PHD theses : Science

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WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT RED SEA STAT
(Neelain University, 2002) ABDALLA ELTOM MOHAMED ELSHEIKH
ABSTRACT This Ph.D. thesis integrates geological. remote sensing. geophysical, climatological and hydrogeological studies, to investigate the hydrogeological situation in the central Red Sea State. This area is considered to be one ofthe most gro\ving areas in Sudan, in which the two main ports ol“Sudan are situated. Port- Sudan and Sawakin. The geological studies are concerned with the rock types, of both basement and sedimentary origin, and their related structures such as faults, fractures and joints which affect the amount and quality ofground\vater. The geological studies. done by use feld measurements, rock sample analysis and mapping. For remote sensing studies the land-sat TM and MSS were used to detect target areas for \vater exploitation projects. by determining the geological setting, topographical features and drainage pattern. lt is evident that these integrated study techniques are useful reconnaissance method for \vater resources studies. The geophysical investigation method applied in this study is the electromagnetic method (EM). which gave good results in determining sediments thickness and the basement conliguration at the target areas. including the Lower, Middle and Upper Gates of Khor Arbaat and at the proposed dam sides at Khor Mog and Khor Salalab. The climatological and hydrological studies included the collection ofdata on elements. precipitation, evaporation, humidity. temperature and stream runoff, which effect the \vater budget. From these studies the total annual precipitation in the study area is found to be ofabout 900 million cubic metres. where the average annual precipitation in the study area is about I20 mm. Most ofthis amount of \vater lost by evaporation which is calculated in average to be of M00 mm/year. Other loss ofthis amount of \vater is found to be due to surface runoff. the groundwater storage in fractures and weathering zones or in Alluvial sediments. ' The hydrogcological studies were done only in the Alluvial sediments ofthe Khor due to the lack ofthe boreholes in the other lithological units for pumping test. The variation in hydraulic conductivity and storage capacity is due to the heterogeneity ofscdiment types, which is range from 2.60xl0'3 m/s to 2.35xl0'1 m/s in Khor Arbaat, from 6.52xl0'4 m/s to 3.06.\l0" m/s in Khor Saloum and ofabout 2.70xlO'3 m/s in average in the Coastal Area. The water level ﬂuctuated due to the recharge and discharge in the basin, the water table rises during the summer and winter rains in the study area, \vhere it reached the lo\vest value in the dry period during June and .luly. The storage capacity of Khor Arbaat calculated to be of about 22 million cubic meters, the annual recharge by the flood is ofabout l2 million cubic meters. The groundwater recharge as underground ﬂow at the Upper-Gate is of about 365 x103 m3/year. The total annual discharge as underground ﬂow at the Lower-Gate is 455xl03m]/year. the discharge due to pumping from Khor Arbaat basin ofabout 4.5x IO“ m3/year in average. The total needs for potable water estimated by Water Authority at Port- Sudan to\vn is 60.000 mi/day. The available water supply is 30.000 ma/day from Khor Arbaat (l5.000 ml/day from surface-\vater and 15.000 m3/day from groundwater). Additional \vater supply can be possible: where of about 30,000 m3/day can pump liom the groundwater resources in Khor Arbaat instead of l5.000 ,/_ m3/day. Of about 30.000 m3/day can pump from Khor Saloum in case that the groundwater resources 01' Khor Saloum used only lbr domestic purposes. By surface- water harvesting can safe considerable a mount of potable \vater for human needs. using local l-laﬁrs and earth dams. From the \vater chemistry the ions of Na“, Cl", SO4'2 are the dominant ions. The amount of these ions in water and the total salinity increases toward the Sea. which indicate the mixing of Sea water at the coastal area. From the rock geochemical analysis recognised that the source of salinity is mainly due to the transportation ol'chemical ions by the \vind from the Sea Coast to the recharge areas, and not due to the rock weathering in the drainage basins. ' . According, to the TDS values in water, water resources can be classiﬁed in to ls‘. Class water type of TDS< 1000 ppm. Used as drinking water, 2"“ Class water type ofTDS value from I000 to I500 ppm. use for agricultural purposes and 3'“ Class water type of TDS > I500 ppm. use for other purposes such as ﬂushing. cooling. etc.
structural &spectroscopic stuoies on antenna protein complexes sing atomic force &laser scanning microscop
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2003) Elsiddiq Tawer Kafi Aburass
ABSTRACT ln this work we studied mainly the structure and liunctionality of aggregated antenna molecules of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Our goal was to understand some of thc nicchtinism ul'solar Hltllilllﬂll cimvcisiuii in the hiulugical systciils. lllc iicccssity ol'l|tc work arises from the vital importance of the photosynthetic phenomena for lite on the earth to occur and continue, and the essential role which the antenna complexes play in this process. State-of the-art technology in the tield of microscopy was used for this goal. Atomic force and laser scanning microscopes were used as main tools in this work. Methods for crystallizing the LH2 protein complex were developed, and the ring structure olithis antenna complex was resolved to nano-metcr scale. lilectric conductivity ot' the Lll2 was studied with Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS). With One-Photon Excitation (OPE) technique the dipole strength of the energy transfer between adjacent Ll'l2’s in the inter-molecular spaces was postulated, and the kinetics ofthe energy was modeled in the intra-molecular spaces for the B850 group. A model suggesting the existence of a metastable state, and traps of excitations within the system is postulated. Two-l’l1oton Excitation (TPE) technique was successfully applied to chloroplasts. The 3D structure ofsingle intact chloroplast complexes was obtainable with good contrast. m
Methods of Estimating Weibull Model Using Breast Cancer Patients Life Time ‘. .
(Neelain University, 2003) Abdalla Abdelrahm an Abdalla
The data for this study is derived from cancer registry in Survillance Epidemiolgy and End Results (SEER) for 1582 women diagnosed with breast cancer in the year 1992 at age 50-54 . Mortality among these women to the time since diagnosis and to the stage of the diseases at diagnosis were related . The study period ,extending through 7 years is divided into seven one year periods and for each stage we examine the relationship of stages among breast cancer patients to the seven years survival time and we conclude that breast cancer patients placed in stage four are consistent with the seven years sun/ival time .So ﬁ"om SEER we obtained data for 240 women diagnosed with breast cancer and are placed in stage four at age 50-54 . We relate mortality among these women to the time since diagnosis and to the years of diagnosis 1988, 1989,l990,l991,1992. The Webiull distribution has received much attention in recent years ,specially as a model of lifetimes in survival theory.The relationship of stage four among breast cancer patients is examined using the Weibull distribution it is observed that distribution of survival can be represented by Weibull curve for all ﬁve years of diagnosis and the observed data is very similar to the expected data drawn from Weibull distribution. The study is concerned with methods of estimating parameters of the Weibull distribution .The ordinary Least Squares , the method Mo1nent,the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods were were used to estimate the parameters using stage four of the data .It difﬁcult using analytic methods to have an idea of the properties of the four estimators ,as we have one sample size. So the technique of simulation was used to obtain various samples] size.. Total deviation ,mean square error, bias from the real median survival time and bias from the real mean lifetime of each estimator were obtained, for the purpose of comparing methods of estimation. ' The results obtained were some-what expected and estimates easily interpreted .The Least square method and the Bayesian method a
SYNTHESIS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF BRANCHED CHAIN ALKYLGLYCOSIDES
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004) HIND HASSAN ABDALLA HASHIM
ABSTRACT Twenty branched chain alkylglycosides and their peracetylated derivatives have been synthesised and their structures elucidated and characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (‘H and UC), infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The head groups of these glycolipids are either B-glucose or B-maltose, while their tails are derived from branched chain alcohols (Guerbet alcohols) having 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 carbon atoms. Their thermotropic phase behaviour is investigated using optical polarising microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and small angle X- ray scattering. The glucoside compounds with shorter tails of 8 and 12 carbon atoms exhibit a smectic A phase only while the glucosides with longer tails of 16, 20 and 24 carbon atoms exhibit a columnar phase only. The smectic A phase is also exhibited by maltosides with 8, 12 and 16 carbon atoms in their tails. Thermotropic polymorphism (smectic A phase, cubic phase, and columnar phase) is observed for maltosides with longer tails of 20 and 24 carbon atoms. Moreover, the maltoside with 20 carbon atoms in its tail shows also two bicontinuous cubic phases (Im3m and Pn3m), a rare observation among a lkylglycoside c ompounds. A comparison 0 f the therrnotropic phase behaviour between the branched and straight chain alkylglycosides has been carried out. Compared to the straight chain alkylglycosides, the branched chain alkylglycosides have lower melting temperatures and a wider variety of liquid crystal phases. Lyotropic phase behaviour investigation by contact penetration with water shows a variety of phases for these glycolipids. All glucosides with 8, 12 and 16 carbon atoms in their tails exhibit micellar solution and ﬂuid lamellar while those with 20 and 24 carbon atoms in their tails exhibit myelin texture. Maltoside compound that has the shortest tail shows lyotropic polymorphism behaviour (micellar solution, normal hexagonal, normal bicontinuous cubic and ﬂuid lamellar phase). Maltosides with 12, 16, 20 and 24 carbon atoms in their tails exhibit (micellar solution and ﬂuid lamellar), ﬂuid lamellar, (ﬂuid lamellar and myelin) and myelin texture, respectively. The phase behaﬁour of mixture systems have also been studied for maltoside compounds and explained qualitatively.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND SOIL STABILIZATION OF WESTERN SAUDI SABKHA SOILS
(Neelain University, 2004) MAHMOOD MOHAMED GHAZAL
Sabkha is one of the most problematic soils along the western and eastem coasts of Saudi Arabia. Problems such as corrosion of reinforcing steel, deterioration and disintegration of concrete, low soil strength which is further reduced by wetting and some other problems associated with highways have been noticed in some locations of sabkha terrains. Therefore, it became necessary to investigate the hazards of sabkha soil and to assess the best ways and means for its improvement. -. A site reconnaissance study was conducted along the western coast of Saudi Arabia. Three diiferent types of sabkha, namely Al-Thunaib, Al-Rayyis, and Al- Qunfudhah (in the vicinity of Rabigh, Yanbu and Al-Qunfudhah cities, respectively) were selected to have clayey, sandy and silty soil types, respectively, and to represent the sabkhas in the westem region of Saudi Arabia. These three sabkhas were geomorphologically and engineering geologically investigated and mapped. The mineralogical composition of their bulk soil samples and clay ﬁactions were identiﬁed by X-Ray diﬁ'raction method. The sabkha brines were chemically analyzed for their major and minor ionic constituents, electrical conductivity and the pH values. In addition, subsurface geological cross-sections, contour maps showing the variation of the groundwater table and the distribution of the prevailing ions in the sabkha brines were drawn. The potential geological hazards of the sabkha were described by considering the effect of salt concentration, depth to groundwater table and soil type on the engineering behavior of the sabkha soil. Three hazardous grade maps were prepared for the three sabkhas delineating the distribution of hazardous zones within the studied areas. _ The three types of sabkha were subjected to a soil stabilization program using Portland cement, hydrated lime and a natural pozzolan. As expected, the natural pozzolan did not improve neither soil strength nor consistency. However, Portland cement was the best stabilizer for sabkha soil improvement, while the hydrated lime gave good results only with clayey soil of Sabkhat Al-Thunaib.
COASTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND PILLING FOUNDATION DESIGN, AREA BETWEEN PORT — SUDAN AND SAUKIN RED SEA, SUDAN
(Neelain University, 2005) OMAR ATTAJ OMAR AL-INIAM
ABSTRACT A combination studies had been done to put the area under investigation in focus for the future population pressure and economical development activities in engineering planning view. All the data was processed by Rock Ware 2002 , 2004 and Auto Cad in 2D, 3D models. This study including very important informations about the area such as geomorphologic features, hydrological process and marine conditions. The geological setting shows different geological environments such as sabkhas, salt marshes and transitional zone between land and marine environments. Coral reef, shoreline conﬁguration and continental shelf were studying from a geological point of view included onshore sites. Stratigraphically, Port-Sudan region consist of four layers, Dama Dama two layers and Saukin characterized by unhomogenatic stratigraphical fonnation. Two facies forming the stratigraphy sequences on the continental shelf which are residual soil and coral reef limestone. The later one was classiﬁed in all sites by weathering grade. The study shows that the area is rich in raw building materials which characterized by good chemical, physical and geotechnical speciﬁcations. Sand, gravel, building stones and carbonate limestone were tested for grain size distribution, densities, Califomia bearing capacity, aggregate test, crushing value, impact value, point load and unconﬁned compressive strength. The geochemical analysis of subsurface soils and intruded sea water covered all the hazardous cations and anions and clariﬁed the interaction between them. The geophysical (resistivity) results from ll VESES along the shoreline conﬁnned the stratiﬁcation of continental shelf in both, facies and weathering grade. The combination results of resistivity and SPT (N- value) show sinkholes ﬁlled by saturated loose sediments appeared as lenses in sections and models. The environmental geotechnical aspects (sabkha soils) in such arid and semi arid climate factors have direct affect on buildings and buildings foundation. These results with subsurface geochemical analysis of soils and water give a good idea about weathering and depositioning modeling in the area. According to the geotechnical parameters and other results the hazard map of the area was designed and showing the distribution of hazard factors on shore and nearshore zones. The physical properties of the coral reefs were determined including particle size distribution. However, moisture content, speciﬁc gravity, saturation degree, void ratio and consistency limits were measured. Also compressibility coefﬁcient and deformation degree were evaluated. The standard penetration test and overburden pressure values were used to determine bearing capacities of the coral reef. A correlation between SPT and CPT was computed and their results are approximately similar in Dama Dama site where the two equipments were used. According to this study two techniques of foimdation design were adopted. The maximum settlement of foundation on shoreline is llcm whereas; in nearshore the settlement is 8.0cm.
Geology, Characteristics and Possible Industrial Applications of Some Sudanese Kaolins
(Neelain University, 2005) Salih Ali Salih
Due to it’s special physical and chemical properties, kaolin has been considered to be one of the most important industrial mineral utilized in many industries such as in ceramics, refractories, paper, paint, rubber, plastics and cement. In Sudan, Sabaloka (North of Khartoum) and Derudeb (Eastern Sudan) primary kaolin occurrences have been investigated. Investigations covered also secondary kaolins which predominantly occur in the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary strata including: Marawi (Northern Sudan), Geraif, Um Ali, Hafyan, Nagaa (Central Sudan), and Merkhieyat (West of Omdurman). One of the most important objectives of this study is to characterize the Sudanese kaolins in terms of mineralogy, geochemistry, geotechnical properties, genesis and their suitability to various industrial uses. In this respect, many analytical techniques were used, these include: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy (XRF), Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM), grain and particle analysis, Atterberg limits determinations, Hinckley Index crystallinity measurements, drying and ﬁring shrinkage, whiteness, color determination and dilatometric analysis. Based on mineralogical and geochemical characteristics revealed by this study, the sedimentary kaolins had been genetically originated from intermediate to felsic parent rocks under hot humid environment. The Sabaloka kaolin is genetically formed due to in-situ chemical weathering affecting the basement rocks as well as the older granites. The presence of halloysite mineral in the kaolinitic materials of Derudeb suggests hydrothermal alteration together with chemical weathering of metarhyolites. XRD coupled with XRF investigations revealed that the kaolinite contents of Derudeb and Sabaloka are very low (5% and 14% respectively) and the white color is due to none-clay minerals such as quartz and un-altered feldspars. The presence of some evaporite minerals such as halite, calcite and gypsum in some samples of Um Ali kaolinitic deposits suggests lacustrine environment of slightly salt water. Carbonates reported in Sabaloka and Derudeb are presumed to be formed due to hydrothermal alteration (carbonitization). The maximum kaolinite content is reported in Marawi (77.84%), while Nagaa, Merkhieyat, Geraif and Hafyan gave average contents as (57.57%, 49.84%, 49.53%, and 47.75%) respectively. ii
IN VIVO DOSIMETRY FOR RADIOTHERAPY USE AND ACCURACY FOR PATIENT DOSE VERIFICATION METHODS
(Alneelain University, 2005) Abdelrahman Mustafa Gasmelbari
Radiotherapy is an important curative treatment modality for various types of cancer, e.g., head and neck and prostate tumours. Also, it plays an important role in the palliation of malignant disease. The aim of curative radiotherapy is to eradicate tumour cells and to spare surrounding normal tissue. Using multiple beams of high energy x-rays, a homogeneous dose is delivered to an accurately localized target volume with minimal effects on surrounding normal tissues. Nowadays, conformal radiotherapy is often used: the three-dimensional dose distribution conforms as close as possible to the shape of the target volume, e.g. by beam shaping or beam intensity modulation. A prerequisite for conformal and total body irradiation (TBI) therapy is to monitor the treatment with in vivo dosimetry and portal imaging, to ensure a high precision in dose level and geometric set-up of each individual patient. In Chapter l, a brief introduction of radiotherapy and the aims of the thesis are described. The principles of in vivo dosimetry in photon beam radiotherapy are explained in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with the in vivo dosimetry study during conformal treatment of 368 patients with prostate cancer. In vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery to each patient prostate cancer patients to within 1~ 2.5%. In Chapter 4, in vivo dosimetry study during treatment of 109 patients with parotid‘ gland tumour is reported. In vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery to each patient with parotid gland tumour to within 1 4%. The third in vivo dosimetry, performed during the TBI treatments of 32 patients with different blood malignancies is presented in Chapter5. Although the number of patients is small, but in. vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery, so far, to each patient treated with'TBI to withini 3%. Conclusions, future work and recommendations are described in Chapter 6. This study shows that in vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery for each individual prostate, parotid and total body irradiation patients to within acceptable accuracy, better than those reported in the literature.
Boundary Element Method For Porous Media Flow
(Neelain University, 2005) Azhari Ahmed Abdalla
ABSTRACT The focus point of this study is to develop BEM formulation to overcome the difﬁculties caused by nonlinearity and heterogeneity in the solution of partial differential equations governing the porous media ﬂow .This dissertation consist of two major parts ,theory of BEM , and applications of BEM to two important ﬁelds of porous media ,water ﬂow in aquifers and oil ﬂow in resen/oirs. The contribution done in the theory sections is mainly a mathematical derivation of the standard boundary element method for Laplace's equation and the step by step formulation to the BEM , starting from its correspondence differential equation ,beside the developed form of BEM based on GEM and DRBEM that has presented. to handle both heterogeneous and nonlinearity. in the applications section a novel boundary integral solution was applied for determining : (1) Water table elevation in an unconﬁned homogeneous aquifer subjected to recharge and dewatering from a stream as well as ﬂuctuations induced by constant and continuous recharge in a two stream unconﬁned-aquifer system. (2) Changes in water table exposed to a transient boundary condition and space- dependent recharge. This technique was compared with the closed form solution obtained in [111] and excellent results were obtained. (3) Characteristics of the ﬂow through heterogeneous unsaturated porous aquifer . (4) Solution of reservoir engineering problems. This work adapted the most recent developments in boundary element methods to reservoir engineering problems. The transient pressure (diffusion) and convection- diffusion equations were solved in heterogeneous media using the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method (DRBEM) and the Green Element Method (GEM). Numerical experiments showed that DRBEM is more accurate than a standard ﬁnite difference memod. However like ﬁnite difference methods, DRBEM is subject to spurious oscillation at high Peclet numbers. DRBEM also requires the solution of a dense system of equations. GEM, which is a hybrid boundary eiementlﬁnite element method, overcomes these disadvantages. The method was found to produce very accurate solutions to convection-diffusion problems and only shows small oscillations in the solution at very high Peclet numbers. A further important advantage is the sparse nature of the matrix system. GEM is also amenable to solving transient nonlinear problems, which makes it the basis for a new technique for multiphase ﬂow simulation. This work explores the advantages of a hybrid boundary element method known as the Green element method for modeling pressure transient tests. Boundary element methods are a natural choice for the problem because they are based on Green's functions, which are an established part of well test analysis. The classical boundary element method is limited to single phase ﬂow in homogeneous media. This works presents formulations which give computationally efﬁclent means to handle heterogeneity. Comparisons of the proposed Green element approach to standard ﬂnite difference simulation show that both methods are able to model the pressure change in the well over time. When pressure derivative is considered however the ﬁnite difference method produces very poor results which would give misleading interpretations. The Green element method in conjunction with singularity programming reproduces the derivative curve very accurately. Boundary element method was applied for solving Stokes ﬂow equations on multl particle system. Also, the method is modiﬁed for estimating flow parameters for a speciﬁed porous media. A new method for the solution of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations was presented . lll
ON STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS WITH SOME APPLICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAI FINANCE
(Neelain University, 2006) ABAKER ABDALLA HASSABALLA
ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to study and using stochastic analysis techniques in solving some problems in mathematical ﬁnance . Option and their pricing formulae for the European and Asian considered .The pricing formulae are considered only for complete markets . We deal with and study some mathematical problems in mathematics ﬁnance such that minimizing consumption and ﬁnance portfolio which corresponding to the market that described by mathematical models which sign in chapter 2 and chapter 3 of this thesis . Therefore this thesis study some problems and showing the machineries which solve it , by using machineries stochastic analysis with two methods ,the ﬁrst describe, in chapter , the stochastic optimal consumption portfolio processes and apply to some problems in this method . In chapter 5 of this thesis showing that given method which is called stochastic control and then explain optimal consumption problems can put in manner stochastic control problem. Some problem to be treatment in this matter .
analysis classfikation and evaluation of major and tract elements in iron ores
(Neelain University, 2006) AHmIED HASSAN HASAB ALLA
In the ‘Sudan, large quantities and various types of iron ores are distributed. Some of these types are economically distinguish, because they contain high percentage of iron beside other some elements. Chemical analysis for eight samples and a standard sample of iron ores was carried out to determineltheir constituents and percentage of the iron and also some elements by different methods. The applied methods were compared together. - Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate methods were used to titrate iron; ammonium hydroxide method was used to determined iron gravimetric; 1,10 phenanthroline , salicylic acid and ammonium thiocyanate methods were used to determine iron by spectrophotometric methods; Also atomic absorption spectrophotometer and X-ray ﬂuorescence were used to determine iron and the other elements. The results indicated that determination of iron by: AAS was gave low results due to the chemical and physical interferences; 1.10 phenanthroline method gave good results except for samples 3and 8 which gave high results due to Mn interference; salicylic acid method gave satisfactory results excepts samples l, 3 and 7 which gave high results because Ni interference while sample 8 was gave low results due to phosphate and sulphate interferences; thiocyanate method gave high results in samples l, 8 and 9 due to Ti and Co and Ill
Digital Image Processing of Landsat7 data and GIS Application for Geological Investigation in Jebel Erba Area, Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan A
(Neelain University, 2006) Ibrahim Ahmed Ali Babikii"
ABSTRACT Digital image processing and Geographic Information System techniques, together with a limited reconnaissance ground truthing, have been used to investigate the geology of the area around J. Erba and J. Oda of the Sudanese Red Sea Hills (RSH). The methodology fulﬁlled and the procedures followed during this study enabled the establishment of geodatabase named GeoRSH and the production of two geological maps of scale 1:2§0,000. The area of study occupies the central part of RSH of Sudan that belongs to the Nubian Sector of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). It forms part of the Gebeit terrain that is known to be created among the other four terrains of NE Sudan (Tokar, Heya, Gabgaba and Gert) during the Pan-African event (950-500Ma) due to subduction-related processes and collisional tectonics and sutured together by dismembered-ophiolite belts and major shear zones. The geology of the area comprises high-grade gneisses, volcanosedimentaiy sequences metamorphosed in the greenschist facies, all intruded by syn and syn-to-late orogenic calc-alkaline intrusives and post-orogenic alkaline bimodal gabbro-granite complexes. The coastal plain is geologically characterized by Cenozoic siliciclastic and shallow marine rift- related sedimentary sequences. Pliocene-Pleistocene is ‘represented by the thick older gravel unit a11d the emergent linear reef terraces. Several digital image processing techniques have been implemented to enhance the Landsat7 ETM+ digital satellite data. A Digital mosaic that covers almost all the Sudanese Red Sea Hills has been created using nine Landsat7 scenes. A 3x3 high-pass ﬁltered color composite image with a central coefficient of 16 proves to create the most optimized images that appear relatively brighter and more saturated. Four color composite triplets of band ratio images; B3/B5, B3/Bl, B5/B7; B5/B7, B5/B4, B3/B1; B5/B7, B5/Bl, (B3/B4)(B5/B4) and B5/B7, B3/Bl, B4/B3, have been composed to assist geological mapping. Directed band ratioing of the ratio color composite (B5/B7, B5/B4, B3/Bl) resulted in a well enhanced image that is characterized by satisfying saturated colors, strong retention of topographic expression and well pronounced lithological discrimination. Unstandardized and standardized principal component analyses have been done using the six reﬂected bands as well as a four selected bands. II
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Monechma ciliatum (Jacq.) Milne-Redhead Stem
(Neelain University, 2007) Sawsan Bushra Hassan Osman
Monechma ciliatum (Jacq.) Milne-Redhead is an annual plant of the Acanthaceae family and locally known as "black mahlab" growing in some African and Asian countries. It was chosen for this study because of its uses as an old remedy and cosmetic agent in Sudanese folk medicine. In Gibal Alnuba (Southem Kurdofan) it is used for treatment of vomiting and diarrhea in children and further used in traditional Sudanese fragrances, lotion and cosmetics in wedding and childbirth rituals and ceremonies. Phytochemical screening was "carried out seperately on petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extracts of the plant stem which revealed the presence of fatty acids, volatile oils, sterols and triterpenes, basic alkaloids, carotenoids, cournarins, ﬂavone aglycone, emodols, tannins, polyuronides, alkaloid salts, reducing compounds and saponins. Antimicrobial screening of the three extracts showed that the petroleum ether and the methanolic extracts were the most active and further were subjected to column chromatographic fractionation and monitoring of their antibacterial activity ' The petroleum ether extract was investigated by GC-MS technique and resulted in identiﬁcation of 60.52% of the extract as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, free acids and esters of acyclic, alicyclic or aromatic nature as well as lignans. It was proposed that the activity may well be due to the high content of sterols (~ 30%) and phthalic acid esters (5.25%). The active column ﬁactions F4 and F5 of the methanolic extract were further investigated by analytical and preparative TLC and afforded seven compounds which were identiﬁed and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Three compounds were not previously described in the literature namely: F4-I characterized as: 4-(3',4‘- methylenedioxy-6‘-methoxyphenyl)-5,6- methylenedioxy-2,3-naphthalide. F5-I characterized as: Tet1'ahydro-1-acetoxy-4-(3',4‘,5'-trimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-naphthalide. F5-IV characterized as: 8-(4,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-8'-(4',5'- dimcthoxybenzyl)-7'-hydroxy-7-butyrolactone. The other four known compounds were identiﬁed as: F4-II: B-Sitosteryl glucoside. ' F4-III: Meamsetin. F5-II: Tetrahydro-2—(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -4- [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) methyl]-3-furanomethanol. F5-III: Magnolin. Compound F6-I has been isolated ﬁom column ﬁaction F6 and identiﬁed as sucrose by comparison of its MS and NMR-spectra with those of authentic samples. It is noteworthy that the stem of M. ciliatum was not previously investigated and the results of chemical composition of the petroleum ether and methanol extracts were reported for the ﬁrst time in the present thesis.
The Incidence Rate of Chronic Renal Failure in Jenin Area (Palestine) : Causes , Complications , and Preventive Measures.
(Neelain University, 2007) Jamal Qasem Ahmad Abumwais
Abstract : This prospective-retrospective hospital-based study aimed at investigating tl1e incidence and causes of chrome renal failure in Ienin district which becomes a great problem in the last few years . The study also aimed at comparing the lipid proﬁle of hemodialysis patients to the lipid proﬁle of normal healthy controls and making general assessment for the chance of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease .The study also aimed at comparing the lipid proﬁle of diabetic hemodialysis patients to the lipid proﬁle of non- diabetic hemodialysis patients to the lipid proﬁle of normal healthy controls. The study also aimed to know the outcome of the patients at the end of the study and calculating the annual mortality rate among hemodialysis patients . The study was conducted in the period ﬁom 1/8/2005 to 1/8/2006 on CRF and end-stage renal disease patients treated by hemodialysis in The Martyr Dr. Khalil Sulaiman Hospital in Jenin city. The study was performed on 84 patients,77 of them were under hemodialysis and 7 under conservative treatment (without dialysis) .98 healthy individuals served as controls for lipid proﬁle comparison . All the patients and control individuals were asked to ﬁll a questionnaire which was previously put by the researcher , the questionnaire provided informations about the various characteristics and personal medical history. Some informations about patients and history of the disease were taken from ﬁles of the patients and ﬁom the physicians and musing staff in the kidney unit .Lipid proﬁles for patients and normal healthy controls were analyzed using colorimetric methods ,ther1 the results were put in the suitable place i11 the questiormaire . The study showed that the incidence of new cases of ESRD was estimated to be 114.3 pmp annually which is higher than that reported in many Arab countries. The study showed that the main causes of CRF in Je11in district were diabetes mellitus (33.32 %), hereditary kidney diseases (17.85 %), hypertension (16.7%), and glomerulonephritis (13.1 % ) responsible together for (80.97 %) of cases . The remaining causes were congenital kidney anomalies (5.95 % ), renal calculi (2.38 % ), cancer (2.38 % ), repeated urinary tract infections (2.38 % ),interstitial nephritis (2.38 % ), prostate hypertrophy (1.19 % ), analgesic nephropathy (1.l9% ) and post partum hemorrhage (1.19 % ) ,on the other hand ,the causes of CRF in children of 15 years old or less were primary hyperoxaluria (inherited disorder) which accounts for( 66.7 %) of cases, and congenital anomalies which accounts for (33.3%) of cases .This is primarily due to the common practice of consanguineous marriage especially among cousins. Regarding the lipid proﬁle, the study showed that hemodialysis patients had signiﬁcantly higher triglycerides levels and lower PHDL-C levels compared to normal healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences in total cholesterol or LDL-C levels, on the other hand, hemodialysis patients had signiﬁcantly higher TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios(atherogenic indices ) compared to normal healthy controls . The results also showed that the lipid proﬁle of diabetic hemodialysis patients is generally similar to the lipid proﬁle of non-diabetics except that diabetic patients had signiﬁcantly lower HDL-C level and signiﬁcantly higher (TC/HDL-C)and (LDL-C/HDL-C)ratios compared to non-diabetics showing that diabetic hemodialysis patients are at high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared to non-diabetic hemodialysis patients who are also at high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared to normal healthy controls . The results also showed that there were no effects for age ,sex ,and duration of dialysis on the lipid proﬁle of hemodialysis patients . The study showed that the main causes of CRF in Je11in district were diabetes mellitus (33.32 %), hereditary kidney diseases (17.85 %), hypertension (16.7%), and glomerulonephritis (13.1 % ) responsible together for (80.97 %) of cases . The remaining causes were congenital kidney anomalies (5.95 % ), renal calculi (2.38 % ), cancer (2.38 % ), repeated urinary tract infections (2.38 % ),interstitial nephritis (2.38 % ), prostate hypertrophy (1.19 % ), analgesic nephropathy (1.l9% ) and post partum hemorrhage (1.19 % ) ,on the other hand ,the causes of CRF in children of 15 years old or less were primary hyperoxaluria (inherited disorder) which accounts for( 66.7 %) of cases, and congenital anomalies which accounts for (33.3%) of cases .This is primarily due to the common practice of consanguineous marriage especially among cousins. Regarding the lipid proﬁle, the study showed that hemodialysis patients had signiﬁcantly higher triglycerides levels and lower PHDL-C levels compared to normal healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences in total cholesterol or LDL-C levels, on the other hand, hemodialysis patients had signiﬁcantly higher TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios(atherogenic indices ) compared to normal healthy controls . The results also showed that the lipid proﬁle of diabetic hemodialysis patients is generally similar to the lipid proﬁle of non-diabetics except that diabetic patients had signiﬁcantly lower HDL-C level and signiﬁcantly higher (TC/HDL-C)and (LDL-C/HDL-C)ratios compared to non-diabetics showing that diabetic hemodialysis patients are at high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared to non-diabetic hemodialysis patients who are also at high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared to normal healthy controls . The results also showed that there were no effects for age ,sex ,and duration of dialysis on the lipid proﬁle of hemodialysis patients .
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Monechma ciliatum (Jacq.) Milne-Redhead Stem
(Neelain University, 2007) Sawsan Bushra Hassan Osman
MOn€ChII1d ciliarum (Jacq.) Milne-Redhead is an annual plant of the Acanthaceae family and locally known as "black mah1ab" growing in some African and Asian countries. lt was chosen for this study because of its uses as an old remedy and cosmetic agent in Sudanese folk medicine. In GibalAlnuba (Southern Kurdofan) it is used for treatment of vomiting and diarrhea in children and further used in traditional Sudanese fragrances, lotion and cosmetics in wedding and childbirth rituals and ceremonies. Phytochemical screening was carried out seperately on petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extracts ofthe plant stem which revealed the presence of fatty acids, volatile oils, sterols and triterpenes, basic alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, flavone aglycone, emodols, tannins, polyuronides, alkaloid salts, reducing compounds and saponins. Antimicrobial screening of the three extracts showed that the petroleum ether and the methanolic extracts were the most active and further were subjected to column chromatographic fractionation and monitoring of their antibacterial activity The petroleum ether extract was investigated by GC-MS technique and resulted in identiﬁcation of 60.52% of the extract as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, free acids and esters of acyclic, alicyclic or aromatic nature as well as lignans. It was proposed that the activity may well be due to the high content of sterols (~ 30%) and phthalic acid esters (5.25%). The active column fractions F4 and F5 of the methanolic extract were further investigated by analytical and preparative TLC and afforded seven compounds which were identiﬁed and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Three compounds were not previously described in the litemture namely: F4-I characterized as: 4-(3',4'- methylenedioxy-6‘-methoxyphenyl)-5,6- mcthylenedioxy-2,3~naphth:1lide. F5-I characterized as: Tetrahydro-I-acetoxy-4-(3‘,4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7—dimethoxy-2,3maphthalide. F5-IV characterized as: 8-(4,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-8'-(4',5'- dimethoxybenzyl)-7'-hydroxy-'y-butyrolactone. The other four known compounds were identiﬁed as: F4-II: [3»Sitosteryl glucoside. F4-Ill: Mearnsetin. F5-ll: Tctrahydro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -4- [(3,4-dimethoxyphcnyl) methyl]-3-furanomethanol. F5-Ill: Magnolin. Compound F6-I has been isolated from column fraction F6 and identiﬁed as sucrose by comparison of its MS and NMR-spectra with those of authentic samples. It is noteworthy that the stem of M. ciliatum was not previously investigated and the results of chemical composition of the petroleum ether and methanol extracts were reported for the ﬁrst time in the present thesis.
biochemical and to xicological studies on aflatoxicasis ingoats
(Neelain University, 2007) ammar ismail mohammed ahmed
ABSTRACT A concise information on various mycotoxins with particular emphasis on the toxicity of aﬂatoxins in different species of animals and humans was presented. Evaluation of the possible toxicities of sodium selenite and Nigella sativa seed as well as their uses as hepatorenal protectives against aﬂatoxicosis and other diseases were also described. In the goats fed with diets containing aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb for 3 months, the liver was enlarged and pale yellow, the renal corticomedullary junction was congested with varying degrees of hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium. On microscopy, there was fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes and the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules, bile ductule proliferation, glomerular alterations and lymphocytic inﬁltration in portal tract, cardiac muscle ﬁbres and the intestinal lamina propria. Development of the lesions were accompanied by increases in the activities of senrm aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea. However, the concentrations of bilinrbin and calcium did not change, but those of phosphorus tended to decrease. Although no signiﬁcant changes in erythrocytic series were observed, the values of WBC were found to increase. The goats receiving daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite showed inappetence, diarrhea, salivation, dyspnoea and recumbency prior to death between days 1 and 13. In the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite, the signs of toxicity were less marked and death occurred between days I2 and 22. The main pathological changes were haemorrhages and congestion in the compound stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and catarrhal enteritis with erosions of the intestinal mucosa of ﬂie goats that had received sodium selenite at 20 mg/kg body weight. Pulmonary oedema and emphysema, hydroperitoneum, hydropericardium and severe renal damage were observed in the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite. In these goats, there were increases in the concentrations of serum triglycerides, cholesterol and decreases in the level of calcium prior to death. Leucopenia was observed in goats which had received oral doses 5mg/kg body weight /day. In the goats which had received daily oral doses of Nigella saliva seed at 20 or 5mg/kg body Weight/day for 60 days showed neither pathological changes nor alterations in haematology or serobiochemical parameters. - hr the goats fed the mixture of aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus sodium selenite at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes was reduced with no . evidence of bile duct hyperplasia. However, the renal lesions were persistent as indicated by serum urea elevation. No signiﬁcant changes in haematological values were observed. In the goats fed the mixture of aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus N. sativa seed at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, the liver showed varying degrees of fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes but neither bile duct hyperplasia nor portal ﬁbroplasia was observed. The renal lesions persisted but the activity of serum AST and concentrations of total protein and bilirubin did not change. The concentration of calcium tended to increase and that of phosphorus tended to decrease. The haematological values of RBC and PCV and those of WBC were increased. In the goats receiving daily oral doses of the mixture of sodium selenite plus N. sativa seed (2mg/kg +2mg/kg body weight) showed no clinical manifestations, pathological or haematological changes. Mild nephrotoxicity was observed when compared with that associated with dosing with 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite.
ASSESSEMENT OF INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL GROUNDWATER PROSPECTING METHODS ON BASEMENT COMPLEX AQUIFERS IN NE- NUBA MOUNTAINS — SUDAN.
(Neelain University, 2007) NUHA ELZEIN MOHAMED
Integrated geophysical methods were applied to map the groundwater aquifers on complex geological settings, in the crystalline basement terrain in norﬂaeast Nuba Mountains, which are structurally controlled. The water flow is controlled by the northwest-southeast extensional faults as one of several in-situ deformational pattems that are attributed to the collision of the Pan-African oceanic assemblage of the Nubian shield against the pre-Pan African continental crust to the west. The used assessments are the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), very low frequency-resistivity (VLF-R), and the audio magneto telluric (AMT) soundings, vertical electrical soundings (VES) in addition to water quality analysis and petrophysical measurements. These measurements were designed to be overlapped in order to prove the reproducibility of the geophysical data and to provide better interpretation of the hydrogeological setting in the aquifer complex structure. Different inversion schemes, accomplished by means of a cluster analysis, were attempted for the synthetic and observed ERT data to study their reliability to map the different geometries in the complex subsurface such as fault and graben structures. The sedimentary sequence is not symmetrical due the seasonal variations of the ﬂow direction. Variations of the basement types were also recorded by their resistivity values and consequently their weathered products influence the water quality. The VLF-R data with Transverse Electric (TE) mode has been collected using the transmission stations GBR, GBZ and RI-IA of frequencies 16.0, 19.6 and 23.4 kl-Iz respectively and it was two dimension (ZD) laterally-constrained inverted in a smooﬂily 2D resistivity distribution model after manual incorporation of a priori data . The inverted ERT and VLF-R lines conﬁrmed the fracture zones and the deeper basins. Eight AMT soundings were acquired. True resistivity values and their relevant thickness were calculated and viewed as three dimension (3D) surface images. The VES data was conducted, where ERT survey was not accessible, and inverted smoothly and merged with the ERT in the 3D resistivity grid. Synthetic magnetotellurics MT data enabled us to test the inconsistencies between die interpreted geophysical results and the geologic expectations across AlBetira fold. I-Iydrochemical analysis (analyses) was applied to 42 water samples collected from the (hand) dug wells in the study area. Extremely high saline zones due to different reasons were recorded. Petrophysical measurements of an artificial saturated aquifer, using different soil types and various water salinities, provided a range for the porosity, formation factor and resistivity of the bulk formation and the later can be represented in terms of grain size distribution. A combination between the electric conductivity (EC) data and iso-resistivity horizons provides a better resolution of the target aquifer location, type and grain size distribution. The formation factor i
The incidence rate of chronic renal failure in jenin area (palestine) : causes, complications and preventive measures
(2007) Jamal Qasem Ahmed Abumwais
bIOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOG ICAL STUDIES ON AFTATOXICOSIS IN GOATS
(Neelain University, 2007) ammar asmail mohammed ahmed
ABSTRACT A concise information on various mycotoxins with particular emphasis on the toxicity of aﬂatoxins in different species of animals and humans was presented. Evaluation of the possible toxicities of sodium selenite and Nigella sativa seed as well as their uses as hepatorenal protectives against aﬁatoxicosis and other diseases were also described. In the goats fed with diets containing aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 23Oppb for 3 months, the liver was enlarged and pale yellow, the renal corticomedullary junction was congested with varying degrees of hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium. On microscopy, there was fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes and the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules, bile ductule proliferation, glomerular alterations and lymphocytic inﬁltration in portal tract, cardiac muscle ﬁbres and the intestinal lamina propria. Development of the lesions were accompanied by increases in the activities of serum aspartate arninotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea. However, the concentrations of bilirubin and calcium did not change, but those of phosphorus tended to decrease. Although no signiﬁcant changes in erythrocytic series were observed, the values of WBC were found to increase. The goats receiving daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite showed inappetence, diarrhea, salivation, dyspnoea and recumbency prior to death between days I and I3. In the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite, the signs of toxicity were less marked and death occurred between days I2 and 22. The main pathological changes were haemorrhages and congestion in the compound stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and catarrhal enteritis with erosions of the intestinal mucosa of the goats that had received sodium selenite at 20 mg/kg body weight. Pulmonary oedema and emphysema, hydroperitoneum, hydropericardium and severe renal damage were observed in the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite. In these goats, there were increases in the concentrations of serum triglycerides, cholesterol and decreases in the level of calcium prior to death. Leucopenia was observed in goats which had received oral doses 5mg/kg body weight /day. In the goats which had received daily oral doses of Nigella sativa seed at 20 or 5mg/kg body weight/day for 60 days showed neither pathological changes nor alterations in haematology or serobiochemical parameters. In the goats fed the mixture of aﬁatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus sodium selenite at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes was reduced with no evidence of bile duct hyperplasia. However, the renal lesions were persistent as indicated by serum urea elevation. No signiﬁcant changes in haematological values were observed. In the goats fed the mixture of aﬂatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus N. sativa seed at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, the liver showed varying degrees of fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes but neither bile duct hyperplasia nor portal ﬁbroplasia was observed. The renal lesions persisted but the activity of serum AST and concentrations of total protein and bilimbin did not change. The concentration of calcium tended to increase and that of phosphorus tended to decrease. The haematological values of RBC and PCV and those of WBC were increased. In the goats receiving daily oral doses of the mixture of sodium selenite plus N. sativa seed (2mg/kg +2mg/kg body weight) showed no clinical manifestations, pathological or haematological changes. Mild nephrotoxicity was observed when compared with that associated with dosing with 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite.
Evafuation of toxicological and other properties of sudanese rhanterium epapposum(ALRFAJ) And trichodesma africanun (Elhiraisha)
(Neelain University, 2007) Shama Ibrahim Younis Adam
A concise information on the various active constituents of medicinal/poisonous plants with particular emphasis on the toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to humans, livestock and laboratory animals was presented. Rhanrerium epapposum or Trichodesma africanum aerial parts were fed to rats at 2,5,l0,and 20% of the standard diet for 12 weeks. Incorporation of Trichodesma aﬁicanum aerial parts in diet at 20% was lethal to Wistar rats 6-7 weeks alter treatment and caused severe hepatonephrotoxicity. Feeding 20% Rhanterium epappasum aerial parts for 12 weeks was not fatal and caused impaired growth and hepatonephrotoxicity. These changes were correlated with alterations in hematology and clinical chemistry. Damage to vital organs of rats fed 5% or 10% mixture of two plants was less intense, haematological and serobiochemical values were improved and growth was particularly promoted by feeding 10% mixture of two plants. The comparative effects on rats of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of aerial parts of both plants given at different dose levels (300 and 75 mg/kg /day) and by different routes of administration ( oral or i.m) were investigated. Extracts of both plants were toxic and fatal to rats at 300 mg/kg/day by whatever route it was given. The characteristic features of extracts from both plants were hepatonephrotoxicity ,leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, macrocytic normochromic anaemia as well as severe haemorrhagic myositis at site of injection of the methanol extract particularly from Trichadesma aﬁicanum aerial parts. These changes were evidenced by alterations in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity and total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and urea concentrations. Bilirubin concentration did not change. The occurrence of splenic haemosiderosis might have been caused by saponins present in the extract of T richodesma africanum aerial parts. The phytochemical screening of aerial parts of both plants was described . In vitro antibacterial activities of petroleum ether, methanol and water extracts from aerial parts of Rh. epappasum and T africanum used in different concentrations lO,50,l00,2000 and l000ug/ml against Gram +ve bacteria (Bacillus sz/blilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram -ve bacteria (Escherichia coll’, Klebsiella spp, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were estimated. VIII