Masters theses : Medical Laboratory Science
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.neelain.edu.sd/handle/123456789/495
Browse
18 results
Search Results
Item Assessment of Cytological changes in Buccal Mucosa among Al-Qat Chewers(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2007) AmmarSaleh Abdullah Omarl ABSTRACT This is a case control study; conducted in Hajjah city in Yemen during the period from May 2005-Dec 2007 in order to assess the cytological changes in buccal mucosa among Al-qat users by the use of cytological methods. The study assessed the cytological changes in the buccal mucosa of 300 subjects. Of whom, 150 were Al-qat users (cases), and 150 subjects were non Qat users (controls). Tobacco users were excluded form both cases and controls. Buccal scrapes were taken for preparation of smears and subsequently stained using Pap procedures. Analysis of the cytological smears identified mild cytological atypical changes among 6(4%) of the cases, hence no cytological atypia was detected among controls. Additionally, keratosis was revealed among 24(16%) of the cases and absent among controls. Theses findings indicating that Qat use is a risk factor for oral cytological changes, and this was found to be statistically significant (p<0.005). Of the 67(44.6%) subjects with inflammatory infiltrate, 53(35.3%) were cases and 14(9.3%) were controls. Of the 13(8.6%) that showed bacterial infection, 8(5.3%) were detected among cases and 5(3.3%) among controls. Benign degenerative changes among 8(5.3%) of the cases and absent among controls. Al-qat chewing can cause cytological changes in buccal mucosa, this cytological changes increasing with increasing of duration of Qat use. The relation between cytological changes and factors such as age and duration of Al-qat use need further assessment. Oral exfolaitive cytology can be a useful tool for investigation of oral lesions and can be applied for oral screening programs for at risk population. In view of the lack of studies that used cytological methods to assess oral mucosal lesions reported from Yemen, similar studies are recommended.Item THE FREQUENCY OF Kell Red Cell Antigens (K&k) Among THE Major SUDANESE TRIBES(Al Neelain University, 2006-09) AHMED SIDDIG OKASHAThe Kcll blood group system is complex containing over 20 different antigens with high and low incidence. The Kell antigens are located on a single red cell transmembrane glycoprotein, encoded by 19 exons of the Kcll gene. Kell gene is carried on chromosome 7 and is located at 7q33. Kell blood group system is the most important blood group antigens after Rh antigen because the Kell antigens are highly immunogenic and the corresponding antibodies are significant in transfusion reactions and HDN. This study was carried out on 500 random samples to determine the frequency of Kell-l and Kell-2 and their gene frequencies among the major Sudanese tribes (Shaigia-Dinka- Gaalien - Nuba -— Bani-amer), during the period of April 2004 and April 2006. One hundred volunteers from each tribe. Each sample was tested for Kell-1 and Kell-2 by indirect Combs’ test using anti-Kell-1 and Kell-2 antisera. The study group had an age average between ll and 75 years with amean of 28 years. The frequency of Kell-1 was found to be 5.6% while that of Kell-2 was found to be 99.6%. Gene frequencies of Kell-1 and Kell-2 were found to be 0.03 and 0.97 respectively. Percent positivity for the phenotypes K-k+, K+k+ and K+k- were found to be 94.4%, 5.2% and 0.4% respectively. The gene frequencies of K-k+, K+k+ and K+k- phenotypes were found to be 0.941, 0.058 and 0.0009 respectively. All multi-gravida females with history of HDN as well as multi- transfused patients should be reserved for anti-Kell antibodies. All units of blood to be transfused to Kell-1 sensitized patients must be Kell genotyped.Item pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Poultry(Al Neelain University, 2005-12) Alrouda Khalafalla El ShafieItem Distribution of Haptoglobin Phenotypes among Sudanese Leukemic Patients(Neelain University, 2007) Hiba Badr Eldin khalil Ahmed.Abstract In the present study we aimed to examine haptoglobin phenotypes distribution in Sudanese leukemic patients, and to explore the association between haptoglobin phenotypes and leukemia subtypes. A total of IQ6 Sudanese leukemic patients; 61 males (57.7%) and 45 females (42.5%); age ranging between 1 and 70 years, diagnosed during May 2005 to March 2006, and their 106 match of normal individual were included in this study. Clinical data and Haptoglobin phenotypes for all patients and their matched controls were performed using electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel followed by benzidine stain. The result were then analyzed statistically for cross tabulation and chi~square tests for leukemia subtypes*sex, leukemia subtypes*age, leukemia subtypes*haptoglobin phenotypes, healthy controls*haptoglobin phenotypes, and tribes distribution*haptog1obin phenotypes. Haptoglobin phenotype analysis revealed common haptoglobin 2-1 phenotype among both, leukemic patients and controls; accounting for 48.2% and 49% respectively. The haptoglobin phenotype analysis showed also distinct ethnic distribution among Sudanese tribes with haptoglobin phenotype 1-1 more common in Afro-Asiatic Sudanese tribes (30.5%), compared with haptoglobin phenotype 2-1 that showed less frequency (26%) in the same tribes. In conclusion the study failed to confirm the previously suggested increased incidence of the Hpl-1 phenotype among leukemic patients since a higher frequency of haptoglobin 2-1 has been observed among patients and the control group.Item Detection of Chlamydia lrachomalis in Urine Specimens by Polymerase Chain Reacfion in Pregnanl Women wilh Vaginal Discharge in Omdurman(Neelain University, 2006) Mohammed Nafi Hammad ManzoolChlamydia trachomatis infections are now recognized as the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It is known to be subject to cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infant conjunctivitis, infant pneumonia and urethritis. If left untreated properly they can lead to severe squeal in women such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal infertility. Babies born to chlamydia infected mothers are at high risk of developing inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Several methods are available for the detection of C. trachomatis in clinical specimens, such as Giemsa staining, cell culture, direct antigen detection, and nucleic acid probe. Recently polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has been focusing on the diagnosis of infectious diseases. It can also provide a rapid, convenient and sensitive detection of C. trachomatis in clinical specimens. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, among pregnant women, using polymerase chain reaction, during the period of 2004 and 2006, to asses the pattern of chlamydia infections. Atotal number of one hundred and fifty two pregnant women attending Omdunnan Maternally hospital, were involved in this study. The study group had an age average between l6 and 43 years with a mean of 27.9 years. About 10.5% of the study group were in the first trimester, while 32.6% and 57.9% were in the second and third trimester respectively. The frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, using polymerase chain reaction, was 16.4% (25/ 152) among studied group. Previous history of abortion was detected in 43.4% of study population, 52% of them have Chlamydia trachamatis infections. Frequency of polyuria was detected in 74.3% of study population, 84% of them have Chlamydia trachomalis infections. Dysuria was detected in 7.2 % of study population, 16% of them have Chlamydia t/‘ac/zoznaris infections. Pyuria was detected in 78.9% of study population, 80% of them have Chlamydia trachomatis infectionsItem Isolation of Some potentially Pathogenic Bacteria From the Upper Respiratory System Khartoum Hospital Staff and patients(Neelain University, 2005) Hana Mohammed Ahmed ..Abstract ‘ 100 sample from throat and nasal cavity were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from nasal cavities and throat specimens of healthy medical stall, patients and eo- patients who were not suffering from symptoms ol’ respiratory disorders;the presence~=of these organisms indicated acquired and nosocomial transmission within hospital environment as those are not normal microbiota ol’ the throat. Isolation of pure -isolates as 56.9% from volunteers and 43.1% were mixed isolates .'l‘he aerobic growths were idcntilicd as Gram- positive bacteria which were l‘urther identified as Stupl1ylococcus aurcus (21.1%), Staphylococcus cpiu'ermidi.s' (36.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus( l 4.0%), Streptococcus pneumo/1iac(5 3%), Streptococcus viridatts (19.3%) and Corynebactcrium spp (3.5%). Gram-negative bacteria were identified as ’E.c0li (42.9%) and Klebsiclla pncuntoniue (57.1%). Nasal specimens revealed isolation 01' Staphylococcus aurcus, I5. colt, Klebsiella pncumoniae and Pscudomonas aeruginosa which are not among normal llora of the nasal cavitis and considered as potential pathogens. The aerobic growths were identilied as Graln- positive bacteria which were further identified as Staphylococcus aureus (20.6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis(55.5%), Streptococcus pneum0niae(7.9%), Streptococcus viria'zm.5' (7.9%), Other /J’-hacmolylic s//'epI1__1c0cci (3.3%) and Corynebaclerium spp (4.8%). Gram-negative bacteria were identified as E.c0li (14.3%), Klebsie/la pnezlmoniae (42.9%), I’.s'cud0/no/1u.v zle!'z/gilwsa (28.5%) and Neisseria spp(l4.3%).ls0lated bacteria showed markedly low inhibition zones towards antibiotics . Staphylococcus aureus in all test antibiotics showed resistance and inhibition zone ranged between 3-l lmm, pencillin gave a small inhibition zone. Iicoli showed resistance towards Clindamyein and amoxicillin. I’seuu'0mona.s' ucrugi/10.s'u showed resistance toward nitrofloxacin ,clindainyein and amoxicillin while Klcbsiella pneumoniae was resistant to nitrofloxicin , clindamycin, amoxicillin and tetracyclineItem Maternal Serum Triple Screening Test and Pregnancy Outcome in Elderly Sudanese Pregnant Ladies in Khartoum State-Sudan(Al Neelain University, 2009-06) Rimaz Elhag GurashiBackground: Because of the dramatic increase in marital age among Sudanese ladies to far above 30 years, the possibility to deliver infants with congenital defects or diseases is thought to be associated with this situation. This fact is well established and documented in previous studies done in the United States of America. infants with birth defects is not the only disastrous outcome, pregnancy and delivery complications, abortion, stillbirth are also known consequences. The aim of this study. to detect a possible association between increased maternal age, and Triple Screening Test results. And compare the findings of the Triple Screening Test results with abnormal pregnancy outcome among Sudanese pregnant ladies. Materials and Methods: Ninety one pregnant ladies accepted to participate in this study. Participants were assigned to two groups: study group including 69 (75.8%) women equal to and above 35 years and control group including 22 (24.2%) women less than 30 years. Structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic infonnation from all participants along with family history. Clinical examinations including ultra-sound for the determination of gestational age were also performed. Blood samples were collected from all participants during the 14"‘ to 20"‘ week of gestational age. Sera were separated and used for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha fetoprotein, and free estriol concentrations using standardized quantitative methods (ELISA) collectively known as the Triple Screening Test. Results: ln the study group, participants delivered 57 (82.6%) normal healthy infants. Twelve ladies (17.4%) delivered infants with adverse dimorphic features. The defects varied; four (5.8%) had stillbirth, four (5.8%) had abortion at the second trimester, three (4.3%) had premature delivery, and one (1.4%) had intrauterine death. And matching control group, none of the participants (0%) give birth to an infant with congenital defect. Highly significant positive correlation was detected between increase in maternal age and abnormal pregnancy outcome. The Triple Screening Test against the pregnancy outcome in study group, showed statistically significant differences between levels of B-HCG, AFP, and Free estriol and pregnancy outcomes with P-values of 0.000, 0.5240, and 0.000 were obtained using Pearson Chi-squire test of significance, respectively. Conclusion: study conclude that abnormal pregnancy outcome is strongly associated with increase in matemal age. Also there were strongly association between the Triple Screening Test and abnormal pregnancy outcome.Item COMPARATIVE STUDYBETWEEN T ROPONIN T AND OTHER CARDIAC AMRICERS ( T ROPONIN I AND CK MB) IN END STAGE HEMODIALYSIS PAT EINT S(Neelain University, 2007) ABD ALSADE G ABD ALAZEM OSMANAbstract The present study aims is to assessment the diagnostic value of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) as a new cardiac marker in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing long term haemodialysis in Sudan using Roche diagnostic ELECSYS 2010 immunoassay compare with other cardiac marker troponin I and CK MB using immulite automated immunoassay and spectrophotometer respectively . Study group of 75 Sudanese patients ( 53 male and 22 female) . patients had and age range (38-80) ( mean age is 59 years ) and 25 healthy subjects was enrolled a control group , blood sample was taken from all patients before starting dialysis . According to assessment of troponin T concentration the study indicate that elevation level of troponin T ( a cutoff cTnT ) >0.l ng /ml are detectable in 28%(n=21) of patients , troponin I cut off (cTnT) 1.0 ngml )detectable in 12 % (n=9) were CK MB (cut off 24.0 u/I) are detectable in 6.7 % (n=5 ) . Diabetics resemble (43%) of patients which have positive troponin T . determination of CtnI and CK MB level can be helpful but these marker hade serious analytical and clinical limitation . This study confirm the troponin T demonstrate improved sensitivity and specifity when compared to the other biochemical marker among haemodialysis patients . The study confirm that the troponin T is an important diagnostic marker that can be used for early detection of myocardial infarction (MI ) among haemodialysis and follow up of patients particularly when such infonnation can not be obtain .Item PCR Versus Conventional Methods for Detection of Mycobacterial tuberculosis in Histologic. Specimens in Makkah Area(Neelain University, 2006) Omar Bashir Ahmed MohammedAbstract Tuberculosis (TB) causes more deaths than any microbial disease. In spite of significant advances in prevention and drug treatment, TB still remains a major public health threat. So that there is a need for a rapid, sensitive, and more specific methods for TB diagnosis for effective and early treatment specially in areas of high number of visitors and immigrants like Makkah area in Western part of Saudi Arabia. TB was evaluated in 50 tissue specimens, taken from 50 patients in Makkah area. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay and regular methods (acid-fast bacilli “AFB” stain, TB-culture, histopathology examination) were used. Results detected by all theses methods as follows: TB- PCR was positive in 32(64%), (AFB) stain was positive in l7(34%), TB-culture was positive in 30(60%), histological examination was positive in 26(52%). When done comparatively to the TB-culture, PCR for MT DNA in 50 tissue samples was 100% sensitive and 90% specific. AFB stain showed low sensitivity 50.0% and with specificity 90.0%, histological examination sensitivity was 80.0% and specificity 90.0%. These data indicate that PCR amplification is l.1S8fi1i for detecting MT DNA in histologic specimens as it is rapid and sensitive. Also it can be used to increase diagnostic accuracy in patients who have confusing diagnostic problems associated with granuloma tissue response. It also offers the possibility of the teclmique being carried out in fixed histologic specimens that may not identify the MT by regular methods.Item Homocysteine in Health and Disease in the Sudan(Neelain University, 2006) Sami Habiballa AbdallaAbstract Introduction and background: Homocysteine is a non-protein-forming sulphur-containing amino acid ‘that is derived exclusively from methionine. It was first synthesized in 1932 by du Vigneaud and Butz. It can be degraded in the transsulphuration pathway to cystathionine or remethylated to methihnine via the remethylation pathway. Folic acid and vitamin B12 influence homocysteine metabolism as cofactors in these two pathways. During last few decades evidence has highlighted the role of elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia), as an independent pro-thrombotic risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease and venous thromboembolism. However, the mechanism(s) whereby elevated levels of homocysteine promote thrombosis has not been clarified yet. Earlier studies on the relationship between homocysteine and disease were done in many ethnic groups worldwide, but nor in Sudan. The current study, was undertaken in Sudan, where the prevalence of cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases is assumed to be lower than in Westem countries. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) To introduce the EIA method of measurement of homocysteine in blood. (2) To work out the normal values of plasma homocysteine in Sudanese healthy population. (3) To study the effect of some normal physiological factors on plasma homocysteine levels in Sudanese healthy population. (4) To study the role of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor of thrombosis in Sudanese patients as well as recurrent malaria. (5) To evaluate the relationship between malnutrition in children (low Bu and folic acid) and homocysteine levels. Material and Methodlv: A total number of 146 Sudanese patients were enrolled and distributed into following four groups: (i) Patients with Coronary heart disease (Cl-ID) (n=50), (ii) Patients with current malaria (n=50), (m) Patients with recurrent venous thrombosis (RVT) (n=26) and (iv) Children with protein-calorie malnutrition (n=20). Also 200 apparently healthy Sudanese subjects were recruited to represent the control groups. The following assays were carried out: (a) total plasma homocysteine, using EIA technique, for all participants (b) serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B1; for children participants. Results: Our study showed different in plasma homocysteine levels between males and females (Adults: males, 8.421i4.082 vs. females, 7.273:t:2.398 umol/1; P>0.05, children: males, 5.8li1.93 vs. females, 5.62:h2.08 umol/1; P=0.736), but the difference was not statistically significant. The levels of plasma homocysteine was found to be significantly higher in all the studied patients than in the control subjects (CHD patients vs. controls: 17.64:hl 1.68 vs. 7.85i3.39 umol/1; P<0.000l, RVT patients vs. controls: l5.06il0.55 vs. 7.85:k3.39 pmol/1; P<0.002. CM patients vs. controls: 13.61i4.82 vs. 7.85:h3.39 pmol/1; P<0.0001, P- CM patients vs. controls: 8.4l:t1.6l vs. 4.26il.l8 pmol/l; P<0.000l). We found that the mean serum vitamin B1; levels were significantly higher in the control group than in children with P-CM (290.5il 15.66 vs. 72.55:h26.l3 pmol/1; P<0.000l). Also, the serum folic acid levels were significantly higher m the healthy group (l3.38;E2.67 nmol/l) than in patients with P-CM (6.36 i2.63 nmol/l; P<0.000l). Conclusion and Recommendation The results led us to conclude: - Hyperhomocysteinemia is an additional risk factor in Sudanese patients with CHD, RVT, as well those with current malaria. - The hyperhomocysteinemia recorded in children with protein- calorie malnutrition, is closely associated, with significantly reduced serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12. - The introduction of the EIA plasma homocysteine measurement is recommended in the routine investigations of patients with l thrombo-embolic diseases as well as those with current malaria and children with protein-calorie malnutrition.