كلية الاداب
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Item موقع المناطق الصناعيه وأثرها على المناطق السكنيه دراسة حالة مدينة امدرمان 2012م(جامعة النيلين, 2012-12) خدوم على حميدة فضل اللهمستخلص الدراسة :- هذة الدراسة تهدف للوقوف على العلاقات المتبادلة بين المناطق الصناعية والمناطق السكنية بمدينة امدرمان ودراسة التوزيع الافقى للمصانع بمنطقة امدرمان الصناعية وسكان الاحياء المجاورة للمنطقة. ونجد ان من اهم اهداف هذه الدراسه لفت نظر المسئولين للتخطيط الذى يسبق قيام الصناعات مستقبلا كذ لك حث اصحاب المنشأت الصناعية بأهمية تطبيق نظام حماية البيئة وان يكون جزء اساسيا بغرض حماية المناطق السكنية المجاورة وكذلك رفع مستوى الوعى الصحي بين السكان . من اجل تحقيق اهداف هذة الدراسة كاانت المنهجيه تقوم علي اساليب:- المنهج العلمى الحديث الذى يجمع بين خصائص المنهجين الاستقرائى والاستنباطى بجميع خطواته التى تبدا بفرض الفرضيات الصوريه او الاسئلة ثم الاستدلال او الاجابة عن نتائج هذه الفرضيات او الاسئلة والتحقق من صحة النتائج . اساليب الوصف والتحليل فى دراسة الاوضاع المختلفة بالمنطقة الصناعية سواء ايجابية او سلبية . المسح عن طريق العينة بتطبيق استبانة مسحية لجمع معلومات عن التاثيرات المختلفة للمنطقة الصناعية على المنطقة السكنية بشكل تفصيلى ودقيق وقداستخدم الاسلوب الاحصائى فى تحليل بيانات الدراسة المسحية للحكم على التاثيرات حكما كميا لتكريس اكبر قدر من اليقينية لنتائج الدراسة. قد خلصت الدراسة الى عدة نتائج منها: ان اختيار موقع المنطقة الصناعية امدرمان لم يبنى على اسس وتخطيط علمى دقيق يتوافق مع الاصحاح البيئي عند اختيار الموقع الصناعي بالنسبه للمناطق السكنيه. Abstract This study aims to identify the mutual relations between the industrial zones and the residential areas in Omdurman city and study the horizontal distribution of factories in the Omdurman Industrial Zone and the neighboring residents of the area. One of the most important objectives of this study is to draw the attention of officials in the planning that precedes the establishment of industries in the future and also the owners of industrial establishments urged the importance of applying the environmental protection system and being an essential part of the purpose of protecting neighboring residential areas as well as raising the level of health awareness among the population. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the methodology is based on the following items: - Modern scientific approaches that combines the characteristics of the methods of extrapolative and devotional in all its steps that begin to impose hypotheses or questions and then to infer or answer the results of these hypotheses or questions and verify the validity of the results. - Methods of description and analysis in the study of different situations in the industrial zone, whether positive or negative. - Survey of sample by applying a survey questionnaire to collect information on the different effects of the industrial zone in the residential area in a detailed and precise manner. The statistical method was used in the analysis of the survey data to judge the effects quantitatively to devote the greatest amount of certainty to the results of the study The study found several results: The choice of the site of the Omdurman industrial zone was not based on the basis of precise scientific planning in line with environmental sanitation when choosing the industrial location in relation to the residential areas .Item الآثار البيئية الناتجة عن دباغة الجلود (دراسة ميدانية على مدبغة آفروتان Africa-Tannery بالباقير(2017) مصطفى البشير سعيد بخيتمستخلص الدراسة هدفت الدراسة هذه لمعرفة الآثار البيئية الناجمة عن صناعة الجلود بالدراسة التطبيقية على مدبغة آفروتان بالباقير. كما هدفت للتعرف على مدى التلوث الذي تحدثه المدبغة وكذلك التعرف على طبيعة ونوع التلوث والمقترحات التي قامت للحد منه. تكون مجتمع الدراسة من مواطني القرى المحيطة بالمدبغة وهي قرى الباقير والقرية النموذجية وبانتيو. تم اختيار عينة عشوائية ممثلة للمجتمع (150) مواطن. كما تم استخدام الاستبانة كأداة لجمع المعلومات. وتم استخدام برنامج الحزم الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية SPSS لتحليل البيانات. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن لمدبغة آفروتان آثار ضارة على الإنسان والحيوان، ويتمثل التلوث البيئي في الروائح الكريهة والذباب والناموس وأمراض الجهاز التنفسي كالحساسية وغيرها. وأن مناطق تجميع نفايات مدبغة آفروتان ( سائلة/ صلبة ) تشكل ييئة مثالية للذباب والناموس. وليس هنالك جهود مبذولة من إدارة المصنع للحد من الثلوث الواقع على البيئة بمنطقة الدراسة. أكثر أنواع التلوث انتشاراً هو تلوث الهواء والتربة. وأن السكن بالقرب من المدبغة له تأثيرات ضارة على صحة الإنسان. وأوصت الدراسة بتوجيه إدارة مدبغة آفروتان بإجراء معالجات سريعة وفعالة لمكافحة الأضرار الصحية الناجمة عن توالد الذباب والبعوض. ومعالجة الروائح الكريهة التي تؤذي المواطن من قبل مدبغة آفروتان. وسن قوانين تمنع إقامة المصانع التي لها تأثيرات ضارة على البيئة والإنسان. وبتوعية المجتمع حول منطقة الصناعات بضرورة الابتعاد عن إنشاء مساكنهم بالقرب من المصانع. Abstract The objective of this study was to study the environmental effects of the leather industry on applied studies on the afrothan tannery in albakir. It also aimed to identify the extent of pollution caused by tannery and also to identify the nature and type of pollution and proposals to reduce it. The population of the study is the citizens of the villages surrounding Al-Bagair, the villages of Al-Baqir. A random sample of size (150) citizens was taken randomley to represent the study population. The questionnaire was also used as a tool for collecting data. The SPSS program was used for data analysis. The study found that Afrotown Tannery has a harmful effect on humans and animals. Environmental pollution is represented in flies, mosquitoes, respiratory diseases such as allergies and others. The colledtion area of garbage (liquid / solid) represent an ideal form for flies and mosquitoes. There are no efforts by the plant management to reduce the environmental pollution in the study area. The most common types of pollution are air pollution and pollution in the soil. Housing near the tannery has adverse effects on human health. The study recommended that the management of Afrotown tannery must be conducted with rapid and effective treatments to control the health damage caused by the breeding of flies and mosquitoes. And treatment of unpleasant odors that harm the citizen by the infusion of afrotwon. And the enactment of laws prohibiting the establishment of factories that have harmful effects on theItem تقييم التلوث البيئي في محلية جبل أولياء(2017) يس أحمد أبكر عليالمستخلص تهدف هذه الدراسة للتعرف على أهم مظاهر التلوث البيئي بمنطقة جبل أولياء و التعرف على دور هيئة الإصحاح والبيئة في تحقيق الأمن البيئي. و تتمثل أهمية هذه الدراسة في خطورة الثلوث البيئي الذي يجب مكافحته بكل الطرق الممكنة. استخدم الباحث المنهج التأريخي للوقوف على مسيرة التلوث، و المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لدارسة أثر التلوث من خلال تحليل بيانات عينة الدراسة المأخوذة بالطريقة العشوائية من مجتمع سكان محلية جيل أوليا والبالغ عددها (100) مفردة. وتوصل الباحث الى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: أن أكثر انواع التلوث الموجود بالمنطقة هو التلوث الهوائي بسبب كثرة المصانع. الكثافة السكانية العالية تزيد من التلوث البيئي . أدى اختلاط مياه الصرف الصحي بمياه الشرب إلى تلوث المياه. تلوث مياه النيل الأبيض بمخلفات المصانع ومياه الصرف الصحي. وجود مصارف للصرف الصحي تمر با لقرب من المناطق السكنية. وأوصى الباحث بضرورة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي قبل وصولها الى النيل الابيض، ضرورة تفعيل قانون حماية البيئة، التوعية عبر وسائل إعلام بإصحاح البيئة وأهميتها وكيفية المحافظة عليها. زراعة الأشجار للتقليل من التلوث الهوائي. وضرورة التثقيف البيئي للسكان. Abstract This study aimed to identify the most important aspects of environmental pollution in Jabal Awlia and to know the role of the sanitation and environment authority in achieving environmental security. The importance of this study is the danger of environmental pollution, which must be combated in all possible ways. The researcher follwed the historical method to determine the path of pollution and the analytical descriptive method to study the effect of pollution by analyzing the data of sample of size(100) that has been taken at random from Study population . The researcher come up of some results, the most important: The most pollution types in the region is air pollution due to the large number of factories. High population density increases environmental pollution. The mixing of waste water with drinking water has led to water pollution. Pollution of the White Nile water with factory waste and sewage water. The existance of Sewage drains near the residential areas. The researcher recommended the need to treat waste water before reaching the White Nile, the need to activate the law to protect the environment, awareness through the media of sanitation and importance of the environment and how to maintain it. Plant trees to reduce air pollution. And the need for environmental education for the population.Item المشكلات البيئية في مدينة أربيل وأثرها على صحة الإنسان(2016) هـــاوار عثمان قــادرمستخلص إن المشكلات البيئية تؤثر على صحة الإنسان ، مما دفع الإنسان للاهتمام بالبيئة التي يعيش فيها، ولقد تناولت الدراسة عن المشكلات البيئية في مدينة أربيل وتأثيرها على صحة الإنسان. وقد تم عن وضع المشكلات البيئية وأثرها على مدينة أربيل من الناحية البشرية والطبيعية مثل موقع المدينة ومناخها ومصادر تلوثها. وتتمثل مشكلة البحث في قلة الوعي البيئي لدى سكان المدينة، ولوجود مصادر تلوث البيئي في المدينة، والتي تؤثر على صحة الإنسان. وتهدف الدراسة الى دراسة الواقع للمشكلات البيئية في المدينة وتحديد مصادر التلوث وأثارها الصحية على الانسان المدينة. واستخدمتُ في هذه الدراسة المصادر الثانوية والمتمكنة في الإحصائيات والبيانات من الجهات الرسمية، وجمع المعلومات الأولية من الدراسة الميدانية والاستبيان، والتحليل هذه المعلومات، وينقسم البحث الى ستة فصول. الفصل الأول يمثل الإطار العام للدراسة . والفصل الثاني الإطار النظري وفي الفصل الثالث يوضح العوامل الجغرافية وتأثيرها على صحة الإنسان في مدينة أربيل. وفي فصل الرابع نتحدث عن عوامل التدهور البيئي في مدينة أربيل منهما النفايات ومياه الشرب والكهرباء ونوعية المساكن، و أيضا نتحدث عن التلوث الصناعي. وفي فصل الخامس يوضح الأمراض البيئية في مدينة أربيل، وفي الفصل السادس والأخير نتحدث عن نتائج الدراسة و التوصيات. وأهم النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها: خطورة شركات البترول على تلوث(الهواء و الماء و التربة) في منطقة الدراسة، والخصائص المناخية والديموغرافية والنشاطات الصناعية والخدمية والحرب لها أثر كبير في حجم التلوث البيئي و انتشار الأمراض في المنطقة. Abstract The environmental problems affecting human health, which human paying attention to the environment in which they live, and I've dealt with the study on the environmental problems in the city of Arbil and its impact on human health. It has been on the status of environmental problems and their impact on the city of Arbil from both human and natural, such as the location of the city and its climate and sources of contamination. The research problem in the lack of environmental awareness among the population of the city, and the presence of sources of environmental pollution in the city, which affect human health. The study aims to study the reality of environmental problems in the city and to identify sources of pollution and health effects on human city. It was used in this study, secondary sources and able leadership in statistics and data from official authorities, and the collection of preliminary information from the field study and the questionnaire, and analysis of such information, and the search is divided into six chapters. The first chapter represents the general framework for the study. The second chapter theoretical framework In the third chapter illustrates the geographical factors and their impact on human health in the city of Erbil. In the fourth chapter we talk about environmental degradation in the city of Arbil their waste, sewage and rain water drainage, drinking water, electricity and housing quality factors, and also talk about industrial pollution. In the fifth chapter explains environmental diseases in the city of Arbil, in the sixth and final chapter talking about the results of the study and recommendations. The most important results have been reached: the gravity of the oil companies on pollution (air, water and soil) in the study area, and climatic characteristics, demographic, industrial and service activities and war have a significant impact on environmental pollution in the region the size.Item إعادة تخطيط منطقة الجريف غرب(جامعة النيلين, 2014) وفاء عوض التهاميمستخلص البحث هدفت هذه الدراسة لإجراء دراسة في التخطيط العمراني وبلغة أخرى سعت هذه الدراسة لإعداد مخططات إعادة تخطيط لحارات منطقة الجريف غرب الستة بولاية الخرطوم . ولامتدادها على شاطئ نهر النيل الأزرق جنوباً ، عليه تم جمع البيانات من المصادر الثانوية والأولية حيث شملت المصادر الثانوية : المخططات والكتب والمجلات والتقارير الصادرة من المؤسسات والهيئات والوحدات الحكومية وورش العملوالسمنارات . ولجمع بيانات المصادر الأولية تم تصميم استبانة شملت على مائة وثلاثة سؤال وضعت لحل مشكلة الدراسة ؛ ولقد اتبع الدراسة الأسلوب الإحصائي الوصفي التحليلي ؛ وتم فيه إيجاد المتوسطات والوسيط والمنوال والنسب المئوية لقياسات النزعة المركزية والتشتت . وقد ساعد الأسلوب الإحصائي هذا في تبويب وعرض وتلخيص وتنظيم بيانات الدراسة ، كما ساعد هذا الأسلوب للوصول لنتائج دقيقة . وبناءً على ما تقدم توصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج ، وكان أهمها في أنها ساعدت في تصميم مخططات إعادة التخطيط لمنطقة الدراسة ، وبالتالي تمكن الدارس للقيام بعدة توصيات بلغت ستة عشر توصية أهمها الإسراع في التنفيذ على التوالي لخطة استراتيجية في خطوات مرحلية . Abstract This study aimed to a conduct a study in urban planning. In other words this study is directed towords preparing re planning plans for Al Greif (west) area in state of Khartoum and its extension along the Blue Nile Coast in Southwords direction. Thus data is collected from both secondary and primary Sources. The secondary sources consisted of books tournals reports issued by seminars , workshops , and the internet reports. In order to collect the primary data a question survey is designed. The questionnaire consisted of 103 questionnaire. These questions are design helped in prepargin is the re planning thus the researcher was to establish sixteen recommendations. The most significant is to implement , plan is stepwise manner. This methodology helped in determining average madians , and modes as well as determining percentage. In other word central tendeney and and catter are determed . this methodology assisted in tabulaton presentation summary , organization of the study data. This methodology assisted also in attaining , accurate results. Based upon and stems from above this study attaind eleven important results. The most significant of these results is that it helped in the design in preparing the re planning plans of the study area. Finally the research was able to establish sixteen recommendations. The most significant is to implement. Strateaic plan in stepwise manner.Item مخاطر الفيضان والأثار الناتجة عنها بوادي نيالا "دراسة مورفومترية"(2017) تاج الدين محمدين يحي محمدمستلخص البحث هدفت الدراسة للتعرف علي مخاطر الفيضان والاثار الناتجة عنها بحوض وادي نيالا مع بناء قاعدة معلومات للخصائص المورفومتريه للحوضمن خلال استخدام تقنيتي الاستشعار عن البعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية، واعتمدت علي بيانات المرئيات الفضائية للقمر الصناعيLand Satوبيانات نموذج الارتفاع الرقمي(DEM) لمنطقة الدراسة من القمر الصناعي Aster بدقة تصل الي90متر. أظهرت الدراسة ان مساحة الحوض تبلغ 2757.89كم2،وطوله 167.5كم ، و محيطه يبلغ 410.405وخصائصه المورفومترية متباينه ، كنتيجة لتباين المناخ والجيولوجيا والسطح والتربة في الحوض ، كما ان الحوض يميل الي الاستطالة اكثر منه الي الاستدارة مما يقلل من احتمالية حدوث الفيضان، اتضح من دراسة خصائص الشبكة النهرية أن الحوض يتكون من 314 رافد ، وتوجد في خمسة رتب نهرية ، تنخفض الكثافة التصريفيه للحوض ، ان في كل كم2 توجد اطوال تقدر 0.5 من الكم من مساحة الحوض وهذا دليل علي انخفاض المجاري المائية ، كما ان التكرار النهري للحوض بلغ 0.45 كم2 وتدل قلة التكرار النهري للوادي علي كبر مساحة الحوض وزيادة اطوال المجاري المائية . توصلت الدراسة الي تحديد اكثر المناطق تضرراً من الفيضان بمنطقة الدراسة حيث بلغ مساحتها 3.8كم2 منها 2.3كم2 اراضي زراعية وبساتين و1.5كم2 اراضي سكنية ،وذلك عن طريق انشاء حرم اولZone Buffer يبعد من مجري الوادي بمسافة 150 متر وحرم ثاني يبعد بمسافة 200متر لتحديد خطر الفيضان علي المناطق السكنية والزراعية ، كما أوصت الدراسة بضرورة ترحيل المناطق السكنية التي تقع بين المسافة الخطرة ومجري الوادي الي اماكن اخري ، وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة تخزين مياه الوادي في فصل الخريف والإستفادة منها في زراعة الخضر والفاكهة كما توصي الدراسة بضرورة أستغلال المساحة التي تقع بين الحرم الاول والثاني لزراعة الخضر والفاكهة بينما يستفاد منالمسافهخارج الحرمين للاستخدام السكني والزراعي. Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the risks of flooding and the resulting effects in the Wadi Nyala Basin and to construct a database of morphological characteristics of the basin through the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study depended on the database of Satellite Aster and digital height model with accuracy up to 90 meters to the study area. The study showed that the area of the basin is 2757.89 km2, with length 167.5 km, and its circumference is 410.405. And basin morphometric characteristics are different due to the variation of the climate, geology, surface and its soil. The basin tends to elongation rather than to rotation, which reduces the possibility of flooding.It is clear from the study of the characteristics of the river network that the basin consists of 314 tributaries located in five levels of river, the density of the basin is reduced, that in each km 2 there are lengths estimated at 0.5 km of space.The study identified the most affected places of the flood in the study area, with 3.8 km2, of which 2.3 km2 were agricultural lands, orchards and 1.5 km2 residential areas. The study recommended limiting the risk of flooding to residential and agricultural areas by constructing the first zone of Buffer with distant 150m and second zone with distance 200m , The study also recommended the need to store the water of the valley in the fall season to benefit from it in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits, and the need to exploit the area that lies between the first and second zone for the cultivation of vegetables and fruit, while the external distance outside of the two zones for residential use and agricultural.Item قياس جودة وتقصي جودة مياه الشرب : دراسة حالة العاصمة المثلثة(جامعة النيلين, 2004) نسرين محمد عبدالنبي مزمل_ This study aimed at investigating and rneastuing the quality of drmkable (potable) water in the three towns (Khartoum, Khartoum North and Orndunnan ) of Greater Khartornn capital of the Sudan . This investigation involved the study of potable water‘ by carrying both field survey questioruraire approach to a simple random sampling to the population of three towns coupled with laboratory tests to (physical, chemical and biological properties) collected water samples. The collected samples is a strata sampling (stratified). The aforementioned approach is thought of, because the action of monitoring and maintaining of potable water is not only the principal objective for- water authorities every where in the world but really its function, role and career as well as a task to be carried on a daily basis routine. _ Thus, the sole task of water authority and it's different sectors in addition to the water nranagernent is to cany the responsibility to produce, deliver and distribute water to the society. Needless to say, that the said routine task-of the water authority and it's sectors demand high cost for monitoring water quality in different stages, until the potable water‘(s) reach the conswner(s) even though there is a missing link in the total monitoring process. - As there is a missing link in the total monitoring of water quality between the water source and it's end - user, that can cause deterioration (pollution) in potable water; thus this research is directed to achieve the goal of investigating in the area of the missing link. Hence, this research demands a scientific approach to tackle the problem of potable water in a rigorous manner. The focus of tl1is dissertation stems from and based upon the problems of tlremissing link. The attention to this link is significant to the entire process of monitoring water quality. In short, this research concentrates on the problems of transporting water through pipes and other means, its distribution and storage media, their collective effect on potable water quality, their impact on human health, as well as assuming polices to the entire role of 111or1itorir1g potable water policies to the entire task of monitoring potable water quality. hr other words, this effort seeks the assurance of potable water to reach consumers with the least possible pollutants that can comply to both the Sudanese and International water quality. _To solve the stated problem a descriptive and analytical approach is exercised as.a research methodology. The objective of tlle descriptive approach is to cany an exploratory research. The exploratory research reflected and described the existing state of water quality in the said towns of Greater Khartoum. Statistical teclmiques are exercised in this research to describe the existing situation of potable water. These include: percentages, averages, medians, modes, standard deviations, skewness, kurtosis and other measures of central tendency accompanied by pie-charts and frequency columns. All these statistical means and ways are used as indicators aquiring the presence of pollution in water or 11ot. Coupled with this laboratory tests are carried for physical, chemical and biological properties of potable water at Greater Khartoum. To complement the descriptive statistical approach, an analytical one is carried. The analytical approach applied in this research is chi-square test as a confirmatory approach to the results obtained. The relatio11sl1ip between dependent and independent variables is determined tlnough contingency tables as well as canying significance tests and tests for goodness of fit. The most significant result on water samples collected fi'om various zones in the three towns has shown that the water quality comply with the requirements of the Sudanese and International standards for drinking water. The chemical concentrations of the trace elements that has been analyzed (Cu, Zn, Li, Pb Ni,Fe,Cr,Hg,As,Mn, and Br), were found to be within the permissible limits of the Sudanese standards for thinking water . The concentrations of floride (F), Total dissolved solids (TDS) Total hardness (TH) and chloride (Cl), Electric conductivity (EC), Sodium (Na) and Carbonic Acid (HZCO3), were found to be within the permissible limits of the Sudanese standards for drinking water. However, in contrast, to the suitability of drinking water according to the chemical and physical tests, the bacteriological tests has confirmed the presence of thermo tolerant Coli form and the bacteriological E. Coli in certain samples are found. Thus a set of (13) recolnmendation are called for.Item اقتصاديات اقليم نهر الرهد في السودان(جامعة النيلين, 1999) رجاء يوسف الحكيمABSTRACT Applied academic geographical researches at Sudan and other developing countries are not known till the seventh decade of this centuary, after they have gained their independence and their role at the world economics have been expanded . Even geographical applied studies are counted recent at the world most developed icountries for these are not used till (1958) or more definite after the second world war for curring and solving the difficult problems specially of economical crisis and the hard years followed, which have needed new needs and will's and estimations that can not be seen or measured without geographical aproaches and reaches help, as geography is counted the main source of complete knowledge, through which many complex problems can be solved, especially in structuring the main basis of regional planning and developing. This applied economical study has followed and acompanied by a new recent method, which has being used for the first time at (1985) for the developing the economics of agroecosystem of rural regions of some Asiatic developing countries and has found to be successful and fruitful, so the researcher has used it for the first time at Sudan at this academic appliedstudy. This method being one inside a large frame of such methods under general heading of "Rapid Rural Appraisal (R. R. A) and AgroEcosystem Analysis (A.A). These have special philosophy, history and tequniques, which organise concepts that provide their retical framework and which are taken as basis for analysing these rural agroecosystems, and help in putting and delivering some suggestions which lead to create a stable and sustainable economical development. Analysing operations of these rural agroecosystems are greatly been achieved with rigor and speed by using proper aproaches, in particular well defined common properties. For each level in the hierarchy which can be related to each other within and between levels, has main four keys properties, exist to be neccessary, these are productivity, stability, sustainability and equalibity. i The target of this study is to acknowledge and recover thel main feature of the "Sudan River Rahad Region Economics" and to analyse the main causes behind its delaying if has measured by its both economical neigbours regions (Elgazira) at the west and .(Elgash) at the east, and that through proving two theories the first being geographical which proves that economical activities at any society reflect the standard of the population if these are advanced that means population is advanced and civilised and the opposite is true if primitive and delayed which means the over take and the strong grasp of physical features. The scond to prove that using applied geography accompanied by such recent methods are found to be the most successful in putting suggestions and plans for developing Sudanese rular agroecosystem regions. The method has directed taking acomplex statistical and economical approaches as main basis for appraisaling and analysing, as "Region" at these methods means "Region Under economical development", or "economical Regions" and that being the main cause behind dividing this study into two _main volumes at which the first contains two main levels of academic reviews, and the second contain the third, accordingly, the first volume has contained the main features of the main geographical resources and different main services facilities, and also the main to day economical activities there for it has consisted of the first nine chapter, through all of which it has taken its title. While the second volume has contained the main results of the researchs workshop there for has consisted of the two last analysing chapters tenth and eleventh from which it has taken its title, alsohas contained the main researchs final susbandaries such as abbreviation and the list of the academic references and specialised interviews and visits in and out the study area, and finally a short arabic account of the method of the research.Item التنمية الزراعية بولاية نهر النيل : دراسة حالة على محافظة شندي(جامعة النيلين, 2006) أسامة محي الدين خليل الريحAbstract Development in my time and place is a humanitarian duty; Therefore, this study is for the achievement of the agricultural development in Shandi Province in the River Nile State. This research targets to know the agricultural factors in the area from its natural aspects, and the agricultural areas, it also targets to review the problems that face the agricultural development in the area and the attempt to deduct the possible solutions. On the light of the above two target, the researcher attempts to draw an agricultural investment map of the area, in which be tries to get rid of the problems that face the agriculture and accompany all unutilized arable lands, for the aim of creating sustainable complementary development in the area, which raise the land productivity and provide he required crops for Khartoum area, and also bring in an economical income for the farmer in the area, a matter which encourage him to practice the agricultural work. This study comprises seven chapters. The first Chapter treats the research methodology, the plan the discussion methodology of the research elements. The Second Chapter deals with the geography of the study area of the nature and the population which the agriculture depends on. In the fourth Chapter, the researcher review the agricultural activity in the area, the working schemes in the area, their production and the factors of the production. The Fifth Chapter in preparation of drawing a map that avoids these problems. treats tlieiproblems which face the agriculture in the study area In he Sixth Chapter. Then the lay down of he solutions on the light of the reached results in Chapter seven. The researcher performed this study by using the inductive scientific methodology, and analyzed the collected data from the primary sources depending on the statistical methodology. Then the researcher reached the following results:- 1 - The greatest generating schemes in Shendi area are: Kaboshiya scheme and Kondiko agricultural scheme, but Aljihad agricultural scheme stopped. The greater agricultural land area is about 14600 square feddans, and the agricultural land under construction which is occupied by schemes of more than 1000 feddans in area reach about 67500 square feddans. There are schemes for individuals which are 1528 forms and occupy on area of about 35390 square feddans, that means they are greater in area tan the working and stopping governmental schemes, and its greater in area than the cooperative and investment greater schemes in the area. These operating schemes and under construction differ in its developmental trends. There are fluctuations in the planted areas by increase of decrease in the different seasons, that means there is fluctuation in the development trend, in the agricultural schemes in the area. Ilutthe general cause of the total area witnessed a general decrease in the lat ten years. 2 - There are human and natural problems face the agriculture. The physical problems are represented in the sand creeping but the "Miscate" tree planted for combating the desertification had crept into the agriclilttlral land, and blocked the water camels in some areas, a matter which formed a burden on the farmer and the state. Also the diffusion of the agricultural bugs along the planted areas at the River Banks has a negative impart on the produced crops quantities and on the material return. The combating of these bugs by hands aggravates the problem and provides the suitable enviromnent for its growth in the coming seasons. The problem of the decrease of the soil productivity is a joint problem between the physical factor and the human factor. The soil exclusion resents from the non-age of agricultural rotation twice or three times annually. The researcher found that the farmers can't differentiate between the agricultural rotation and the annual agricultural seasons. The human problem envisaged in: The meatiness of the financing which depends on the poor farmer, who decreases the fertilizers quantities and the pesticides, and the endorsement of the seeds from the producer instead of the use of the improved seeds. This results in weak production. Also the weak use of the agricultural mechanics or due to the few numbers of machines, on the inability of the fanner to vent them. Also from the problems then defects of the migration due to the engineering difficulties, pasture growth, miskate trees at some parts of the governmental agricultural schemes, the maintenance needs of the pumps and the original spear ports. The result ‘is administering of the planted area. 3 - The demisting of the planted areas in the oven due to the abandomnent of the land lords to their private farms due to social and economical reasons. e.g. this problem has no clear features presently due to the family agreement factor. But the problem appears in the population abandonment of practicing the agriculture and their migration to outside the province or to Shendi towns or to the rest of the state towns. The researcher see that there are demographical changes in the study area represented in the migration of the population from outside the state In a tribal groups to inside the state, specially Shendi province, and their entrance in disputes with the native population on the usage of the rural and residential land. Although, the agricultural land is hereditary.’ There are few farmers who have documents that confirm their ownership. These lands are subject to be but between the disputers, and hence the agricultural productivity can be diminish in the future. 4 — An agricultural investment map drawed for the study area in which physical features of the area, with putting into consideration the a commercial targets in the following: a - The actual existing agricultural schemes, which the researcher recommends their presentation with the improvement of the agricultural environment. b- The forestry belts domain: It is divided into two parts: Around the mobile sand dunes. It is compared of wood trees which can be used for the production of wood. The second part is around the fixed sand dugs in which the fruit trees shall be planted for the purpose of protection of the environment, and the possibility of planting the sdil by trees and achievement of an economical retum from the agriculture. c- The wheat domain: Wheat is planted in the flat clay plains by the side of the Wadi Blhawad and Wadi Alawateep, and the immigration shall be by the use of seeds which been these features, and with the use of a tripartite rotation in which the animal will be introduced. i d- The Drua and Animal husbandry domain: The researcher suggests that the animals farms shall be south of the province where the slight soil layer allows he grow of pasture and the dura plantation shall be at the area of the alluvial east of Wadi Alawateep and S. of the main root and the immigration shall be by spraying from the wells. This site is distinguished by its nearness to the consumption areas of extemal and intemal towns, and the easy contact via the surface transport seems and the railways. e- The Honti culture Domeain: The researcher recommends to be in a criminal from around the towns at the old alluvial sediments and at the maderas areas of the mode men recommendations conceming the easing of the physical and human difficulties which face the agriculture in the area for the target of its development and the increase of the land productivity with parting into account the sustainable development which sustains the resources for the coming generation.Item دراسة جيومورفولوجية خور ابو حبل(جامعة النيلين, 2003) سيد كباشي احمد طلب