسب دالة الموجة لها، واستعمال طريقة معينة ابتداءا من قيمة دالة ثابت العزل ابسلون (اوميغا) تم حساب وايجاد أطياف الامتصاص والخواص الضوئية التالية: الموصلية الضوئية ومعامل الانكسار بالاضافة الى معامل الاختصار ومعامل الامتصاص ودالة فقد الطاقة والانعكاسية للمركبات الثلاثة باستخدام برنامج يامبو.
CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS OF ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KHARTOUM STATE, SUDAN
(Al-Neelain University, 2018-11) Awadia Gibreel AbuOsman Abbas
In recent years, waste of electrical and electronic equipment, also referred to as WEEE or E-waste, has become a relevant field of analysis amongst several discipline and research contexts. This is due to the very specific nature of this waste component, which contains hazardous substances (70%) as well as valuable materials. Moreover, the E-waste is the fastest rising waste stream, (<5% of MSW) and this trend is expected to continue according to the quality and quantity of hi-tech products consumption. Such multifaceted characterization makes the e-waste question a very challenging topic on the political, social and environmental levels. The general research aim of this study is to draw insights about the disposal of e-waste by households in Khartoum State, Sudan. The results of this study are expected to help policy makers to adopt and develop an effective E-waste management system and to raise the population awareness regarding E-waste impacts on the environment. The present study was carried out using the survey method. An appropriate questionnaire was formulated to assess the current status of E-waste management and the amount of E-waste generated, was estimated according to “Consumption and Use" method. The data collected was statistically analyzed using SPPS version18.0 PASW. The total number of electronic items surveyed during this work was 18,927. According to the average weight of the equipment, the overall quantity of the selected EEE was 18,215 metric tons/year equivalents to 2.3kg per capita per year. Based on this study there is not an integrated system for proper E-waste management in Khartoum State, (collection, segregation, storage, transport and disposal). Instead E-waste is disposed with other municipal wastes. Householders purchase new or 2nd hand appliances which were disposed at the end of their lifetime, stored within the houses, sold to scrap dealers, burnt or recycled. The questionnaire analyses indicated that the majority of the respondents (77%) were aware of the environmental problems created by e-waste. Many recommendations were put forward to improve management of E-waste in Khartoum State.
Characterization of Genetic Mutations ofEarly-onset TypeIIDiabetes in Sudanese Families
(Neelain University, 2018) Abdalsadeg Abdalazeem Osman
Abstract Background:Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is an autosomal dominant form of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), it is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ß-cells dysfunction, and usually referred to monogenic forms of diabetes mellitus to distinguish them from the common types of disease such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and nature of mutations in (GCK, HNF1-α,HNF4-α) gene among Sudanese families Methods: Blood samples were collected from 80 diabetic families with features of MODY, and 80 healthy individual. Age, sex, weight, and height were recorded. Biochemical profiles of blood glucose level, HbA1c and C-peptide were estimated. After DNA extraction, DNA fragment were amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) for mutations in the glucokinase gene missense mutations at position Thr228Ala in exon 7, mutations in the HNF1-α gene missense mutations at position Ala98Val in exon 1 and mutations in the HNF4-α gene missense mutations at position Thr130Ile in exon 4. Results: Mutations were investigated in all family member and controls by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Mutation was not detected in all participants, while other two SNPs missense (I27L) and synonymous (L17L) were detect in HNF1-α.and a novel synonymous in GCK and HNF1-αby DNA sequencing. Conclusion: This study indicates that the SNP mutations Ala98Val ,T228A and T130I, were not detected in Sudanese families , the study report the presence of I27L SNP in HNF-1α, for the first time in Sudan. L17L synonymous mutation of HNF-1α was detected in this study and A novel synonymous mutation (C>T) of GCK gene was detected in exon 7 المستخلص الخلفية : داء السكرى فى مرحلة النضج عند الشباب (MODY) هو شكل جسمية قاتمة من داء السكرى غير المعتمد على الانسولين (NIDDM) وهى مجموعة غير متجانسة من الاضطرابات تتميز بالخلل فى خلايابيتا (ß) وعادة مايشار اليها باشكال احادية المنشاء من داء السكرى لتمييزها عن الانواع الشائعة من المرض مثل النوع الاول او داء السكرى من النوع الثانى.ان الهدف من هذف من الدراسة هو دراسة مدى انتشار وطبيعة الطفرات فى جينات (GCK, HNF1-α,HNF4-α) بين العائلات السودانية. الطريقة : تم تجميع عينات الدم من 80 عائلة مصابة بداء السكرى مع ملامح MODY , و 80 شخص سليم . العمر ,الجنس, الوزن والطول تم تسجيلها . تم تقدير الملامح الكيميائية الحيوية لمستوى الجلكوز فى الدم HbA1c, والسى ببتيد . بعد استخراج الحمض النووى , تم تضخيم شظية الحامض النووى باستخدام تفاعل البوليميراز المتسلسل PCR وتقييد شظية الظول RFLP للطفرات فى طفرات جين الغلوكوكيناز المميتة فى موضع Thr228Ala فى الاكزون السابع والطفرات فى طفرات HNF1-α للمورثات فى موضع Ala98Val فى الاكسون الاول والطفرات فى طفرة HNF4-α فى موقف Thr130Ile النتيجة: تم فحص التحورات في جميع أفراد العائلة والضوابط باستخدام تفاعل بوليمريز المتسلسل (PCR) وتقييد طول القطع (RFLP). لم يتم اكتشاف طفرة في جميع المشاركين ، في حين تم الكشف عن اثنين آخرين من SNPs missense (I27L) والمرادفان (L17L) في HNF1-α ورواية متلازمة في GCK و HNF1-α بواسطة تسلسل الحمض النووي. الخلاصة: تشير هذه الدراسة إلى أن طفرات SNP Ala98Val ، T228A و T130I ، لم يتم اكتشافها في العائلات السودانية ، فقد أشارت الدراسة إلى وجود I27L SNP في HNF-1α ، لأول مرة في السودان. تم اكتشاف الطفرة المتزامنة L17L لـ HNF-1α في هذه الدراسة وتم اكتشاف طفرة مترادفة جديدة (C> T) لجينالغلوكوكينازفيالاكزون السابع
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Monechma ciliatum (J acq.) Milne-Redhead Stem
(Al Neelain University, 2007-08) Sawsan-Bushra Hassan Osman
Monechma ciliatum (Jacq.) Milne-Redhead is an annual plant of the Acanthaceae family and locally known as "black mahlab" growing in some African and Asian countries. It was chosen for this study becauseiof its uses as an old remedy and cosmetic agent in Sudanese folk medicine. In Gibal Alnuba (Southern Kurdofan) it is used for treatment of vomiting and diarrhea in children and further used in traditional Sudanese fragrances, lotion and cosmetics in wedding and childbirth rituals and ceremonies. Phytochemical screening was "carried out seperately on petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extracts of the plant stem which revealed the presence of fatty acids, volatile oils, sterols and triterpenes, basic alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, ﬂavone aglycone, emodols, tannins, polyuronides, alkaloid salts, reducing compounds and saponins. Antimicrobial screening of the three extracts showed that the petroleum ether and the methanolic extracts were the most active and further were subjected to column chromatographic ﬁactionation and monitoring of their antibacterial activity H The petroleum ether extract was investigated by GC-MS technique and resulted in identiﬁcation of 60.52% of the extract as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, ﬁ'ee acids and esters of acyclic, alicyclic or aromatic nature as well as lignans. It was proposed that the activity may well be due to the high content of sterols (~ 30%) and phthalic acid esters (5.25%). The active column ﬁactions F4 and F5 of theimethanolic extract were further investigated by analytical and preparative TLC and aiforded seven compounds which were identiﬁed and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Three compounds were not previously described in the literature namely: ‘ F4-I characterized as: 4-(3',4'- methylenedioxy-6‘-methoxyphenyl)-5,6- methylenedioxy-2,3-naphthalide. F5-I characterized as: Tetrahydro-1-acetoxy-4-(3',4‘,5'-trimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-naphthalide. F5-IV characterized as: 8-(4,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-8'-(4‘,5'- dimethoxybenzyl)-7'-hydroxy-Y-butyrolactone. The other four known compounds were identiﬁed as: F4-II: B-Sitosteryl glucoside. ' F4-III: Mearnsetin. F5-II: Tetrahydro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -4- [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) methyl]-3-furanomethanol. F5-IH: Magnolin. Compound F6-I has been isolated ﬁ'om column fraction F6 and identiﬁed as sucrose by comparison of its MS and Nl\/[R-spectra with those of authentic samples. It is noteworthy that the stem of M. ciliatum was not previously investigated and the results of chemical composition of the petroleum ether and methanol extracts were reported for the ﬁrst time in the present thesis.