علوم - دكتوراة

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Analaysis of the pyrolysis products of terminalia brownii wood
(Al Neelain University, 206) Elmubarak Elsiddig Elamin
Terminalia brownii wood is used by Sudanese women to impart characteristic smoky odour and brown colour to the skin by exposing bodies to the destructive distillation volatile products of the wood chips. objective of this study was to analyze the volatile products of the wood to the presence of any hazardous pyrolytic products, with special emphasis on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are known to be For this purpose air dry T.br0wnii wood chips obtained from the market were used. Elemental analysis of the wood showed that it is of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and minor amounts of nitrogen and sulphur. pyrolysis experiments were carried out with three different methods. In the method comminuted wood was carbonized in the temperature interval 650°C) in an electrically heated retort oven. In the second method wood were pyrolyzed in a specially designed and made for this study galvanized retort heated by gas. In the third method powdered wood meal was pyrolyzed a modern analytical pyrolyzer directly coupled with a high-resolution chromatograph combined with a mass spectrometer providing a fast, as well temperature-programmed analytical pyrolysis The condensable pyrolysis products formed two layers, a lighter organic layer and a heavier tar layer. The characteristic smoky odour \ concentrated in the tar layer especially in the water distillate of the tar, while aqueous organic layer had a mild smoky odour.Some subfractions of aqueous organic layer had sweet odours. Some diesters of phthalic acid with higher alcohols were detected in neutral fractions of both layers obtained by the ﬁrst two methods, while temperature-programmed analytical pyrolysis showed that these esters w found among the products obtained at temperature interval 250-270 “C. The presence of such esters among the pyrolysis products of lignocellulosic materials has not been reported in literature. The study conﬁrmed the already stated in literature fact that slow methods result in numerous products compared to the fast pyrolysis probably due to side and recombination reactions accompanying the formei method. Such numerous products can not be satisfactorily separated by thir layer or column chromatography, but only by high-resolution ga chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, although not detected can not be excluded since some of the unidentiﬁed high-molecular-weigh1 compounds had prominent parent ion peaks in their mass spectra, characteristic of such compounds.
دراسات جيولوجية اقتصادية لخامات ولاية النيل الأبيض
(جامعة النيلين, 2007) أمل صالح أحمد الزين
Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films
(Al Neelain University, 2008) Hashim Mohammed Mosleh Alsana .
The aim of this study to investigate the influence of annealing of temperatures and the effect of laser radiation on the optical transmittance and absorbance of ZnO thin films. In this study evaporation, casting and coating methods were used for preparation and deposition of ZnO on glass substrate . The materials ZnCL 2 , NaOH and NH 3 as completing agents were used for preparation of ZnO thin films at room temperature. The weighting and micro office picture manager methods are used for thickness measured. The UV spectrophotometer in range 190 nm are to 1100 nm to investigate samples ZnO thin film before and after treatment. The transmittance of ZnO thin films samples is found before annealing to approximately between zero and 2.34 % at 296 nm≤ λ≤ 302 nm at throughout UV – VIS regions . Also the film show that the optical absorbance high in UV region then decay exponentially with increasing the wavelength . After annealing temperature, it was noticed that the optical transmittance increased linearly with increasing temperature . The film high transmittance value 69% in wavelength 400 nm at 550 ̊C with lower thickness (0.009 μm) . And the film is lower transmittance value approximately 0% in wavelength 301 nm at lower temperature 450 ̊C. Also the film show increase of the optical absorbance with decrease of temperature where the beak value in UV region at wavelength 301nm at 450 ̊C with higher thickness , then decreasing with increasing wavelength to reach lower value approximately at wavelength 316nm at higher temperature 550 ̊C . Other samples at constant temperatures in 500 ̊C show the film high transmittance approximately (1.97%) in UV region at wavelength 292 nm at 500 ̊C, and the film show peak absorbance in UV region at wavelength 301 nm then decreasing with 2 increasing wavelength throughout UV-VIS-NIR regions at 500 ̊C . Finally some samples annealed with laser radiation at 20 minutes . These samples show the increasing of transmittance and decreasing of absorbance after annealing with laser radiation throughout UV-VIS- NIR regions . Also we notice increasing of transmittance and decreasing of absorbance with laser radiation at 20 minutes exposured
Molecular Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Khartoum Teaching Hospital
(Al Neelain University, 2009) Eidha Ali Awadh Bin Hameed
Abstract Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major problem in hospitals around the world. There is a growing concern about the rapid rise in resistance of nosocomial infections to antimicrobial agents. The aims of present study were to determine the frequency rate of infection of MRSA strains in Khartoum Teaching Hospital and to define the molecular genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus strains using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study performed to detect the methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from Khartoum Teaching Hospital during September 2005 and August 2007 by various molecular genotyping methods. The samples were collected from clinical wound specimens in the wards of surgery, orthopaedic and burns, then processed, cultured and subsequently susceptibility test was performed using disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a sequence of the S. aureus specific gene, methicillin resistant (mecA) gene and coagulase (coa) gene. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based on coagulase gene polymorphism was also evaluated by Alu1 restriction enzyme. Results Forty eight S. aureus isolates were collected and the number of MRSA identified was 9(18.75%). All strains of MRSA and MSSA were sensitive to vancomycin, while multi-drug resistance was observed to be common among MRSA strains. The isolates were classified into 3 groups; group І: S. aureus isolated from the surgical ward (No. =28; 58.3%), group ІІ: S. aureus isolated from the orthopaedic ward (No. =14; 29.2%), and group ІІІ: S. aureus isolated from the burns unit (No. =6; 12.5%). PCR amplification of the S. aureus specific gene produced at 107 bp of all isolates. mecA gene yielded the amplicon size at 1319 bp (9/48), and coa gene produced amplification products approximately at 500 bp (26/48), and 580 bp (22/48). Two distinct PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of coagulase gene exhibited among isolates of S. aureus; coaA and coaB. With AluΙ restriction enzyme digested, the product fragments were approximately at 190, 310 bp and 190, 390 bp with percentages of 54.2% (26/48) and 45.8% (22/48) respectively. Conclusion Wound infections showed common multiple antibiotic resistant of MRSA. The PCR assay appears to be more reliable and accurate test for both the genus and the species of S. aureus, as well as for detection of MRSAPBP. PCR-RFLP represents a powerful, rapid, and reliable molecular genotyping system for detection of S. aureus in hospitals. The PCR assay appears to be more reliable and accurate test for both the genus and the species of S. aureus, as well as for detection of MRSA-PBP. PCR-RFLP represents a powerful, rapid, and reliable molecular genotyping system for detection of S. aureus in hospitals. الخلاصــــة مقدمــة تمثل جراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للميثيسيللين (MRSA) مشكلة صحية كبيرة في جميع مستشفيات العالم. ووجد أن معدل انتشار مقاومة جراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية للمضادات الحيوية في زيادة متسارعة وخصوصا في العدوى المكتسبة في المستشفيات، لذا هدفت هذه الدراسة لتحديد معدل تكرار الإصابة بجراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للمثيسيللين وتحديد أنماط انتشار حساسية المضادات الحيوية لهذه الجراثيم في مستشفى الخرطوم التعليمي في السودان، وتحليل النمط الجزيئي لهذه الجراثيم بواسطة اختبار تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي (PCR) وتحديد الطول الجزيئي المحدد التبايني (PCR-RFLP). منهجيـة الدراســة هذه دراسة مقطعية لتشخيص جراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للميثيسيلين (MRSA) المعزولة من مستشفى الخرطوم التعليمي في الفترة من سبتمبر 2005 إلى أغسطس 2007 م بطرق التنميط الجيني لمعرفة مصدر وانتشار العدوى المكتسبة بهذه الجراثيم. جمعت عينات جراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية من أنواع مختلفة للجروح السريرية في أقسام الجراحة والعظام ووحدة الحروق بمستشفى الخرطوم التعليمي. جميع هذه العزلات تم تزريعها ودراسة حساسيتها للمضادات الحيوية بطريقة الانتشار من الأقراص. بالنسبة للخصائص الجزيئية للجينات فقد تحديدها بواسطة اختبار تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي (PCR) للجين النوعي للمكورات العنقودية الذهبية (S. aureus specific gene) والجين المسئول عن وجود المقاومة للميثيسيلين (mecA gene) وجين إنزيم التلزن (coagulase gene)، أما الطول الجزيئي لإنزيم التلزن فتم تحديده بواسطة اختبار تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي وتحديد الطول الجزيئي المحدد التبايني (PCR-RFLP) بواسطة الإنزيم القاطع Alu1. النتـــــائج تم عزل 48 من جراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية بنجاح وتم التعرف على 9 منها كانت مقاومة للميثيسيلين وهي تمثل نسبة 18,75%. أظهرت النتائج أن جميع عزلات المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة والحساسة للميثيسيللين كانت حساسة للفانكومايسين، وأن المقاومات المركبة للمضادات الحيوية كانت شائعة في جراثيم الـ MRSA. قسمت جراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية إلى 3 مجموعات: المجموعة الأولى من قسم الجراحة وعددها 28 (58.3%)، المجموعة الثانية من قسم العظام وعددها 14 (29.2%)، المجموعة الثالثة من وحدة الحروق وعددها 6 (12.5%). تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي (PCR) للجين النوعي للمكورات العنقودية الذهبية (S. aureus specific gene) وجد عند 107 bp لجميع العزلات، والجين المسئول عن وجود المقاومة للميثيسيلين (mecA gene) وجد عند 1319 bp لعدد 9 عزلات، وجين إنزيم التلزن (coagulase gene) وجد تقريبًا عند 500 bp (26/48) و 580 bp (22/48). أما تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي وتحديد الطول الجزيئي المحدد التبايني (PCR-RFLP) لإنزيم التلزن لجراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية بواسطة الإنزيم القاطع AluI فقد وجد أن هناك نمطين coaA وcoaB عند 190, 310 bp و 190, 390 bp تقريبًا وبهذه النسب 54.2% (26/48) و 45.8% (22/48) على التوالي. الخلاصــة يستخلص من هذه الدراسة أن تكرار المقاومة والمقاومة المركبة للمضادات الحيوية لجراثيم الـ MRSA شائعة في الجروح الملتهبة. إن اختبار تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي كان أكثر ثقة ودقة لتحديد الجينات المسؤلة عن الجنس والنوع لجراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية بالإضافة إلى تحديد الجين المسئول عن المقاومة للميثيسيللين. يمثل فحص تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي وتحديد الطول الجزيئي المحدد التبايني نظاماً أكثر ثقة ودقة للتنميط الجزيئي لجراثيم المكورات العنقودية الذهبية وانتشارها في المستشفيات
Evaluation of sudanese crude oil of the production of lubridcants base stoks
(Al Neelain University, 2009) AbdElmahmod Saad Ahmed Elamin
Abstract Due to fast growing of the petroleum industry in the Sudan and the very huge need for lubricating oils, they are considered to be the back bone of the modern industry. This study is carried out to determine the suitability of saponin as a natural detergent to be used in engine lubricating oil and also to determine the visibility of producing base oil stocks to supply the local demand of the Sudanese market. Three different blends of crude oils are produced in the Sudan namely: Nile blend, Dar blend block 5B blend. These were preliminary evaluated to choose the most suitable crude oil to produce base oil stocks by comparing of their percentage yields, pour point and wax content. It was found that block 5B blend is the most suitable one for the producing of base oil stocks due to many technical and economical reasons. The studied crude oil samples were collected from the fields and distillated atmospherically using the minitop-combi apparatus which is very advanced automatic equipment complying with the ASTM D2892 (15theoretical plate column) to separate the light component from the crude oil. Then appropriate lube cuts were collected by vacuum distillation according to ASTM D 5236 using the same equipment. The cuts collected at predetermined temperature ranges were analyzed and tested to determine their characteristics. As in the industry all cuts were subjected to several processes either to eliminate some of the undesired components or to enhance some other properties. XV The vacuum residues were subjected to deasphalting process to remove all the asphalts from the cut after that all cuts were dewaxed including the deasphalted oil (DAO) using solvent system "methyl ethyl keton (MEK) and toluene" to enhance the cooling properties of the collected cuts i.e. pour point. A solvent extraction process was then carried out to all cuts to improve the viscosity index and quality of the produced base oil cuts. The produced cuts were tested to determine their characteristics and the production yield was calculated. This study came to conclude that block 5B blend is quite suitable for the manufacturing of lube base oils and it gave different grades of lube base stocks with reasonable yields. The extraction of saponin was carried out from three different plants (Ziziphus abyssinica, Citrullus colocynthis, Balanistes aegyptiaca). The quantity of saponin in these species is 0.3823, 0.1779 and 3.5626 respectively. Then the thin layer chromatography was done for the three saponin to determine the best one. The saponin from Balanistes aegyptiac is the best one and the quantity is greater than the other two saponin. Then the blend of sea w30 was done between cut 480-520°C and cut 520+ and its clearly was done and it found 432mg in 240 hour and classify that it is very clean.
Determination and Characterization of Tannin Material Extract From Three Common Acacia Species in Sudan
(Al Neelain University, 2009) AYMAN AHMED AL-KHDIR ALI JACKNOON
This research is dealing with the analysis and comparative studies of tannins of three common Acacia species of Sudan. Since vegetab1e tannins are important for leather industry, A. nilotica and A. seyal samples were collected from Sunut forest in Khartoum State while A. tomentosa, samples were collected from the shmbata Forest. Bark samples From collections of the three acacia species ,were extracted with distilled water, 80% methanol and 70% acetone ;two sets of extraction were made, one by boiling, and the other by shaking the samples in the respective solvent for eight hours at room temperature. Although the amount of material extracted by these two procedures did not differ greatly , 70% acetone was a more efficient solvent than either water or 80% methanol. Qualitative analysis showed that the fruits (garad) contain tannins materials, flavinoid coumarins, and quantitative analysis showed that the fruits (pods) contain a higher percentage of tanning materials, that can be used commercially, barks contain XIII low tannin content compared with fruits. Also it was found that the unripe fruits give the highest percentage of the tannins content. Rotary system (with extraction changing in size of powder, rate of solvent to the fruits weight, and solvent temperatures), enabled access to extracts with high concentration when using crushed fruits, water at 70°C and ratio of (3:1) of water to fruits weight. Sodium fluoride and a mixture of oxalic acid and sodium sulphite showed high efficiency as antifungal reagents. With the mixture of acid - sulphite was found to be the best bleaching agent compared with sodium fluoride The amount of tannins present in the bulk samples was determined by folindenis method for total phenolic materials, followed by precipitation with hide-powder. The difference between the amount of phenolic materials present before and after addition of hide-powder represent the amount of tannins present. The extracts of the bark of A. nilotica A. seyal and A. tomentosa, contain (80.45% ,59.9% and 33.5%) tannins respectively. The amount of iron content of the extracts and samples of Acacia species was determined since the Iron hinders the process of retanning leather of Iron content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The iron content of bark extracts of A nilotica, A tomentosa and A seyal is 0.0044%, 0.0040% and 0.0029% respectively. In contrast, the iron content of bark extract of the three species of Acacia had lower percentage compared to that of Mimosa (0.00475%), which is imported from Kenya. The tannins of a mixture of powder of Acacia nilotica and bark of the acacia seyal were identified by using thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. Comparisons of the absorption spectra and TLC of the reference tannins and some phenolics with that of a mixture extracts revealed the presence of both condensed and hydrolysable tannins, since it consists of catechin, tannin and gallic acids. The leaching materials were powdered using spray drier. They exhabited excellent properties, when used for tannage of leather. Better physical and chemical properties of leather were achieved compared with leather tanned using mimosa powder.
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS IN SHENDI CITY - NORTH OF SUDAN
(Al Neelain University, 2009) FAROUG BAKHEIT MOHAMED AHMED ELSONNI
Wavelength Response, Classification and Environmental Stress Effects in Plants as Studied by Laser-Induced Fluorescence Techniques
(Al Neelain University, 2010) Ilham Mohamed Kamal Mohamed Madani
In this study, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique was used to study the different emitted chlorophyll spectra excited by different exciting wavelengths, to choose a suitable exciting source for plant classification, and to choose a suitable exciting source for monitoring the growth of different plants. To measure the fluorescence spectra of different plants and try to make classifications according to their genetic variability and physiological status. Monitor the growth of plants under the stress of radiation, and develop a method for radiation contamination detection. Monitor the growth of some cash crops. The analysis of the fluorescence spectra was performed using peak intensity ratio (P.I.R.) and area ratio (A.R.) of Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI) from the Gaussian curves fitting. In this study, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique was used to study the different emitted chlorophyll spectra excited by different exciting wavelengths, to choose a suitable exciting source for plant classification, and to choose a suitable exciting source for monitoring the growth of different plants. To measure the fluorescence spectra of different plants and try to make classifications according to their genetic variability and physiological status. Monitor the growth of plants under the stress of radiation, and develop a method for radiation contamination detection. Monitor the growth of some cash crops. The analysis of the fluorescence spectra was performed using peak intensity ratio (P.I.R.) and area ratio (A.R.) of Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI) from the Gaussian curves fitting. The response of the in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum from the leaf of Azadarichta indica to different laser excitation wavelength ranging from 337.1 nm to 665 nm was studied. The chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum was seen to vary in shape by changing the excitation wavelength. The different absorbing pigments as well as the reabsorption process are responsible for these differences. The ratio of PSII/PSI was decreased as we go from the less penetrating exciting source 337.1 nm to the more penetrating exciting source 665 nm. The suitable exciting source for the plant classification is the one which is able to excite simultaneously the Q bands and the Soret bands. This property provide the chance of studying the different pigments fluorescence as well as comparing between different spectral shapes. The suitable source for the plants monitoring, is the monochromatic blue light 450 nm which is emitted from the light emitting diode (LED), because it excites a very nice two photosystems bands which are not affected by the spectrum of the exciting wavelength. In addition, the LED is soft compared to lasers sources because it is only monochromatic but not coherent and its power (60μW) is so small in comparison to other usable sources, so it has no any damage effect on the plant tissue of the leaf. The induced fluorescence technique using He-Ne (632.8 nm) as well as the monochromatic blue light from light emitting diode (450 nm) was successfully used to detect fluorescence spectra of different plants type. Although the usable sources i.e. He-Ne and LED, are absorbed by different pigments, they excite the same two band peaks, which are PSII and PSI, only the Q bands of the chlorophyll. The peak positions differ slightly from one plant to another and this was observed also within the same family. The classification of the plants according to variability status was studied by the laser-induced fluorescence technique excited by a pulsed N 2 laser emitting at 337.1 nm. The results of six different groups (hardwood dicots, herbaceous dicots, hardwood monocots, herbaceous monocots, gymnosperms, and algae), were presented. These groups were identified on the basis of their different fluorescence spectral shapes emitted from both the Q bands and the Soret bands. Monitoring the growth of the ( Arachis hypogea L.) in a radioactively contaminated environment was reported. Fluorescence emission was induced by monochromatic light of 450 nm wavelength, from a light emitting diode (LED). Results revealed that the group of radiation-free environment followed a linear relation between the peak intensity ratio (P.I.R.) or the area ratio (A.R.) against time of growth, other groups violated linearity to saturation after a period of approximately two weeks from the emergence of the first foliage leaves. Also monitoring the growth of some cash crops in different environments, using light induced fluorescence was studied, using monochromatic blue light of 450 nm. The plants grown at normal conditions followed a linear function, while that grown at abnormal conditions followed a binomial function. Results obtained in this work, are compared with published ones فى هذه الطروحة استخدمت تقنية التفلور بالحث الليزرى لدراسة اطياف الكلوروفيل المنبعثة باستخدام ليزريات ذات اطوال موجية مختلفة و ذلك لختيار مصييدر اللييبزر المناسييب فييي دراسيية تصيينيف النبييات و كييذلك اختيييار المصدر المناسب في دراسة نمو النباتات المختلفة. و قد تم تصنيف النباتات بالعتماد على الختلفات الجينية او الوراثية للعينييات و كييذلك علييى الحاليية الوظيفييية لها. اما متابعة نمو النباتات فقد تمت فى ظروف بيئية غير طبيعية بالنسبة للنباتات مثييل دراسيية نمييو النباتييات فييي بيئة ملوثة بالشععاع ودراسة اثر ذلك على النمو. كذلك دراسة نمو النباتات في الظل او نموها في موسييم زراعييى مختلف و مقارنة هذه الدراسة مع دراسة في ظروف طبيعية مثلى للنباتات م تحليل النتائج المتحصل عليها في هييذه الطروحيية بدراسيية الختلف النسييبى فييي شعييدة التفلييور و كييذلك فييي مساحة المنحنيات بين مراكز التمثيل الضوئى ) مركز التمثيل الضوئى ΙΙ / مركز التمثيل الضوئى Ι ( و ذلك بعييد معالجتها بمنحنيات قاوس. درست استجابة اطياف الكلوروفيل المنبعثة من نبات النيم عند اثارته بليزريات ذات اطوال موجية مختلفة فييي المدى من 337.1 نانومتر الى 665 نانومتر و قد ليوحظ ان اشعيكال الطيياف المنبعثية يختليف بياختلف الطيول الموجى المستخدم و اعزى هذا الختلف لختلف الصبغات التى يتييم فيهييا امتصيياص الضييوء اليييزرى وكييذلك لظاهرة اعادة المتصاص في الكلوروفيل. وايضأ لوحظ ان النسبة بين مركزى التمثيل الضوئى) ΙΙ / Ι ( تناسبت تناسبا عكسيأ مع مدى مقدرة الليزر على اختراق العينة. و قد وجد ان الليزر المناسب للستخدام في تصنيف النباتييات المختلفيية هييو ذلييك الييذى يسييتطيع اثييارة اطييياف موجية متعددة للكلوروفيل في المدى اللونى الحمر و كذلك في المدى اللونى الزرق لتوسيع نطاق المقارنيية بييين هذه الطياف المختلفة ودراسة تاثير الصبغات المختلفة في النبات. كما وجد ان المصييدر المناسييب لمتابعيية نمييو النباتات هو الضوء الزرق لن الطياف المنبعثة من مراكز التمثيل الضوئى عند اثارتها بهييذا المصييدر ل تتيياثر بالطيف المنبعث من المصدر نفسييه. اضييافة الييى ذلييك فييان قييدرة هييذا المصييدر صييغيرة جييدأ بالمقارنيية مييع بقييية الليزريات المستخدمة و هذا يحمى النبات من التعرض للتلف. ايضأ استخدمت تقنية التفلور بواسطة ليزر الهليييوم- نيييون و كييذلك باسييتخدام الضييوء الزرق المنبعييث ميين الوصلت الثنائية فيي تصينيف النباتيات. و بيالرغم مين ان هيذه المصيادر تمتيص بواسيطة صيبغات مختلفية فيي النباتات ال انها استطاعت اثارة اطياف موجية في المدى اللونى الحمر فقط وهى المراكز المسييئولة ميين التمثيييل الضوئى. و قد لوحظ ان هذه الطياف المنبعثة تختلف اختلفأ طفيفأ في مواضع انبعاثها وذلك يساعد في تصيينيف العائلت المختلفة للنباتات. ايضأ تمت دراسة تصيينيف النباتييات بتقنييية التفلييور باسييتخدام ليييزر النيييتروجين و تييم التميييز بييين نتائييج سييتة مجموعات مختلفة تحتوى على )اشعجار ذات الفلقتين, اعشاب ذات الفلقييتين, اشعييجار ذات الفلقيية الواحييدة, اعشيياب ذات الفلقة الواحدة, صنوبريات و طحالب( و قد تم التميز بناءأ على المقارنة بين الطياف الموجية المنبعثة نتيجيية لثارة الكلوروفيل في المدى اللونى الحمر مع الطياف الموجييية المنبعثيية نتيجيية لثييارة الكلوروفبييل فييي المييدى اللونى الزرق. ايضأ توبع نمو نبات الفول السودانى تحت تاثير التلوث الشععاعى لكل من اشععة α و β و γ باسييتخدام الضييوء الزرق المنبعث من الوصلت الثنائية و قورنت هذه الدراسة مع نمو نبييات الفييول السييودانى فييي بيئيية خالييية ميين الشععاع و مطابقة لظروف النمو المثلى ووجد ان النسبة في شعدة التفلور و مساحة المنحنيات بييين)مركييز التمثيييل الضوئى ΙΙ / مركز التمثيل الضوئى Ι ( تتبع دالة خطية مع مرور الزمن في حالة البيئة الخالية ميين الشعييعاع بينمييا تحيد عن الخطية في حالة البيئات الملوثة بالشععاع. كما توبع نمو بعض المحاصيل النقدية في بيئات زراعية مثلى مع نميو هيذه المحاصييل فيي بيئيات غيير مثليى )تحت تاثير الظل او نمو النباتات في غير موسمها( ووجد ان النباتات التى تنمو فييي ظييروف طبيعييية مثلييى تتبييع دالة خطية في حين ان التى تنمو في ظروف طبيعية مغايرة تحيد عن هذه الدالة الخطية للتاكد من النتائج المتحصل عليها في هذه الطروحة تمت مقارنتها مع نتائج سابقة تم نشرها
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT FLORAL ORIGIN HONEY
(Al Neelain University, 2010) Mahasen Ahmed Wadi Hassan
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of different floral origin honey samples against a wide range of bacterial strains , and to verify the nature of the active substance (s) . Methodology: Thirty –two different honey samples collected from different countries (raw and commercial honey ) were tested in vitro for antibacterial activity of standard and clinical isolates using cup plate diffusion technique . The same clinical isolates were tested in vitro for some antibiotics sensitivity. Different honey concentrations, ethyl acetate extracts and water residue were assessed in vitro for antibacterial activity . Topical dressing of cutaneous leishmaniasis of 25 hamsters with natural honey was compared with other 25 group treated by Pentostam injection. Extraction of honey was carried out by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The extracts were subjected to thin layer chromatography Ethyl acetate extracts were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS for chemical Characterization to fingerprint honey samples according to their floral origin . 10 Results: All bacterial strains exhibited marked sensitivity to honey samples, even the most resistant bacterial strains to the commonly used antibiotics –MRSA and Pseudomonas spp. The clinical isolates showed remarkable resistance to the most antibiotics tested. Different honey concentrations inhibited bacterial growth even at low dilution 10%. Ethyl acetate extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity while it is water residue showed no activity. Honey was found to be an effective treatment for the cutaneous leishmaniasis induced in hamsters as compared with control group which was treated by Pentostam injection. TLC of honey extracst resulted in different terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Analysis of honey samples by using HPLC and GC-MS revealed different phenolic compounds correlated with their botanical and geographical origin . Different honey samples showed different compounds according to their floral origin . Natural and commercial honeys samples exhibited potent antibacterial. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggests that honey would be beneficial to control resistant bacterial strains without side effects. The active 11 fractions ( antibacterial of honey ) may be a valuable source of future therapeutic. Effectiveness of honey dressing in treatment of leishmanial ulcers gives a promising trend in controlling such cases. GC-MS profile reflect the floral source , and forms a basis of an attempt to fingerprint honey samples . Much of the effectiveness of honey as antibacterial activity was attributed to phenolics flavonoids, some of the volatile compounds , hydrogen peroxide normally present in honey due to the effect of some enzyme, the natural concentration and hygroscopic nature of honey, plus the cidic pH of honey . Honey can be used as a natural product without side effects . 12 مستخلص ا الأطروحة الأهداف : الهدف من دراسة البحث تقييم و تمييزأنواع عسل النحل المختلفة : الصفات الكيميائية والخصائص المضادة لنمو أنواع مختلفة من سلالات الباكتيريا المخبرية و السلالات الإكلينكية المعزولة من مرضى. و التعرف على طبيعة المادة الفعالة المضادة لنمو البكتيريا. طرق البحث : جمعت لهذه الدراسة 32 عينة عسل من مختلف أقطار العالم من عسل طبيعى من المناحل و عسل تجارى بأسماء ماركات عالمية بغرض معرفة خصائصه العلاجيه. أجريت الدراسات الميكروبيولوجية مخبريا لمعرفة تأثير عسل النحل على نموأنواع مختلفة من الباكتيريا المختبرية والإكلينكية المعزولة من المرضى و إستخدمت الأوساط الغذائيه المزروعة بالباكتيريا لمعرفة حساسيتها نحو عينات العسل المختلفه . وتم إختبار نفس المعزولات الباكتيريه لمعرفة حساسيتها لبعض المضادات الحيوية الشائعة الإستعمال. إستخدم العسل موضعيا علي تقرحات مرض اللشمانيا الجلدية المحدثة علي 25 من حيوانات التجارب - الهامستر – وتم علاج 25 من نفس الحيوانات بحقن البنتوستام. إشتملت الدراسات الكيمائية على إستخدام مستخلص الأثير البترولى و الإيثال أستيت على كروماتوغرافية الشرائح الرقيقة . و كذلك إستخدم جهاز الكروماتوغرافى ذو الأداء العالى للكشف عن مركبات الفينول الموجودة فى أنواع العسل المختلفة. تم تحليل خلاصة الإيثال أستيت بواسطة التحليل الكروماتوغرافى الغازى المقترن بمطياف - GC-MS النتائج : وجد أن جميع عينات العسل المختبرة أحدثت تأثيرا مثبطا على نمو كل أنواع البكتيريا المختبرية . أثبتت المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للميثاثلين حساسيتها لعينات العسل المختلفة حسب مصدر العينات الجغرافى والنباتى , حيث تعتبر هذه البكتيريا من الأحياء الدقيقة التى تهدد حياة الإنسان لمقاومتها لمجموعة من المضادات الحيوية المستخدمة . و أظهرت السلالات الإكلينكية مقاومة واضحة للمضادات الحيوية شائعة الإستعمال. لقياس أقل تركيز للعسل مثبط لنمو الباكتريا , أثبتت النتائج حساسية الباكتيريا لأقل تركيز 10% . مستخلص الإيثال أستيت أحدث مفعول مثبط قوى تجاه الباكتيريا المختبرية فى حين لم يظهر المتبقى المائى منه على تأثير مثبط . وعند استخدام العسل موضعيا علي تقرحات مرض اللشمانيا المحدثة علي حيوانات التجارب من الهامستر وجد أن التقرحات التي عولجت موضعيا بالعسل تماثلت للشفاء من نظافة القرحة و خلوها من طفيل اللشمانيا عند أخذ عينة وفحصها مخبريا وظهــر النسيج الحبيبي دليل علي خلو التقرحات من الطفيل و الالتهابات البكتيرية مقارنة مع التقرحات التي عولجت بحقن بنتوستام المضاد لطفيل اللشمانيا . اشتملت الدراسات الكيمائية علي استخدام مستخلص الاثير البترولي والايثال أستيت علي كروماتوغرافية الشرائح الرقيقة وظهرت مركبات عديدة من التربينات و الفينولات. و كذلك استخدم جهاز الكروماتوغرافى ذو الأداء العالي للتعرف علي مركبات الفينولHPLC الموجودة في أنواع العسل المختلفة ونتج وجود مركبات لها نفس الأداء الفينولي كروماتوغرافيا . و تم تحليل خلاصة الايثال استيت بواسطة التحليل الكروماتوجرافي الغازي المقترن بمطياف الكتلة GC -MS و أشارت التحليل الكروماتوغرافي علي وجود عدد أكبر من المركبات المختلفة واغلبها مركبات ذات طبيعة فينولية وأحماض دهنية وتميزت كل عينة بمركبات كيمائية مختلفة ونسب متفاوتة. ويتضح أن لكل عينة عسل صفاتها و مميزاتها من رائحة ولون و قوام حسب مكونات المواد الطيارة و الغير طيارة . وترجع فعالية العسل غالبا ضد نمو أنواع الباكتيريا لتأثير المواد الفينويلية مع احتمال تأثير بعض المواد الأخرى- كتأثير الماء الأوكسجيني والموجود أصلا في العسل نتاج تأثير بعض الإنزيمات – و تركيز العسل العالي وتأثيره الحمضي. الخلاصة : أظهرت النتائج إن عسل النحل فعال فى القضاء على أنواع البكتيريا المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية دون أى تأثير جانبى .المستخلص من عسل النحل ( إيثال إسيتيت ) له فعا لية علاجية فى مستقبل الطب البديل . إستجابة علاج تقرحات اللشمانيا الجلديه بعسل النحل تعطى أملا للعلاج بعسل النحل الموضعى مما يساعد فى التخلص من تقرحات اللشمانيا الجلديه فى خلال فترة قصيرة. التحليل الكيميائى لعسل النحل بواسطة التحليل الكروماتوغرافى الغازى المقترن بمطياف الكتلة يعكس المصدر النباتى والجغرافى مما يساعد على تكوين قاعدة بيانات وبصمات خاصة لكل عينة عسل. وترجع فعالية العسل غالبا ضد نمو أنواع البكتيريا المختلفة لتأثير مجموعة من العوامل منها تأثير المواد الفينيولية , المواد الطيارة , الماء الأوكسجينى الموجود أصلا فى العسل نتاج تأثير بعض الإنزيمات و تركيز العسل الطبيعى و تأثيره الحمضى
The investigation Thermal Stability of optical properties of metallic Paints under different temperatures
(Al Neelain University, 2010) Salah Eldin Ashamalla Yousif
v ABSTRACT In this thesis, electronic structure calculations for some selected double perovskite oxides have been done, using two electronic structure codes, via Mindlab and WIEN2k. The selected compounds are Sr 2 CrZrO 6 , Sr 2 MnNbO 6 , Sr 2 FeMoO 6 and Sr 2 NiRuO 6 . A systematic study was carried out adopting dif ferent approximation methods viz , LMTO - ASA and LMTO - P LW for the cubic structure, FP - LAP W method for pseudo cubic and tetragonal crystalline structures. The calculation of the density of the states (DOS) was performed in terms of the local spin density approximation and Hubbard potential (LSDA+U), including the spin - orbit coupling. In the LM TO - ASA and LMTO - PLW approximation methods, the DOS of Sr 2 FeMoO 6 was obtained and found to agree very well with published reports. Half metallic character through the spin down channel and the ferrimagnetic ordering were observed with notable hybridization among the 3d, 4d and Oxygen within Fermi level. A ll methods used here, show that, the half - metallic character through different bands and channels was seen in all compounds except Sr 2 NiRuO 6 compound, which shows normal metallic conduction in LMTO - ASA and L MTO - PLW methods. For the two methods, the obtained values of the magnetic moments indicate that, the Sr 2 CrZrO 6 is frustrated system, while the Sr 2 MnNbO 6 compound has a ferrimagnetic ordering v ABSTRACT In this thesis, electronic structure calculations for some selected double perovskite oxides have been done, using two electronic structure codes, via Mindlab and WIEN2k. The selected compounds are Sr 2 CrZrO 6 , Sr 2 MnNbO 6 , Sr 2 FeMoO 6 and Sr 2 NiRuO 6 . A systematic study was carried out adopting dif ferent approximation methods viz , LMTO - ASA and LMTO - P LW for the cubic structure, FP - LAP W method for pseudo cubic and tetragonal crystalline structures. The calculation of the density of the states (DOS) was performed in terms of the local spin density approximation and Hubbard potential (LSDA+U), including the spin - orbit coupling. In the LM TO - ASA and LMTO - PLW approximation methods, the DOS of Sr 2 FeMoO 6 was obtained and found to agree very well with published reports. Half metallic character through the spin down channel and the ferrimagnetic ordering were observed with notable hybridization among the 3d, 4d and Oxygen within Fermi level. A ll methods used here, show that, the half - metallic character through different bands and channels was seen in all compounds except Sr 2 NiRuO 6 compound, which shows normal metallic conduction in LMTO - ASA and L MTO - PLW methods. For the two methods, the obtained values of the magnetic moments indicate that, the Sr 2 CrZrO 6 is frustrated system, while the Sr 2 MnNbO 6 compound has a ferrimagnetic ordering. The results for the pseudo cubic and tetragonal structures show that there is hybridization among the 3d and 4d states in the spin - up channels where as a gap is found in the spin - down channels in both Sr 2 MnNbO 6 and Sr 2 NiRuO 6 . T he conduction band is seen in the spin - up and spin - down channels in Sr 2 CrZrO 6 and Sr 2 FeMoO 6 respectively. The resulting magnetic moments indicate that all the pseudo cubic and tetragonal structures are having ferromagnetic ordering except the Sr 2 FeMoO 6 having a ferrimagnetic ordering. The values of the spin magnetic moments of the 3d elements ar e in the range of 1.737 μ B to 3.949 μ B for pseudo cubic and 1.710 μ B to 3.971 μ B for tetragonal structure. The values of the spin magnetic moments of the 4d elements are in the range of 0.013 μ B to 1.058 μ B and 0.001 μ B to 1.225 μ B for pseudo cubic and te tragonal structures respectively. The values of the orbital magnetic moments of the 3d elements are in the range of 0.004 μ B to 0.20 μ B and 0.0044 μ B to 0.22 μ B for the two structures respectively. For the 4d elements , the range of 0.002 μ B to 0.10 μ B and 0.0001μ B to 0.1 μ B for the two structures respectively. These values indicate that the effect of the orbital magnetic moment vary from quenched to weakly unquenched to unquenched as going from Zr to Nb to Ru. A similar trend is observed in the 3d orbitals as going from Cr to Mn to Ni. For the Sr (5s) and O(2p) orbital, the orbital moments are negligibly small. The Sr 2 NiRuO 6 shows ferromagneti c ordering in accordance with the super exchange interaction 푒 푔 2 − 푂 − 푒 푔 0 of Goodenough - Kanamori - Anderson (GKA).
The effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism hormones on gonadotrophins and lipids profile in female Wistar rats
(Al Neelain University, 2010) Mohammed Abdel Rhman Adris
10 Abstract Thyroxine and tri - i odothyronine are essential for normal organs growth, development and functions. These hormones regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of all cells and play a critical role in the development of several organs systems, include the reproductivesystem. This study focuses on the effects of iodothyronines on plasma lipids and FSH, LH concentrations in female Wistar rats and answer specific questions, what is worse to have low or excess thyroid hormones in female Wistar rats. Adult female Wister rats (number 48 ), these divided into two main groups hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism forty eight rats in each group. The two main groups devided into 12 rats as treated and 12 rats as control (euthyroid). The experimental study was located at the UKZN, Faculty of Sci ence and Agriculture School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Kwa Zulu - Natal, Westville campus, South Africa from October 2009 up to May 2010. The rats became hyperthyroidism by administrating thyroxine orally 90 - 100 μg/kg b.w for 2 1 days or hypothyroid ism by administrating carbimazole orally 50 mg/kg b.w for 21 days, euthyroid received 3 ml of deionized water. The rats firstly were put in the metabolic cage 24 hours for three days for acclimatized. On day one of experimental base l ine rats were put in metabolic cages for 24 hours. Every third day of experimental rats weight, water and food consumption, urine production and blood pressure were recorded. On day 23 all rats were sacrificed from both groups treated and control. Blood sa mples were taken directly from the right atrium for analysis of thyroid hormones TSH, T 3 and T 4 gonadotrophins FSH,LH lipids profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL - cholesterol) and total proteins. Also organs were dissected out and weights inclu de liver, thyroid gland, spleen and ovaries from all animals. Thyroid and gonadotrophins hormones were measured by using of enzyme immunoassay kits from ( TOSOH, Corporation Japan). Lipids profile and total proteins were measured by using commercial kits f rom BioSystem S.A. Costa Brava 30, Bracelona (Spain), by the Hitach 906 analyzer. The results of body weight in hyperthyroid ism female rats group showed significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05), and these results were associated with reduction in food and water consumption compared to control rats group . The results of T 3 concentrations showed in hyperthyroid ism female Wistar rats group showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) inc reased, but T 4 showed highly significant (P ≤ 0.05) increased compared to control group . The results of gonadotr o phins in both treated groups showed conflict results . The results of lipid s profile in hyperthyroidism rats (TC and HDL - C) 11 showed decreased not significant , but TG was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) compared to control group . H ypothyroidism rats group showed for both (TC and TG) showed increased not significant, but HDL - C w as significantly (p <0.05) increased compared to control group . Thyroid gland, liver and ovaries were removed from hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism female Wistar rats and control for histopathological examination under light microscope. Nine glass slides were examined by light microscopy. The examination results obse rved there is change in thyroid gland cells which collapsed in hypothyroidism and converted to large follicular collid in hyperthyroidism and ovaries of tow treated group due to the effect thyroxine and carbmizole used in inducing two conditions. From th is study we published two papers the first (The effects of Induced Hyperthyroidism on plasma FSH and LH Concentration in Female of Wistar Rats ) in Research Journal of Recent Science Vol.1(6),55 - 57,June (2012) the second p aper ( the effect of carbmaizo le induced hypothyroidism on plasma lipids profile concentration in female Wistar rats) in the University of Dongola Journal for Scientific Research, Third Year Issue No.4 – January - 2013 .
Cytogenetic and Molecular Characterization of Disorders of Sex Development with special emphasis on SRY gene
(Al Neelain University, 2011) Manal Mohammed Elhassan Awad Elkareem
Abstract Introduction Disorders of sex development (DSD) refer to a group of congenital conditions in which the development of the chromosomal, gonadal and/or anatomical sex have been atypical. Worldwide, DSD has an incidence of 1:5000 live births, being more common in Jewish and Hispanic, but unfortunately there are no accurate records about the incidence of DSD in Sudan. Molecular studies of sex reversal patients by Sinclair and his group in 1990 had led to identification of the SRY gene and its role in male sex differentiation. Since that time and till now, the full spectrum of SRY gene mutations and the role of other autosomal genes were not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the phenotype, and cytogenetic alterations in Sudanese patients with DSD. In addition to that, we aimed also to characterize SRY mutations associated with 46,XY DSD and to correlate the mutations with the clinical profile of the patients. Materials and methods A total of 60 patients referred with provisional diagnosis of DSD were enrolled in this study. Ten ml of venous blood were collected from each patient under complete aseptic conditions (5ml in sodium heparin container for cytogenetic analysis and another 5ml in EDTA container for DNA extraction). All patients signed a written consent that has been approved by Al Neelain University Ethical Committee prior the study. The lymphocyte culture, chromosomal analysis, and karyotype were performed according to the standard cytogenetic technique, and in accordance with ISCN guidelines (1995). Whereas genomic DNA was extracted using Guanidine Chloride method, detection of SRY gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using XES10 and XES11 primers. Reaction products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose –TBE gels and visualized with gel documentation system. Amplified region was directly sequenced in 19-46,XY-DSD-patients to identify and characterize mutations in SRY gene. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13 software. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were obtained for categorical variables. Results Of the sixty patients examined, 65% grown up as females and 35% as males; age ranged between one month and 45 years. Of the 60 patients, 63.3% were presented after pubertal age while, 36.7% were accessible before puberty. Sixty percent of the patients have been referred due to their ambiguous genitalia, 30% due to primary amenorrhea, and the remaining 10% were due to other complains. The cytogenetic analyses showed that 46,XY karyotype was present in 61.7% of patients, 46,XX karyotype in 31.7%, and abnormal karyotype (46,XX/46,XY; 47,XYY; and 45,XO/46,XX) in 6.7%. In 61.7% of the patients, the sex of rearing was matching with correct genotype, whereas in 38.3% of the patients the results showed clashing between the sexes of rearing and the genotype. 33.3% of the patients had 46,XY karyotype and grown up as females, 75% of those have experienced female genital mutilation while 25% have not. According to the patient’s phenotypes, the phenotype was in complete accordance with the genotype in only 18.4% of the adult patients. The physical examination showed absent secondary sexual characteristics in 42.6% of the adult patients. XII SRY gene analysis showed physical presence of the gene in 60% of the cases, of which 51.7% had 46,XY, 5.0% had 46,XX, and 3.3% had mosaic karyotype (46,XX/46,XY). Complete absence of the SRY gene was seen in 40% of the patients, of which 26.6% had 46,XX, and 10% had 46,XY, and 1.7% had 47,XYY or 45,XO/46,XX karyotype. About 61.66% of the patients were diagnosed as 46,XY DSD, of those, 5% were finally diagnosed as Swyer syndrome and 3.33% as ovotesticular DSD. The result showed that 33.33% of the patients had the diagnosis of 46,XX DSD, of those, 5% had final diagnosis of complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD), 6.7% had diagnosis of complete gonadal dysgenesis turner (CGD, Turner), ), 1.7% turn to be sex reversed with SRY gene translocation. The remaining patient (1.7%) was ovotesticular DSD. 5% of the patients were diagnosed as sex chromosome DSD. DNA sequencing of the selected samples revealed apparent single base changes in 7 cases, 5 different mutations were obtained, the detected mutations were not reported before. Two cases showed Heterozygous T to G transversion, at codon 71, resulting in Alanine (A) replacing Serine (S) in case of the mutant allele, this mutation lies inside the HMG box. Four cases showed Heterozygous G to A transition, at codon 132, resulting in Valine (V) replacing Alanine (A) in case of the mutant allele, this mutation lies inside the HMG box. Three cases showed Heterozygous G to C transversion, at codon 7, resulting in Tryptophan (W) replacing Serine (S) in case of the mutant allele this mutation lies inside the HMG box. Three Cases showed an insertion of A, at codon 180, resulting in Arginine (R) replacing serine (S) (This mutation lies outside the HMG-box of the SRY gene), whereas 1 case showed a mutation of A to C at position 93 (This mutation lies outside the ORF of the SRY gene) resulting in Threonine (T) replacing Asparagine (N). Conclusion: The present study revealed that, both cytogenetic and PCR techniques are reliable and efficient techniques in diagnosis and workup of DSD patients when used in combination. Another interesting finding is that genotype/phenotype and sex of rearing are not always in accordance in patients with DSD. Massive heterogeneity of SRY gene mutations was observed in the present study, and the missing SRY gene mutations suggest important role of autosomal genes in DSD and should be looked up in future studies. XIII المستخلص مقدمة يعتبر مرض إختلال التنميط النوعى من الامراض المعقدة والتى تحدث نتيجة خلل فى التركيب الصبغى او الغدد الجنسية مما يؤثر علي الاعضاء التناسلية والمظهر الجنسي الخارجى. حسب الاحصائيات العالمية تبلغ نسبة الاصابة بالمرض 5000:1 مولود جديد. تشير التقارير والدراسات الى ارتفاع هذه النسب فى اوساط اليهود وسكان امريكا الجنوبية (الهسبانك) ولكن وللاسف الشديد فإنه لا توجد إحصائيات دقيقة عن اعداد االمرضى فى السودان. على الرغم من إكتشاف الجين المتحكم فى النمط الجنسي (SRY (فى العام 1990 بواسطة العالم سنكلير يظل فهمنا محدودا للطفرات المصاحبة لهذا الجين ودور الجينات الاخرى فى خلل التنميط النوعى. هدفنا فى الدراسة الحاليه ان نحدد الخصائص السريرية والطفرات الصبغية عند مرضى التنميط النوعى السودانيون كما هدفت الدراسة الى تحديد واستكشاف طفرات الجين (SRY (عند مرض إعتلال التنميط النوعى ذوى الصبغيات الذكورية XY,46 لدى المرضى السودانين ومن ثم إستكشاف العلاقات بين الطفرات والحالة السريرية للمريض. العينات وطرق البحث ضمت الدراسة الحالية 60 مريضا سودانيا يعانون من اختلال التنميط النوعى حيث تم أخذ 10 مليمترات دم تم تقسيمها ووضعت 5 مليمترات فى انبوب يحتوى على الهبارين الملحى لاجراء فحص الصبغيات وتم حفظ المتبقى من الدم فى أنبوبة تحتوى على EDTA لكى يتم استخلاص الحمض النووى منها لاحقا. ا على ً قبل الشروع فى الدراسة طلبنا من كل المرضى التوقيع على إقرار الموافقة على المشاركة فى البحث وذلك بناء الموافقة التى حصلنا عليها من لجنة أخلاقيات البحث العلمى بجامعة النيلين. تم تزريع خلايا الدم الابيض وفحص الكرموسومات بالطريقة المتعارف عليها اما كتابة النتيجة فقد تمت وفقا لموجهات الجمعية الوطنية للمصطلحات الصبغية (1995 .(استخدم الجوانيدين كلوريد لاستخلاص الحمض النووى وتقنية التسلسل البلمرى لدراسة جين ال SRY بإستخدام الكاشف النووى XES10 و XES11 كما استخدمت تقنية الالكتروفوريسيس بإستخدام الجلى بتركيز 1 .%تمت قراءة الشفرة الوراثية لجين ال SRY لمرضى اختلال التنميط النوى XY,46 وذلك تم تحليل النتائج إحصائيا بإستخدام برنامج 13 SPSS حيث تم إعداد التحليل الوصفى للمعلومات الوصفية بالدراسة. ً لتحديد الطفرة فى هذا الجين. النتائج أظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية أن 65 %من المرضى الستون قد شبوا كنساء فى حين أن 35 %شبوا كرجال كما تراوحت اعمار المرضى بين شهرو 45 عاما. حوالى 3.63 %من المرضى تقدموا للعلاج بعد البلوغ فى حين تقدم 7.36 %قبل البلوغ وأظهرت النتائج ان 60 %من المرضى كانوا يعانون من تشوهات فى شكل الاعضاء التناسلية الخارجية فى حين كان 30 %يعانون من غياب الدورة الشهرية و 10 %يعانون من أعراض متنوعة. فحص الصبغيات اظهر أن7.61 %يحملون الصبغ XY,46 أما الذين يحملون الصبغ XX,46 فقد مثلوا حوالى 7.31 % فى حين أظهرت النتائج أن 7.6 %كانوا يجملون صبغيات غير طبيعية متمثلة فى التركيب الصبغى 6XY,4/XX,46 .45,XO/46,XX و 47,XYY; أظهرت الدراسة التوافق التام بين الجنس الذي تربوا عليه والتركيب الصبغى فى7.61%من المرضى كما أظهرت الدراسة التضارب بين الاثنين فى3. 38 %من الحالات. 3 . 33 % من الحالات حملوا التركيب الصبغى XY,46 و شبوا كنساء وعانوا من عملية ختان الأناث.أظهرت الدراسة التوافق التام بين التركيب النمطى والتركيب الصبغى فى4 .18% من المرضي البالغين.عند تحليل الصفات الجنسية الثانوية أظهرت الدراسة غياب هذه الصفات الجنسية الثانوية فى 6.42 % من المرضى البالغين. تحليل الطفرات المصاحبة للجين SRY أظهرت وجود الجين عند 60 %من الحالات حيث حمل 7.51 %التركيب الصبغى XY,46 و 5 %لديهم تركيب صبغى XX,46 و 3.3 %لديهم تركيب صبغى مزدوج XY,46/XX,46 .فى حين شكل غياب الجين فى 40 %من الحالات حمل 6.26 %التركيب الصبغى 46XX و 10 %حملوا التركيب الصبغى .45,XO/46,XX أو 47,XYY الصبغى التركيب حملوا% 1.7 و 46,XY أظهرت نتائج التشخيص أن 66 .13T61 %يعانون من 13Tخلل فى النمط الجنسى من النوع XY,46 من هولاء تم تشخيص 5 %كمتلازمة سوير و33.3 %شخصوا كمتلازمة المبيض الخصوى. أما بالنسبة للخلل الجنسى XX,46 والذى شكل 33.33 %فقد شكل 13Tخلل 13T6 تكون 13T6الغدد التناسلية 5 %من المرضى بعضهم من الخلل الكلى و من الخلل الكلى والمصاحب XIV 13Tمتلازمة تيرنر عانى 7.6 %بالاضافة الى 5 %الذين ثبت أنهم يعانون من متلازمة انعكاس الجين بسبب إزفاء الجين من% 5.الخصوى المبيض كمتلازمة شخصوا المرضى من 13T %13T 1.7.(SRY T gene translocation13) الصبغى المرضي شخصوا كخلل تنميط نوعي مرتبط بتركيب كرموسومي غير طبيعي . دراسة تسلسل الحمض النووى أظهرت تغيير فى قاعدة واحدة فى 7 من الحالات,شملت 5 طفرات جينية جديدة كانت الطفرة هيتروزاجوس فى حالاتان أدت الى إحلال T و G فى الكودون 71 مما أدى الى إحلال (A (Alanine مكان (S (Serine محدثا طفرة داخل ال box HMG .بالنسبة للحالات التى أظهرت طفرة من النوع الهيترزجوزيتى فقد ظهرت طفرات فى أربعة حالات في كل من ال G و A عند الكودون 132 أدت الى احلال ال (A (Alanine بواسطة (V (Valine محدثا طفرة داخل ال box HMG كما فى الطفرات السابقة. بالاضافة لهذا فقد اظهر التحليل ثلاث طفرات اخرى من النوع الهيتورزجوزتى فى 3 حالات شملت G و C عند الكودون السابع مما حدا بتغيير ال Serine (S (الى (W (Tryptophan محدثا طفرة داخل ال box HMG .ثلاث حالات اخرى أظهروا طفره بإضافة A فى الكودون 180 محدثا طفرة خارج ال box HMG نتج عنة إحلال (S (serine بواسطة (R (Arginine .طفرة أحرى وجدت فى كودون 93 حدث فيها إحلال C بواسطة A مما نتج عنه إحلال (N (Asparagine بواسطة Threonine (T . (محدثا طفرة خارج ال ORF لجين SRY. الخلاصة أثبتت الدراسة الحالية أن فحص الصبغيات والتسلسل البلمرى من الفحوصات الهامة والتى يعتمد عليها فى تشخيص مرضى خلل التنميط النوعى لا سيما إذا تم إستخدام الاثنين معا. كما أظهرت الدراسة أن التركيب الصبغى والجسمانى لا يتوافق دائما مع التثبيت الجنسي عند الولادة لدى مرضى خلل التنميط النوعى. أثبتت الدراسة أن هنالك تنوع فى طفرات جين SRY عند مرضى التنميط النوعى كما نبهت هذة الدراسة الى أهمية الجينات الاخرى كمسبب لخلل التنميط النوعى الامر الذى يحتاج الى دراسات مستقبلية لتحديد هذا الدور.
Synthesis of Chalcones with Mannich Side Chain
(Al Neelain University, 2011) ANWAR ELBUSHRA MOHAMMED NORELJALEEL
Nineteen new compounds (chalcone with Mannich side chain) were synthesized in this work, together with their intermediates. Aminomethylation of vanillin was achieved by reaction of formaldehyde with various amines (pyrrolidine, piperidine, moropholine, N-methylpiperazine, and N- ethylpiperazine) in dioxane to obtain 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-pyrrolidinomethyl- benzaldehyde (1), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-piperidinomethylbenzaldehyde (2) 4- hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-morpholinomethylbenzaldehyde (3), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5- N-methylpiperaznomethylbenzaldehyde (4), 5-N-Ethylpiperazinomethyl-4-hydroxy- 3-methoxybe-zaldehyde (5) respectively. These intermediates were reacted with 4- methoxyacetophenone to obtain chalcones with Mannich side chain : 4-Hydroxy-3,4'- dimethoxy-5-pyrrolidinomethylchalcone (6), 4-hydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxy-5- piperlidinomethylchalcone (7), 4-Hydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxy-5-morpholinomethyl chalcone(8),4-hydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxy-5-N-methylpiperazino-methylchalcone (9) , 5- N-ethylpipera-zinomethyl-4-hydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxychalcone (10) The chalcones : 4-hydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone and 4-hydroxy-4'- methoxychalcone were prepared by reacting 3-hydroxy or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 4-methoxyacetophenone . The aminomethylation of chalones was done by reaction with formaldehyde and suitable amines (dimethylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, moropholine, N-methylpiperazine, and N-ethylpiperazine) in acetonitrile to obtain 3-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-4-dimethylaminochacone (12), 3-hydroxy-4'- iii methoxy-4-pyrrolidinomethylchalcone (13), 3-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-4-piperlidino- methylchalcone (14), 3-Hydroxy-4'-methoxy-4-morpholinomethylchalcone (15), 3- hydroxy-4'-methoxy-4-( N-methyl-piperazino methyl)chalcone(16),3-hydroxy-4'- methoxy-2,4-bis-(N-methylpiperaz-inomethyl)chalcone (17) and 4-(N- ethylpiperazinomethyl)-3-hydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone(18),4-hydroxy-4'-methoxy- 3,5-bis-dimethylaminomethylchalcone (20), 4-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3,5-bis- pyrrolidinomethylchalcone (21), 4-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3,5-bis-piperdinomethyl chalcone (22), 4-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-morpholinomethylchalcone(23), 4-hydroxy-4'- methoxy-3,5-bis-morpholinomethylchalcone(24), 4-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3,5-bis-N- methylpiperazinomethylchalcone (25), 3-(N-ethylpiperazinomethyl)-4-hydroxy-4'- methoxychalcone (26) 3,5-bis-(N-ethylpiperazinomethyl)-4-hydroxy-4'-methoxy chalcone (27) The final products were purified by thin layer and column chromatography. They were identified along with their intermediates by spectroscopic methods: UV, IR, NMR spectroscopy ( 1 H, 13 C, ABT, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC) and Mass spectrometry
Molecular and conventional studies on Chlamydia trachomatis infection among Gynecological Patients attending Khartoum Teaching Hospital
(Al Neelain University, 2012) Mohammed Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of different floral origin honey samples against a wide range of bacterial strains , and to verify the nature of the active substance (s) . Methodology: Thirty –two different honey samples collected from different countries (raw and commercial honey ) were tested in vitro for antibacterial activity of standard and clinical isolates using cup plate diffusion technique . The same clinical isolates were tested in vitro for some antibiotics sensitivity. Different honey concentrations, ethyl acetate extracts and water residue were assessed in vitro for antibacterial activity . Topical dressing of cutaneous leishmaniasis of 25 hamsters with natural honey was compared with other 25 group treated by Pentostam injection. Extraction of honey was carried out by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The extracts were subjected to thin layer chromatography Ethyl acetate extracts were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS for chemical Characterization to fingerprint honey samples according to their floral origin . 10 Results: All bacterial strains exhibited marked sensitivity to honey samples, even the most resistant bacterial strains to the commonly used antibiotics –MRSA and Pseudomonas spp. The clinical isolates showed remarkable resistance to the most antibiotics tested. Different honey concentrations inhibited bacterial growth even at low dilution 10%. Ethyl acetate extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity while it is water residue showed no activity. Honey was found to be an effective treatment for the cutaneous leishmaniasis induced in hamsters as compared with control group which was treated by Pentostam injection. TLC of honey extracst resulted in different terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Analysis of honey samples by using HPLC and GC-MS revealed different phenolic compounds correlated with their botanical and geographical origin . Different honey samples showed different compounds according to their floral origin . Natural and commercial honeys samples exhibited potent antibacterial. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggests that honey would be beneficial to control resistant bacterial strains without side effects. The active 11 fractions ( antibacterial of honey ) may be a valuable source of future therapeutic. Effectiveness of honey dressing in treatment of leishmanial ulcers gives a promising trend in controlling such cases. GC-MS profile reflect the floral source , and forms a basis of an attempt to fingerprint honey samples . Much of the effectiveness of honey as antibacterial activity was attributed to phenolics flavonoids, some of the volatile compounds , hydrogen peroxide normally present in honey due to the effect of some enzyme, the natural concentration and hygroscopic nature of honey, plus the cidic pH of honey . Honey can be used as a natural product without side effects . 12 مستخلص : الهدف من الأطروحة الأهداف تشخيص ميكروب الكلاميديا بواسطة تحليل الحمض الاميني دي ان اي في المرضي الذين ليس لديهم القدرة علي الانجاب ويترددون علي عيادات العقم في مستشفي الخرطوم التعليمي. المواد وطرق العمل تم جمع حوالي من 15 الي 20 مل من البول في الصباح من المرضي في حاويات نظيفة ومعقمة وذلك لاجراء الفحص المجهري لميكروب الكلاميديا. وايضا تم اخذ عينتان من عنق الرحم من المرضي واحدة لاجراء فحص الحمض الاميني دي ان اي لميكروب الكلاميديا والاخري لفحص الانسجة والخلايا المجهري النتائج تم جمع 200 عينة عشوائية من المرضي الذين يترددون علي عيادات العقم والنساء والتوليد بمستشفي الخرطوم التعليمي حيث تم اخذ عينات من عنق الرحم لاجراء اختباري الحمض الاميني دي ان اي وفحص الانسجة والخلايا للمرضي. وايضا تم جمع 200 عينة بول من المرضي وذلك لاجراء الفحص المجهري. من 191 مريض تم اختبارهم يعانون من الافرازات المهبلية وجد منهم 43 (52.3% ) لديهم نتيجة موجبة لميكروب الكلاميديا عن طريق الفحص الاميني دي ان اي و32(38.1%) لديهم نتيجة موجبة لميكروب الكلاميديا عن طريق الفحص المجهري بصبغة جيمسا و9 (10.7%) لديهم نتيجة موجبة لميكروب الكلاميديا عن طريق فحص الانسجة والخلايا المجهري . ووجد ان الفئة العمرية 26 الي 40 تحتوي علي اكثر النتائج الايجابية اما الفئة العمرية اكثر من 61 تحتوي علي اكثر النتائج السلبية . الاستنتاجات: الفئة العمرية 26 الي 40 تعتبر من اكثر العوامل التي تشير الي نسبة تفشي الاصابة بميكروب الكلاميديا خاصة في النساء . الاصابة بمرض الكلاميديا يؤدي الي مضاعفات خطيرة وهي انسداد انبوب قناة فالوب و الاجهاض. اصبح مرض الكلاميديا من الامراض المنتشرة بصورة كبيرة جدا في الخرطوم نسبة لتفشي المرض في النساء السودانيات الحوامل وايضا اللواتي يعانين من عدم الانجاب
The effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism hormones on gonadotrophins and lipids profile in female Wistar rats
(AL-Neelain University, 2013-01) Mohammed Abdel Rhman Adris
Abstract Thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine are essential for normal organs growth, development and functions. These hormones regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of all cells and play a critical role in the development of several organs systems, include the reproductivesystem. This study focuses on the effects of iodothyronines on plasma lipids and FSH, LH concentrations in female Wistar rats and answer specific questions, what is worse to have low or excess thyroid hormones in female Wistar rats. Adult female Wister rats (number 48), these divided into two main groups hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism forty eight rats in each group. The two main groups devided into 12 rats as treated and 12 rats as control (euthyroid). The experimental study was located at the UKZN, Faculty of Science and Agriculture School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Kwa Zulu-Natal, Westville campus, South Africa from October 2009 up to May 2010. The rats became hyperthyroidism by administrating thyroxine orally 90-100 μg/kg b.w for 21 days or hypothyroidism by administrating carbimazole orally 50 mg/kg b.w for 21 days, euthyroid received 3 ml of deionized water. The rats firstly were put in the metabolic cage 24 hours for three days for acclimatized. On day one of experimental base line rats were put in metabolic cages for 24 hours. Every third day of experimental rats weight, water and food consumption, urine production and blood pressure were recorded. On day 23 all rats were sacrificed from both groups treated and control. Blood samples were taken directly from the right atrium for analysis of thyroid hormones TSH, T3 and T4 gonadotrophins FSH,LH lipids profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDLcholesterol) and total proteins. Also organs were dissected out and weights include liver, thyroid gland, spleen and ovaries from all animals. Thyroid and gonadotrophins hormones were measured by using of enzyme immunoassay kits from ( TOSOH, Corporation Japan). Lipids profile and total proteins were measured by using commercial kits from BioSystem S.A. Costa Brava 30, Bracelona (Spain), by the Hitach 906 analyzer. The results of body weight in hyperthyroidism female rats group showed significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05), and these results were associated with reduction in food and water consumption compared to control rats group. The results of T3 concentrations showed in hyperthyroidism female Wistar rats group showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) increased, but T4 showed highly significant (P ≤ 0.05) increased compared to control group. The results of gonadotrophins in both treated groups showed conflict results. The results of lipids profile in hyperthyroidism rats (TC and HDL-C) 11 showed decreased not significant, but TG was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) compared to control group. Hypothyroidism rats group showed for both (TC and TG) showed increased not significant, but HDL-C was significantly (p <0.05) increased compared to control group. Thyroid gland, liver and ovaries were removed from hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism female Wistar rats and control for histopathological examination under light microscope. Nine glass slides were examined by light microscopy. The examination results observed there is change in thyroid gland cells which collapsed in hypothyroidism and converted to large follicular collid in hyperthyroidism and ovaries of tow treated group due to the effect thyroxine and carbmizole used in inducing two conditions. From this study we published two papers the first (The effects of Induced Hyperthyroidism on plasma FSH and LH Concentration in Female of Wistar Rats ) in Research Journal of Recent Science Vol.1(6),55-57,June (2012) the second paper ( the effect of carbmaizole induced hypothyroidism on plasma lipids profile concentration in female Wistar rats) in the University of Dongola Journal for Scientific Research, Third Year Issue No.4 – January - 2013. 12 مستخلص الدراسة: تعتبر ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة ضروریة للنمو الطبیعي وتطوره والوظائف الحیویة. تعمل ھذه الھرمونات علي تنظیم معدلات التمثیل الغذائي لجمیع خلایا الجسم وأیضا تلعب دوراً حاسماً في تطویر مجموعة من أنظمة أجھزه الجسم تشمل الصحة الإنجابیة. ھذه الدراسة ركزت علي تأثیرات التجارب التحفیزیة لحالتي فرط ونقص ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة المستحث و مستویات الدھون والبروتینات الكلیة في إناث فئران FSH و LH علي مستویات ھرمونات الخصوبة تجارب من النوع وستر. تمت الدراسة التجریبیة في دولة جنوب أفریقیا جامعة كوازول ناتال كلیة العلوم والزراعة مدرسة الكیمیاء الحیویة وعلم الوراثة والأحیاء الدقیقة في الفترة من أكتوبر 2009 حتى مایو 2010 . حیث قمنا بالتحقیق من تأثیرات فرط ونقصان ھرمونات الغدة لدي إناث فئران من النوع وستر. مع محاولة FSH و LH الدرقیة المستحث علي تركیز ھرمونات الخصوبة الإجابة علي السؤالین ماھو أثر حالتي فرط ونقص ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة المستحث علي تراكیز ھرمونات لدیي إناث الفئران من النوع وستر كما تم التحقیق من التأثیرات المصاحبة علي FSH و LH الخصوبة مستویات الدھون والبروتینات الكلیة. مع محاولة الإجابة علي السؤال ماھو الاسوء حدوثا في الحالتین فرط ونقصان ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة علي مستویات الدھون بالتركیز علي عنصر الكلسترول لارتباطة بتصنیع ھرمونات الخصوبة. تم إستخدام عدد 48 أنثي فئران تجارب من نوع وستر تتراوح الاوزان بین 250 الي 300 جرام قسمت الي مجموعتین أساسیین بكل 24 أنثي فار الأولي تسمي المجموعة (المستحثة الي فرط ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة) حقنت عن طریق الفم بمادة الثیروكسن بجرعة مقدارھا 100 میكروجرام لكل كیلوجرام من وزن الفار الكلي لاستحداث حالة فرط ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة بھذة المجموعة عدد 12 فار عبارة عن مجموعة ضابطة تلقت 3 مل من الماء المؤین و المجموعة الرئیسیة الثانیة تسمي ( المستحثة الي نقص ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة ) حقنت عن طریق الفم بمادة الكاربمیزول بجرعة مقدارھا 50 ملغم لكل كیلوجرام من الوزن الكلي للفار لاستحداث حالة نقص ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة أما المجموعة الضابطة عددھا 12 فار تلقت ماء مؤین 3 مل فقط. تم وضع جمیع الفئران منفردة في أقفاص الاستقلاب فترة 24 ساعة لمدة ثلاثة أیام للملائمة قبل بدایة التجربة. بعد ذلك تم وضع كل فائرفي قفص إستقلابي منفرد كل ثلاثة أیام طیلة فترة التجربة ثلاثة أسابیع. حیث تم تسجیل أوزان جسم الفار و أستھلاكة للماء من 100 مل متاحة وأستھلاكة للغذاء من 40 جرام متاحة وكمیة البول المنتج كل ثلاثة أیام حتي نھایة مدة التجربة ثلاثة أسابیع. و تم قیاس ضغط الدم للمجموعة الأولي المستحثة بواسطة الثیروكسین لزیادة فرط الغدة الدرقیة فقط وذلك لتحقیق من تأثیر زیادة ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة المستحث علي ضغط الدم كاختبار تأكیدي أثناء سیر التجربة. تم قیاس ھرمونات الغدة وكذلك مستویات الدھون والبروتینات الكلیة (Enzyme immunoassay) الدرقیة والخصوبة بواسطة تقنیة في جھاز الھیتاش. أظھرت نتائج قیاس أوزان الفئران المحفزة بواسطة (Bio System Kits) بواسطة الثیروكسین نقصان ذو دلالة إحصائیة وھذا النقصان أیظاً أتضح بأنة لة ارتباط وثیق في ظاھرة إختزال أستھلاك الماء والغذاء بواسطة ھذة المجموعة مقارنة بالمجموعة الظابطة. أظھرت نتائج تراكیز ھرمون ال أظھر T عند مجموعة فئران فرط ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة زیادة ذات دلالة إحصائیة. أما ھرمون ال 4 T3 زیادة عالیة ذات دلالة إحصائیة مقارنة مع بالمجموعة الضابطة . أظھر نتائج تراكیز ھرمونات الخصوبة نتائج متضاربة في المجموعتین (فرط ونقصان ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة). نتائج تراكیز LH و FSH أظھرت نقصان لیس (HDL-Cholesterol الدھون عند الفئران فرط الغدة الدرقیة ( الكلسترول الكلي و ذات دلالة إحصائیة لكن ثلاثي الجلسرول أظھر نقصان ذو دلالة إحصائیة مقارنة مع مجموعة الفئران الضابطة. مجموعة الفئران المحثة الي نقصان ھرمونات الغدة الدرقیة أظھرت نتائج الدھون ( الكلسترول أظھر زیادة ذات دلالة إحصائیة HDL-C الكلي وثلاثي الجلسرول) زیادة لیست ذات دلالة إحصائیة لكن مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة. تم أخذ نسیج من الكبد والغدة الدرقیة والمبایض من جمیع الفئران المعالجة والضابطة لاجراء أختبارات أنسجة مرضیة حیث تم تحضیر عدد تسع شرائح زجاجیة من الانسجة الثلاثة.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions using Zeolite(LTA) Synthesized from Sudanese Clay
(AL-Neelain University, 2014) Mukhtar Arbab Ismail Mohamed
Abstract This study was carried out to synthesize zeolite LTA from Sudanese clay, from the banks of the Blue Nile in Bahary province. The clay was purified and analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Fluorence (XRF) methods. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the starting material (clay) is montmorillonite . Also those results showed that four types of zeolite were successfully synthesized (Vauxite, Alunite zeolite A and zeolite LTA) .The controlled conditions used were (440, 550, 650 and 750 oC and 1h) for the clay calcination, 100oC and 2h for the reaction, 12h for formation of zeolite crystals and 5 M NaOH for the alkali concentration. The differences in zeolite types is due to different temperatures of calcination of the clay. The results indicated that zeolite LTA was the best synthesized sample. To determine the most effective zeolite sample, the samples have been tested for the removal of lead ion (10 mg/l) from aqueous solution. The concentration of lead was measured before and after treatment using Inductively Coupled Plasma. The analysis showed that zeolite LTA was the best in the removal of lead with 99.42%, followed by zeolite A 81.22%, Alunite 73.14% and Vauxite 63.14%. On this basis zeolite LTA was chosen as the best sample for use in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The factors affecting the removal of ions such as dose of zeolite LTA, time, initial concentration as well as pH were studied. The results showed that zeolite LTA is very effective for removal of tested ions(Pb2+ , Zn2+, Cu2+ , Ni2+) from aqueous solutions, and the removal percent at the first 30min. was high . It was found that the effectiveness of zeolite LTA continued for two hours and then the zeolite was saturated and lost the ability to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The results indicated that, with the increase of pH (from 1 to 5) the efficiency of zeolite in removal of those ions increased. The percentage of the elimination efficiency of zeolite ranged from 72.2% to 99.42% for Pb2+, iv from 35.28% to 98.93% for Zn2+, from 85.6% to 94.97% for Cu2+ and from 12.45% to 73.14% for Ni2. Zeolite LTA was activated after losing its ability to remove the adsorded heavy metal ions with sodium chloride solution (1M), and then it was tested for effectiveness in removal of heavy metals ions. It was found that zeolite LTA after regeneration well removed the heavy metals ions, but in less degree than the fresh zeolite LTA shortly before activation. To compare the effectiveness of synthesized zeolite LTA, before and after activation and montmorillonite, their ability was tested with solution of the Pb2+ (10mg/l) for 30min. It was found that zeolite LTA is the best sample in the removal of Pb2+ with the rate of 99.42%, followed by regenerated zeolite LTA with rate of 98.92% and finally montmorillonite with the rate of 55.44%.
Molecular Characterization of TPO gene mutations in Sudanese patients with Congenital Hypothyroidism
(Al Neelain University, 2015) Nada Mukhtar Hassan Abdelkarim
Introduction Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common congenital endocrine disorder worldwide . Approximately 80 to 85% of cases are caused by defects in thyroid development (dysgenesis), the remaining 15 to 20% are due to errors of thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogenesis) . Congenital hypothyroidism is also the most common preven table cause of mental retardation. Its neurological defects can only be reversible if diagnosed and treated early. I t s incidence rate is 1 out of 3000/4000 live births worldwide However, t his incidence rate is higher in developing countries such as Sudan ( 1 of 1400/2200 newborn infants ) in which its population is character ized by consanguinity (25 - 70%). The present study aimed to assess the demographic and clinical pattern of congenital hypothyroidism (dyshormonogenesis) in Sudan, to characterize TPO gene mutations in Sudanese patients with Congenital Hypothyroidism (dyshormonogenesis ) . Methods A total of 5 6 patients referred to Gaffar Ibn Auf Children Hospital presented with clinical features suggesting congenital hypothyroidism (dyshormonogenesis) were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data was obtained by a predesigned questionnare. Five ml of venous blood were collected in EDTA tube from each patient under complete aseptic conditions for DNA extraction. All patients signed a written consent that has been approved by Al Neelain University Ethical Committee prior to the study. Genomic DNA was extracted using Guanidine Chloride method . Detection of TPO gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for selected exons 7, 8, 9, and 14. Reaction products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose – TBE gels and visualized with XIII gel documentation system. Amplified region was directly sequenced to identify and characterize mutations in TPO gene. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13 software. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were obtained for categorical variables. Genotype analysis was performed using Bio Edit program, Haploview program and Phyre bioscientific website for prediction of protein structure and configuration. Results Most patients enrolled in this study (85.7%) a re descendants of consanguineous marriage s. There were 11 reported families, comprising 74.3% of cases, with more than one affected member , o f th ose family members, 68.6 % were in fact siblings. Patients from consanguineous marriage had a 96.6% positive family history. The majority of patients (9 7.1%) developed complications. According to the tribal origin, the vast majority of patients (65.7%) were from Afro - Asiatic tribes, whereas 34.3% were from Nilo - Saharan tribes. There was a large variation in the geographical distribution of patients. Biochemical analysis and ultrasound findings were concordant with the genetic analysis results of patients. Sequencing analysis revealed apparent 18 single base changes (missense m utations) in exons 7, 8, and 9, and a deletion at exon14. Bioinformatics analysis showed strong L inkage D isequilibrium between two reported SNPs. Therefore they can be considered as potential genetic markers for disease association studies , population stud ies and neonatal screening. Conclusion Consanguinity, tribal marriages, and positive family history are factors that increase the risk of genetic disorders . Nineteen mutation including 8 novel mutations were detected. Strong LD between two SNPs is a potent ial g enetic marker for newborn screening of CH.
The Role of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Polymorphisms (C677T & A1298C) in Sudanese Patients with Cardiac Syndrome X
(Al Neelain University, 2015) Nasir Abdelrafie Hamad Elamin
Background Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is defined as a typical angina chest pain with a positive response to stress testing, and normal coronary angiography (CAG). CSX is associated with increased frequency of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, congestive cardiac failure, and death. Researchers investigating the role of MTHFR 677C-T and 1298A-C polymorphisms in CSX concluded that these mutations might represent an important genetic risk factor for the disease . Moreover, disturbances in magnesium levels were associated with many cardiovascular diseases such as ventricular tachycardia, coronary artery calcification, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary spasm and sudden cardiac arrest. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of MTHFR C677T, A1298C and serum magnesium in CSX in Sudanese population and correlate them with different biochemical parameters (FBG, blood urea and serum creatinine, magnesium, and lipid profile). Materials & methods This cross-sectional study involved fifty patients with CSX and their matching control in Khartoum State, Sudan after signing a written consent. The study was carried out during the period from February 2011- June 2012. Data were collected from all participants using a pre-structured interview questionnaire. A total of 6 ml of overnight fasting venous blood were collected in EDTA tubes of which 3 ml were centrifuged at 2.000 rpm for 10 minutes and kept frozen at-20C for DNA extraction and molecular analysis . The remaining 3 ml were used for determination of FBG, renal, liver and lipid profile. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Committee of Al-Neelain University. Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase gene polymorphisms C677T and A1298C was determined using PCR amplification followed by Hin fI and MboII restriction enzymes. Biochemical parameters measured included fasting blood glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, magnesium, and lipid profile (cholesterol, TAG, LDL, and HDL). Results The present study included 50 patients with CSX, 30 females (60%), and 20 males (40%). Most patients with CSX were originally from Central Sudan. The mean age for patients was 44.98 year-old compared to 40.38 year-old for the healthy control subjects. About 20% had MTHFR C677T compared to 4% of control individuals (4%). the difference was significant ( p -value=0.014). The frequency of MTHFR C677T was 20% of patients compared to 2% of the healthy controls. None of the examined individuals had the wildtype A1298A allele. No significant difference were observed between the median (25 th -75 th quartile) of serum magnesium in cases and control group [2.4(1.9-2.8) vs. 2.5 (1.9-3.2) mg/dl; p- value= 0.150], respectively. Other biochemical parameters (RBG, liver, renal, and lipid profile) were measured and compared between cases and controls with no statistical difference found. Conclusion The study concluded that MTHFR C677T was associated with CSX in Sudanese population. MTHFR A1298C and serum magnesium were not associated with CSX.
Potential role of Gum Arabic in induction of Fetal hemoglobin in Sudanese sickle cell patients
(alneelain, 2015) Dr Lamis AbdelGadir kaddam
Abstract: Introduction: High level of fetal hemoglobin decreases sickle cell anemia severity and leads to improved survival. Butyrate proved to increase fetal hemoglobin production in vivo and in vitro studies. Nonetheless, its short half-life limited its utilization in clinical practice. Gum Arabic (GA) is edible, dried, gummy exudates from Acacia Senegal tree. Gum Arabic fermentation by colonic bacteria increases serum butyrate concentrations. We hypothesized regular intake of GA will increase serum butyrate level. The latter will induce fetal hemoglobin production and ameliorate patients’ symptoms. Methodology: 47 hemoglobin SS patients aged 5-42 years, were included in the study. These patients were on regular follow up in the refer clinic of hematology and pediatric units Military hospital in Omdurman, started April 2014 to January 2015. Patients received 30g/day of GA for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before administering GA and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks and on week 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Fetal hemoglobin, complete blood count and Erythropoietin level, total anti-oxidant capacity and oxidative markers were measured. The main outcome of interest was the level of fetal hemoglobin after 12 weeks. The secondary outcomes were improvement in clinical and laboratory results. The study was ethically approved from Alneelain University Institutional Review Board. The clinical trial is registered at trial.gov NCT02467257. Results: The study revealed significant increase in Hb F level P=0.0001 [95% CI, 0.43 -1.02], MCV P=:000[95% CI, 2.312 -6.058] and no significant difference was encountered in platelets count P=: 0.659 [95% CI,-25.76-71.94], and WBCs count P=:0.258 [95% CI,-8.035-1.68]. Gum Arabic significantly increased TAC level P= 0.000. And decreased oxidative markers MDA and H2O2 (P= 0.045 and 0.004 respectively). 37% of patients experienced minor side effects which resolved within a week. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge this is the first study conducted to investigate the effect of oral administration of GA on fetal hemoglobin production in sickle cell anemia patients. These findings revealed novel effects of GA as safe dietary fetal hemoglobin inducing agent. GA also showed potent anti-oxidant properties reveled as increase in total antioxidant capacity and decrease oxidative stress markers. Abstract in Arabic: مقدمة: ارتفاع مستوى الهيموغلوبين الجنيني يقلل شدة فقر الدم المنجلي ويؤدي إلى تحسين البقاء على قيد الحياة. كما اثبتت الدراسات فعالية مادة البتييوريت وهوعبارة عن حمض دهني قصير السلسلة في زيادة إنتاج الهيموغلوبين الجنيني في الجسم الحي والدراسات في المختبر. ولكن نسبة لقصر عمره النصفي أدى لمحدودية استخدامه في الممارسة السريرية. الصمغ العربي عبارة عن أفرازات صمغية من شجرة أكاسيا السنغال. البكتيريا القولونية تخمرالصمغ العربي مما يزيد تركيز مادة البتييوريت في الدم .في هذه الدراسة افترضنا ان التناول المنتظم للصمغ العربي سيزيد مستوى مادة البتييوريت في الدم. وهذا الأخير سوف يزيد من إنتاج الهيموغلوبين الجنيني وتحسين الأعراض بالنسبة للمرضى. طرق البحث: 47 مريضا من مرضى فقر الدم المنجلي تتراوح أعمارهم بين 5-42 سنوات، وهم مشمولين في برنامج المتابعة الدورية في مستشفى السلاح الطبي تم اختيارهم من العيادة المحولة لوحدة أمراض الدم وطب الأطفال، من بداية شهر أبريل 2014 إلى يناير 2015. وتلقى المرضى 30 جرام من الصمغ العربي يوميا لمدة 12 أسبوعا. تم قياس مستوى الهيموغلوبين الجنيني ، تعداد الدم الكامل ومستوى هرمون إريثروبويتين، تم قياس إجمالي الطاقة المضادة للأكسدة وعلامات الأكسدة. وكانت النتيجة الرئيسية التي تهم مستوى الهيموغلوبين الجنيني بعد 12 أسبوعا. وكانت نتائج الثانوية التحسن في النتائج السريرية والمختبرية. وتمت الموافقة على الدراسة من جامعة النيلين أخلاقيا لجنة المراجعة المؤسساتية. تم تسجيل التجارب السريرية في trial.gov NCT02467257. النتائج: أظهرت الدراسة زيادة كبيرة في مستوى الهيموغلوبين الجنيني P=0.0001 [95% CI, 0.43 -1.02], ، كما اظهرت زيادة في حجم خلية الدم الحمراء P=:000[95% CI, 2.312 -6.058] وليس هناك فرق كبير في الصفائح الدموية P=: 0.659 [95% CI,-25.76-71.94], ا، وعدد الكريات البيضاء P=:0.258 [95% CI,-8.035-1.68].. تناول الصمغ العربي ادى الى زيادة حقيقية في مستوى مضادات الأكسدة P = 0.000. وانخفضت علامات الأكسدة P= 0.045 and 0.004 على التوالي. عانى 37٪ من المرضى من بعض الآثار الجانبية الطفيفة التي اختفت في غضون أسبوع. الخلاصة: إلى علمنا هذه أول دراسة أجريت لدراسة تأثير تناول الصمغ العربي عن طريق الفم على إنتاج الهيموغلوبين الجنيني في مرضى فقر الدم المنجلي. وكشفت هذه النتائج عن آثار جديدة للصمغ العربي في انتاج الهيموغلوبين الجنينني. أظهر الصمغ العربي أيضا خصائص قوية مضادة للأكسدة تمثلت في زيادة في إجمالي القدرة المضادة للأكسدة وانخفاض في علامات الإجهاد التأكسدي.
Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals Al Neelain University
(AL-Neelain University, 2015) Anas Jafar Ali Mohammed
ABSTRACT The study area situated between latitudes 120 55/ - 130 46/ N and longitudes 250 00/ - 260 27/ E. The study area suffer from an acute scarcity of water quantity and quality in addition to most of the study area is located in the areas of basement rocks, the natural population growth and its impact on sources of water, increase of the population in the area due to displacement, the lack of the regular checking of wells, there is high concentration of salt in some wells over time in the area and use effect the fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural operations near water sources in the area. The aim of the study are to assess the groundwater chemistry and delineate the sources of salinity and hydrochemical facies in the aquifers system, and evaluate the groundwater flow regime in Sag El Naam Basin (Case Study) based on visual MODFLOW computer Code with aid of pre- and post- processing using GIS, AquiCham, Surfer and Aquitest. A field work was carried out several times to the study area as to collect water samples and field observations. Chemical analyses have been done at Water and Environmental Sanitation Project laboratory (WES) in El Fasher, according to standard methods for water examination. GIS technique was used to construct water sample location sites, Surfer software for distribution the concentration of elements values in the study area and Strater Demo-4 software for lithostratigraphic cross-sections. Chemical data were manipulated using Piper diagram for chemical facies and SPSS software for statistical analyses such as basic statistics (mean and standard deviation). The results show that groundwater in the study area are good in nature and excellent for domestics uses with few exception found to be above the recommended values according to WHO, (2009) and SSMO, (2002) standards. The calibration of three-dimensional finite difference flow model of Sag El Naam basin was realized through the calibration which is acceptable with average (RMS) of 0.14 m, residual mean error of 0.09 m, average absolute mean error (AM) of 0.12 m, average standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 0.02 m and average normalized root mean square (NRMS) of 1.49 %. The main components of water budget were calculated for four years with total Inflow 19, total Outflow 22 and recharge 345 mcm/year. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model is more sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and least sensitive to specific storage and more sensitive to recharge factor compared to the hydraulic conductivity. The predictive simulation for 5 years starting from 2013 shows that the continued pumping will create relatively high changes in head distribution in the model area, and gives a maximum drawdown of 3 m at 2017. Generally this study successfully formulated a new method of groundwater modeling, confirmed that visual MODFLOW can be used as a comparative technique for evaluation of groundwater flow regime in Sag El Naam Basin. الخلاصة تقع منطقة الدراسة بين دائرتى عرض 120 55/ - 130 46/ شمالا وخطى طول 250 00/ - 260 27/ شرقا. تعانى منطقة الدراسة من نقص حاد فى كمية ونوعية المياه بالاضافة الى أغلبها واقعة فى نطاق الصخور الاساسية، النمؤ السكانى الطبيعى والزيادة السكانية الناتجة من النزوح بسبب الحرب وتاثيرها على مصادر المياه، عدم وجود كشف دورى للآبار وذيادة تركيز الاملاح فى بعض الآبار بمرور الزمن و أثر استعمال المبيدات والمخصبات فى العمليات الزراعية بالقرب من مصادر المياه بالمنطقة. أن هدف الدراسة تقييم كيمياء المياه الجوفية و تحديد مصادر الملوحة و السحنة الهيدروكيميائية لنظام الطبقات الحاملة للمياه الجوفية فى المنطقة و تقييم نظام تدفق المياه الجوفية فى حوض ساق النعام الجوفى إستناداً على نمذجة المياه الجوفية وبمساعدة استعمال برامج جى آى أس، أكوكم، سيرفر وأكوتيست. تم عمل العديد من الزيارات الميدانية للمنطقة بغرض جمع عينات المياه للتحليل الكيميائى مع الملاحظات الحقلية. تم تحليل العينات بمعمل مشروع المياه و إصحاح البئية بالفاشر طبقا للطرق القياسية لتحليل المياه. تم إستخدام تقنيات نظام تحديد المواقع العالمى لتحديد مواقع الآبار وبرنامج السيرفر لتوزيع تركيز قيم العناصر وبرنامج استراتر ديمو-4 لعمل القطاع الجيولوجى أيضاءً تم إستخدام مخطط بايبر لمعالجة و معرفة السحنة الهيروكيميائية فى المنطقة و برنامج التحليل الاحصائى لمعرفة المتوسط و الانحراف المعيارى لهذه البيانات. نتائج التحليل الكيميائى للمياه الجوفية فى المنطقة كانت جيدة و ممتازة للاستخدام الآدمى ماعدا بعض العينات القليلة وجدت أعلى من الحد المسموح به على حسب مواصفات منظمة الصحة العالمية (2009) و المواصفات السودانية لمياه الشرب (2002). نموذج التدفق فى حوض ساق النعام الجوفى الحسابات كانت مقبولة وكان متوسط خطأ الجزر التربيعى 0.14 م ومتوسط خطأ الانخفاض المتبقى 0.09 م ومتوسط الخطأ المطلق 0.12 م و متوسط خطأ الانحراف المعيارى 0.02 م ومتوسط جزر التربيع العادى 1.94%.الميزانية المائيه حسبت لفترات الاجهاد الاربعة على التوالى وكان الحجم الكلى للخزن بمتوسط 19 و حجم الضخ بمتوسط 22 و حجم التغذية بمتوسط 345م م3/السنة. أظهرت تحليلات الحساسية بإن النموذج أكثر حساسية للتوصيل الهيدروليكى وأقل حساسية الى الخزن المعين و أكثر حساسية للتغذية مقارنتة للتوصيل الهيدروليكى. المحاكاة التنبؤية لخمسة سنوات من 2013م أظهرت أن الضخ المستمر سيخلق تغيير عالى نسبى فى مستوى الماء الرئيسى فى المنطقة ويعطى أقصى مستوى إنخفاض 3م فى 2017م. عموماً تعتبر نمذجة المياه الجوفية طريقة جديدة وجيدة لتقييم نظام تدفق المياه الجوفية فى حوض ساق النعام الجوفى.