Masters theses : Science

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    Bacteriological Study at nrinking Water In Nvala Town For introudtion of pallution
    (Neelain University, 2003) Nada Abbas MIohammed Elamin
    Twenty six drinking water sources including 10 dugwells, 10 samples from Nyala Water Net Works, four reservoir tanks, three water taps and three Kiosks , and six pools, three inside and three in the outskirts of the town, were chosen for the study. Water samples from the sources were examined throughout the year, twice in Summer, Autumn and Winter seaons. Standard methods for examination of water were used in the study using faecal indicator bacteria as index for pollution of water with faecal material and hence other dangerous pathogens. MacConkey’s broth was used for presumptive coliform counts, and brilliant green bile_broth for their confirmation and _for that of E. coli. Indole formation in tryphtone water and characteristic growth on eosin methylene blue medium were used for further confrmation of the presence of E.co1i in water samples. Glucose azide broth was used for presumtive presence of E. faecalis, and aesculin glucose azide agar for its confirmation in the water samples. Reinforced closridial meduim g was used for tentative diagnosis of Clostridium perfiingens in water samples as a third faecal indicator, and litmus milk for its confirmation. Tables of Most Probable Number of bacteria per ml of water were used to estimate and was thus used as an indication for the degree contamination of water. I v It was concluded from the study that all water sources in the town were polluted with faecal indicator bacteria specially coliforms,E.c0_li and E. faecalis. Contamination was the heaviest in pools followed by dugwells and the boreholes respectively. This is attributed to several factors including floods, activities of man and animal and their location near lodgings. The degree of pollution also varied from season to season. v
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    Assessment of drinking water quality in new halfe settement villages and the town
    (Neelain University, 2000) ola Ahmed Mohmmed
    The purpose of this study is to assess the drinking water quality in the New Halfa area settlement villages and the town”. The study area \vater samples were divided into three types: Water from ground well (village”l5”)- treated surface water from the town —untreated surface water from the villages, this was divided spatially as (southern sector villages”7,lO”, middle sector villages “5,l l,l2”, northem sector villages “2l,22,24”). These locations were chosen to cover the whole area. Four sources for each site were selected (priciptation well-storage and suppling tank-taps at first and end of the distribution net), samples from this sources were collected for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis in the winter and the summer season to see any variation during these seasons .The physical and chemical parameters which investigated were(temperature,turbidity, pl-l, E.C, TDS, T.l-l, T.Alk, sci" ,Cl',Ca2', M g’*,Na*,1<*,re,cu,cr“*, NH3, NO2',NO_{,F',COD,and residual chlorine in case oftreated water. The bacteriological analysis detennined were : total colonies, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, faecal coliform, and faecal streptococci. The study showed that there was no faecal pollution in the ground water tapped from boreholes and the treated water of the town at taps, whilein the untreated surface water samples from the sectors villages, showed huge faecal pollution, where there is no-treatment or due to bad conditions surronding the stations and the distribution- nets. The bacteriological pollution increases more in winter season than in summer, Probably due to enhanced activities of bacteria in the winter. Also the study confirmed that unplanned houses “kanabi” play a major role in polluting the surface water, in addition to mismangement of the drinking water. The study also showed that the concentration of the chemical parameters were in the permissible levels of the (WI~lOl995) standards, except that, the nitrites were in high levels particularly in winter. This may be due to the use of nitrogen compounds in agricultural activities. The study recommended the following solutions: - To maintains all drinking water stations in the villages and the town. - To urgently excavate boreholes where village's geology permits as an alternative to surfilce water, which is subjected to pollution. - To provide the unplanned houses (kanabi) with latrines to avoid