كلية الطب والعلوم الصحية
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Item Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphism (rs699947) with Breast Cancer among Sudanese Women in Khartoum state-2022(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2022-10) HALA ALI YOUSIF OSMANAbstract : Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide including Sudan. The VEGF polymorphism gene has been implicated in susceptibility to cancer, but a large number of studies have reported inconclusive results. Aim: The present study aim to investigate the possible association between VEGF gene polymorphism and breast cancer in Sudanese female patients. Subjects &Methods: A analytic case control study conducted (April 2022 –August2022).Tissue samples were taken from 30 patients undergone surgical resection for breast cancer at Alsharief Hospital. From each patient, tumor tissue and adjacent aberrantly normal tissue from same patient were taken. Demographic data regarding age ethnicity and family history were obtained using pre-designed questionnaire after taking consent from subjects under study. DNA extraction from tissue samples was performed using guanidine chloride method. Followed by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify VEGF polymorphism. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for determination of VEGF polymorphism. Data statistically analyzed using SPSS program (version 26) &EXCEL. Result: Breast cancer was common among age group (41-50) years (37.3%). Afro-asiatic ethnic was the most affected with high frequency in central Sudan represent (73%). The most common type of breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma represented (87%) of cases, (53%) in gradeII and(43%)in stageII. There was no significant association between VEGF polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility statistically chi-square p-value was 0.321, the most genotype in tumor tissue is heterozygote type(TA) followed by mutant type(AA) while in control tissue is heterozygote type(TA)followed by wild type(TT). Conclusion: This study report that there was no significant association between VEGF gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk in the examined supject. مستخلص الدراسة:- الخلفية: سرطان الثدي هو أكثر أنواع السرطانات انتشارًا بين الإناث في جميع أنحاء العالم بما في ذلك السودان. إن لعامل نمو بطانة الأوعية الدموية متعدد الأشكال الجينية دور في القابلية للإصابة بالسرطان ، لكن عددًا كبيرًا من الدراسات أبلغ عن نتائج غير حاسمة. الهدف: تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى التحقق من العلاقة المحتملة بين عامل نمو بطانة الأوعية الدموية متعدد الأشكال الجيني( (rs699947 وسرطان الثدي في النساء السودانيات. الموضوعات والطرق: تم دراسة الحالات والشواهد التي أجريت ب(أابريل2022- اغسطس2022).حيث تم أخذ عينات الأنسجة من 30 مريضة خضعوا لعملية استئصال جراحي لسرطان الثدي في مستشفى الشريف حيث تم أخذ نسيج الورم والأنسجة الطبيعية المجاورة من كل مريض. تم الحصول على البيانات الديموغرافية المتعلقة بالعمر العرقي والتاريخ العائلي باستخدام استبيان مصمم مسبقًا بعد أخذ الموافقة من الموضوعات قيد الدراسةوقد تم إجراء استخراج الحمض النووي من عينات الأنسجة باستخدام طريقة كلوريد جوانيدين. يتبعه تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل النوعي لأليل (PCR) لتضخيم تعدد الأشكال الجيني لجين عامل نمو بطانة الأوعية الدموية (VEGF(RS699947)) حيث تم استخدام Agarosegel الكهربائي لتحديد تعدد الأشكال الجيني(VEGF(rs699947) كما تم تحليل البيانات إحصائياً باستخدام برنامج SPSS (الإصدار 26) و EXCEL. النتيجة: انتشر سرطان الثدي بين الفئة العمرية (41-51) سنة (37.3٪). العرق الأفرو آسيوي كان الأكثر تضررا مع ارتفاع نسبة الإصابة في وسط السودان (67.٪). أكثر أنواع سرطان الثدي شيوعًا هو سرطان الأقنية الغازية ويمثل (87٪) من الحالات ، (53٪) في الطور الثالث والمرحلة الثانية (43٪). لم يكن هناك ارتباط معنوي بين عامل نمو بطانة الأوعية الدموية متعدد الإشكال الجيني (RS699947)وقابلية الإصابة بسرطان الثدي لدي السيدات السودانيات وإحصائياً كانت قيمة p مربع كآي هي 0.321. الخلاصة: تشير هذه الدراسة إلى عدم وجود علاقة معنوية بين عامل نمو بطانة الأوعية الدموية متعدد الإشكال الجيني (rs699947)وخطر الإصابة بسرطان الثدي.Item Assessment of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk in Emergency Doctors Working 24 Hours Duties in Emergency Department of Tertiary Hospitals in Khartoum State December 2021- January 2022(Al-Neelain University, 2022) Wafa Hassan Abdelrahman Mohamed AhmedABSTRACT: Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Emergency doctors who work 24 hours duty face a high workload and stress that may have an impact on their Cardiovascular health. the aim of the present study is to look at the risk of developing CVD among those doctors by using two validated CVD Risk prediction systems (the QRISK3 calculator and the Ankle-brachial index. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of two months using a standardized questionnaire based on the QRISK3 calculator, and handheld Doppler in the measurement of the ankle and brachial systolic pressure for calculating Ankle- brachial index (ABI). Results: the study was conducted among 60 emergency doctors, 52% of them were female and 48% were male, mean age was (29 ±3.8). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) results showed that (15% ) of the participant doctors have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and (36.7%) of them are Borderline, (ABI) mean was (1.01 ± 0.9). The average relative risk (RR) of developing CVD in the next 10 years was 2.4 and was higher in males than females. Conclusion: there is an increased risk of developing CVD in emergency doctors who work for 24 hours duties than in the general population, according to their QRISK3 total score and Ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement. Recommendations: we recommend more laboratory investigations and tests to help in understanding and having more information about the effect of the extended working shifts on the Cardiovascular system and general health of the Doctors in the whole area of our country. Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; QRISK3 calculator, Ankle-brachial index (ABI).Item Satisfaction of Pregnant Women with Antenatal Care Services at Omdurman Maternity and Bashair Hospitals, Khartoum state, 2022(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2022) Eilaf Ali Mohamed ElhassanAbstract Introduction: Satisfaction about health care services is used as an indicator to measure the quality of care 9-13; which reflect some factors related to compliance, effectiveness, and continuity of care. The utilization of ANC services by pregnant women is affected by the quality of care and hence their satisfaction with the services they receive at the health care facility 9. When the client becomes satisfied, she will be more adhering to the treatment advice she receives from the health care provider 9,14, continue using the care, and recommend the service to others 14,15. This study aimed to study the satisfaction of pregnant women with antenatal care services at Omdurman Maternity and Bashair Hospitals, Khartoum state, 2022. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted among 241 women at Omdurman maternity and Bashair hospitals. The respondents were selected using convenience sampling technique because it was difficult for the data collectors to obtain the participants from the follow up record and to have control over them. An interviewer- administered pretested structured questionnaire with closed ended questions was used. SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. The p- value was less than 0.05. Results: The study findings revealed that the overall level of pregnant women’s satisfaction with the quality of antenatal care services at Omdurman maternity and Bashair hospitals was high (82.6%). Pregnant women were least satisfied with lab services (89.2%), followed by waiting time (85.1%), and privacy in consultation rooms (77.6%). About three-quarters of respondents were satisfied with the cleanliness. Conclusion: This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of pregnant women with antenatal care services at Omdurman Maternity and Bashair Hospitals, Khartoum state, 2022. Based on quantitative analysis of factors which could affect the satisfaction of pregnant women with antenatal care, it can be concluded that the age, the occupation, and the educational level were significantly associated with satisfaction with ANC. The results indicate that the level of satisfaction of pregnant ladies with antenatal care at Omdurman maternity and Bashair hospitals in this study was high. The highest level of dissatisfaction was reported for lab services, followed by waiting time and privacy. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Keywords: satisfaction, pregnant women, antenatal care services, hospitals.Item Hypoiaemia in children with sickle cell anaemia in Khartoum state(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-07) Yassin Hag Mohammed HamidABSTRACT Sickle cell disease is often complicated acutely or chronically by hypoxaemia. This is a descriptive cross-sectional hospital based study aimed to determine the frequency and possible associated factors of hypoxemia in patients with sickle cell anaemia in their steady state and crises. it was conducted in the sickle cell anaemia referral clinic in KCEH and paediatric wards in most of Khartoum state hospitals in the period from the 15' of April to the 30"‘ of June 2004. The total number of children enrolled in the study was 149 children with sickle cell anaemia aged 0 - £16 yrs, 100 of them in their steady state while 49 were in crises and 80(53.7%) were males while 69(46.3%) were females . Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured for all children by pulse oximeter and haematological investigations were also done. The overall frequency of hypoxaemia (SpO2 s 90%) was found to be 37.6% and the mean SpO2 was 92.3% 1 6.0. The frequency of hypoxaemia in patients with steady state was 39% while in those with crises was 34.6% and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.373). There was no significant correlation between hypoxaemia and gender of patient but hypoxaemia was found to be more frequent in older age groups (p = 0.001) and in those with low weight centile (p= 0.028) but not with height (p = 0.864). Hypoxaemia was found to be associated with history of recurrent chest infection (p = 0.009) but not with history of blood transfusion or recurrent painful episodes. In patients with crises hypoxaemia was found to be correlated with breathlessness as a presenting symptoms (p =0.002) and there was a significant correlation with the type of crises (p = 0.031). Hypoxaemia was found to be correlated with low Hb (p = 0.000), low PCV (p = 0.005) and HbF (p = 0.001) but there was no correlation with retics count (p = 0.310)Item Heart Rate Variability and Asthma Control Test(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2008) Mohamed Faisal Mohamed LutfiABSTRACT Background HRV is widely accepted to have prognostic significance in patients with cardiovascular diseases especially after acute myocardial infarction. However, recently. interest has grown in relating some pathologies with abnormal autonomic activity based on HRV studies. Although asthmatics are known to have enhanced cholinergic activity, little I-[RV studies were done on asthma patients. Moreover, the results of these studies are not reproducible, probably due to inter-individual differences of autonomic balance in test group or inadequately designed methods. Objectives l. To develop an effective spirometric score that can faithfully reflect ventilatory functions of the lungs and efficiently discriminating asthmatics from non- asthmatics 2. To detect reliability and validity of Asthma Control Test (ACT) and National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) in the classification of studied asthmatic patients based on above-mentioned spirometric score. 3. To correlate asthma control (using ACT and NAEPP) and ventilatory function with parameters of autonomic balance. 4. To detect the pattem of autonomic balance in asthmatics using a parameter known to be influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic e.g. airways narrowing indicated by spirometry, blood pressure and blood glucose concentration. Methods The study involved 56 apparently healthy subjects and gender and an age matched group of 100 asthma patients classified into subgroups according to asthma severity using ACT and NAEPP classifications. Blood pressure, anthropometric. spirometric, HRV measurements together with drug therapy, blood level of glucose, hemoglobin and electrolytes were assessed for every subject. All spirometric measurements were condensed into one representative score (discrimination analysis score (DAS)) using discrimination analysis. Sensitivity and specifity of DAS were tested using conditional ratios and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Screening of studied variables for significant correlations and mean differences among different groups with adjustment for possible confounding factors was perfonned using appropriate statistical techniques. Results Spirometry: Correlations between all spirometric measurements and DAS were highly significant (P = 0.000 for all correlations). DAS when compared with F EVl% (at the most accurate cutoff equal to 80%) as a predictive measurement for presence of asthma, is proved to be more sensitive (8l.00% for DAS and 71.00% for FEVl%). specific (94.14% for DAS and 92.86% for FEV1%) and accurate (86.54% for DAS and 78.85% for FEV1%). For further verification, accuracy of DAS was compared with the remaining of spirometric measurements using ROC curves. DAS is proved to be the most sensitive measure in diagnosing asthma (area under the curve = 0.933, P = 2.77E-l9 and 95% confidence interval 0.897 - 0.971). Of asymptomatic asthma patients, 34.0 % were labeled poorly controlled and 41.5% were labeled uncontrolled. ACT score was higher while NAEPP class was lower in symptoms free compared with symptomatic asthmatic patients (P = 0.000 and 0.005 respectively). DAS correlate significantly, but moderately, with ACT score and NAEPP class (P = 0.000 for both, CC = 0.38 and -0.49 respectively). Heart Rate Variability: Sympathetic tone (LF Nonn) of mild asthmatics was significantly lower while parasympathetic tone (HF Nonn) was significantly higher compared with apparently healthy subjects (P = 0.016 and 0.017 respectively). This was also true when mild asthmatics are compared with severe asthma patients (P = 0.020 and 0.015 respectively). ACT state of asthmatics correlate significantly, but weakly, with LF Norm (CC = 0.292, P = 0.003) and HF NOHTL (CC = 0.309, P = 0.002). Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose Concentration: ln contrast to systolic and mean arterial blood pressures, diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in asthmatics compared with non-asthmatics (P = 0.002). Blood pressures correlate positively with sympathetic and negatively with parasympathetic activity in non- asthmatics (P < 0.05 for all). However, these correlations are lost in asthmatics. Blood glucose concentrations in asthmatic patients were significantly higher as compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.000). Blood glucose concentrations correlate positively with parasympathetic and negatively with sympathetic in non-asthmatics (P < 0.05 for all). Nevertheless, these correlations are lost in asthmatic patients. Conclusions DAS is more sensitive, specific and accurate compared with other spirometric measurements, but like other indicators it fails to reach 100% sensitivity and specifity on asthma diagnosis. Presence or absence of symptoms did not correlate with asthma control which draws attention to asthma classification criteria. The autonomic balance of mild asthma (showing high parasympathetic and low sympathetic activities) is different compared to the severe form of the disease (which showed normal parasympathetic and sympathetic activities). Autonomic balance might influence symptomatology but not ventilatory function Many signs of functional impairment (control of blood pressure and blood glucose concentrations) of the autonomic nervous system are noted in asthmatic patients. XIVItem Academic achievement and perception of Medical students towards Flipped classroom model at Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, 2019(جامعة النيلين, 2021) Hanadi Abdelgadir Ahmed SourgABSTRACT Introduction: Over the past few years, there has been a parallel development in the use of the internet and technology for teaching purposes. The Flipped classroom model (FCM) used by the instructor aims at spending more time interacting with students rather than lecturing them. There are very few studies about the effectiveness of FCM on student performance and perception as compared to the traditional model in faculties of medicine. Objective: The aim was to study flipped classroom model academic achievement of Medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University. Method: In this case-control study, medical students at Al-Neelain University were randomly assigned into two flipped classrooms (Group A) as a test and a traditional group as control (Group B), with 30 students in each group. In the traditional group, students spent class time on the lecture while at home they were spent time on traditional homework. In the flipped group, students watched a short video lecture and lecture notes outside of class time while the class time for interacting and activates with the instructor. Major outcome indexes were pretest and posttest results used for student’s performance assessment and questionnaires used for student perception evaluation about the FCM. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS programs (version 20, Chicago, SPSS Inc. USA). Result: The pretest and posttest scores showed highly statistically differences within each group (A&B) with P<.000, when comparing pretest and posttest scores of the studied groups showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the pretest and post-test scores between them with P=0.912 and 0.100 respectively. More than 80% of participants were satisfied by using a flipped classroom. While more than 90% of students were more motivated to learn in flipped classrooms meeting learning targets when they used FCM. Conclusion: There was a positive students’ perception towards the FCM using, despite no significant effect of FCM on students’ academic achievement. Recommendation: Further research recommended investigating the relevant issues with a larger sample size and longer-time experiment in Sudan or other countries. Conflicting of interest: No conflicting of interest. Keywords: Flipped classroom model, Traditional model, medical education, Medical students, Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University. المستخلص الخلفية: لعدة سنوات قليله مضت، هناك تطور في استخدام الانترنت والتقنية لاسباب تعليمية. ويهدف استخدام نموذج الفصل المقلوب من قبل المعلمين للاستفاده من زمن المحاضرات في التفاعل داخل الفصل مع الطلاب بدلا عن القاء المحاضرات. هناك دراسات قليله عن تاثير نموذج الفصل المقلوب علي اداء الطلاب والقدرة علي الفهم مقارنه مع المحاضرة التقليدية في كليات الطب. الاهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة لدراسة الاداء الاكاديمي لطلاب كلية الطب جامعة النيلين باستخدام نموذج الفصل المقلوب. الطريقة: تقارن هذه الدراسة التجريبية استخدام نموذج الفصل المقلوب في طلاب كلية الطب بجامعة النيلين والمحاضرة التقليدية واثرها في الانجازات الاكاديمية للطلاب وقياس تلك الانجازات من خلال تقدير اختبار قبلي وبعدي. قسم الطلاب الي مجموعتين مجموعة المحاضرة التقليدية وتطبق عليهم محاضرة تقليدية في زمن المحاضرة ، بينما يقضي مجموعة الفصل المقلوب زمن المحاضرة في التفاعل بين الطلاب انفسهم والانشطة المتعددة مع المعلم. تم تقييم الاختبار القبلي والبعدي للطلاب لتقيم اداءهم واستخدام استبيان لتقدير قدرة فهم الطلاب لنموذج الفصل المقلوب. واخيرا تم اجراء التحليل الاحصائي. النتائج: اظهرت درجات الاختبار القبلي والبعدي فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عالية في كل مجموعة، لكن عند مقارنة درجات الاختبار القبلي والبعدي بين مجموعتين الدراسة لم يكن هناك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية، كما ان هناك اكثر من 80 % من مجموعة الفصل المقلوب كانوا راضين عن استخدام الفصل المقلوب. الاستنتاجات: كان هناك تصور ايجابي للطلاب تجاه استخدام نموذج الفصل المقلوب ، علي الرغم من عدم وجود تاثير في التحصيل الدراسي للطلاب. التوصيات: نوصي باجراء ابحاث اخري في ذات الصياغ للبحث الحالي بعدد اكبر من المشاركين ولفترة زمنية اطول. الكلمات المفتاحية: نموذج الفصل المقلوب ، المحاضرة التقليدية، طلاب كلية الطب، جامعة النيلين، كلية الطب.Item Impact of Social Media On Orthopaedic and Traumatology Academic Performance of Female Students at Faculty of Medicine, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan, 2021(Al-Neelain University, 2022) Elsiddig Elhadi Elsiddig MahmoudAbstract Introduction: Utilization of social media in medical education was found to be beneficial as it promotes students collaboration and enhance learning. However, this is an evolving arena which lacks comparative studies and requires additional investigations in order to understand the best ways of social media utilization in medical schools as well as to recognize the outcomes this usage. Objectives: The aim was to apply social media application-based discussion groups as a new method of using social media in medical education, to assess the effect of this on students’ examination grades and to determine students’ attitudes towards it. Research methods: This was case control faculty based study, 182 fourth-year Medical students taking the Orthopaedics and Traumatology course were divided into two groups. In the study group (78 students), social media-based discussion was adopted as a supplementary learning tool. No additional learning methods were used in the control group (104 students). The final grades of students from the two different groups were analysed using R version 1.1.456. together with the analysed data collected from an online questionnaire completed by students in the study group from the SmartSurvey website. Results: The mean final examination score in the study group was 71.5 compared to 70 in the control group (P=0.23). 89.87% of the students felt that social media-based discussion motivated them to learn and enhanced their learning, while 77.01% believed it is easier to ask questions on the forum than during rounds, clinics and lectures. The proportion of students who agreed that this method was a helpful feedback and revision tool was 83.55% and 91.65% respectively. Conclusions: WhatsApp and Telegram discussion groups represent a promising way to utilise social media in medical education as they promote students’ connection and learning. Social media applications could also be valuable feedback and revision tools. Nevertheless, no significant association between implementing this academic activity and better examination grades was found. Recommendations: Utilization of social media in Medical Education by creating an academic groups which contain students and tutors and to share academic resources with in these groups is highly recommended. Additional research is needed to evaluate the relationship between the use of social media and knowledge gaining. Conflicts of interests: Authors of this study have no conflicts of interests to declare. Keywords: Medical Education, Medical Students, Social Media, Learning Methods. الملخص المقدمة: ان استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في تعليم المهن الصحية يعزز تعاون الطلاب ويحفز الطلاب للتعلم. ومع ذلك ، فان هذا المجال ما زال يفتقر إلى الدراسات العلمية ويتطلب تحقيقات إضافية من أجل فهم أفضل الطرق لاستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في كليات الطب وكذلك للتعرف على نتائج هذا الاستخدام. الأهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اعتبار مجموعات المناقشة الاكاديمية القائمة على تطبيقات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي طريقة جديدة لاستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في التعليم الطبي ، كما تهدف لتقييم تأثير ذلك على درجات امتحان الطلاب وتقييم اراء الطلاب تجاهها. طرق البحث : في هذه الدراسة التحليلية، تم تقسيم طلاب السنة الرابعة من كلية الطب الذين يدرسون تخصص جراحة العظام والذين عددهم 182 طالب إلى مجموعتين. في مجموعة الدراسة (78 طالبًا) ، تم اعتماد المناقشة القائمة على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي كأداة تعليمية تكميلية. لم يتم استخدام طرق تدريس إضافية في المجموعة الضابطة (104 طلاب). تم تحليل الدرجات النهائية للطلاب من المجموعتين المختلفتين ، بالإضافة الى عرض البيانات التي تم جمعها من استبيان عبر الإنترنت أكمله الطلاب في مجموعة الدراسة. النتائج: كان متوسط درجة الامتحان النهائي في مجموعة الدراسة 71.5 مقابل 70 في المجموعة ال ضابطة (P = 0.23). شعر 89.87٪ من الطلاب أن المناقشات الاكاديمية على تطبيقات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي حفزتهم على التعلم، بينما اعتقد 77.01٪ أنه من الأسهل طرح الأسئلة في المجموعات على تطبيقات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي مقارنة بطرحها اثناء المرور السريري او اثناء العيادات المحولة والمحاضرات. كانت نسبة الطلاب الذين وافقوا على أن هذه الطريقة مفيدة للتعبير عن الآراء وكأداة للمراجعة 83.55٪ و 91.65٪ على التوالي. الخلاصة: تمثل مجموعات المناقشة الأكاديمية في تطبيقات WhatsApp و Telegram طريقة واعدة لاستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في التعليم الطبي لأنها تعزز اتصال الطلاب وتعلمهم. يمكن أن تكون تطبيقات الوسائط الاجتماعية أيضًا وسيلة قيمة لإبداء الآراء وأداة جيدة للمراجعة. ومع ذلك ، لم تثبت علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين تنفيذ هذا النشاط الأكاديمي وتحسين درجات الامتحان. التوصيات: يوصى بشدة باستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في التعليم الطبي من خلال إنشاء مجموعات أكاديمية تحتوي على الطلاب والمعلمين بالإضافة لمشاركة الموارد التعليمية داخل مجموعات تطبيقات التواصل الاجتماعي . هناك حاجة ماسة إلى دراسات إضافية لتقييم العلاقة بين استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي واكتساب المعرفة. تضارب المصالح: مؤلفو هذه الدراسة ليس لديهم تضارب في المصالح للإعلان عنه. الكلمات المفتاحية: التعليم الطبي, طلاب الطب, وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي, طرق التعلم.Item EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WAVE-LENGTHES OF LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF LOWER BACK MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN at the Neelain University, clinic of physiotherapy from June 2018 to June 2021(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2021) Eman Al-sheikhAbstract Background: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the most frequent causes of chronic musculoskeletal pain, the pain is caused by myofascial trigger points (TPs) and their associated reflexes result in persistent musculoskeletal pain in lower back. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is used by some physiotherapists to treat various musculoskeletal condition. LLLT is a non-invasive light source treatment that generates a single wavelength of light. It emits no heat, sound, or vibration. LLLT is believed to affect the function of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts), accelerate connective tissue repair and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. Lasers with different wavelengths, varying from 630 to 905 nm, are used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study to investigate the effects of different laser wave-lengths (650 and 905) in the treatment of patients with lower back myofascial pain syndrome Material and methodology: This study was conducted on thirty patients with lower back myofascial pain syndrome 18 males and 12 females their age ranged from 24-55 years old divided randomly into three groups of equal number of patients, group (A) 10 patients received traditional physiotherapy, group (B) 10 patients received traditional physiotherapy and LLLT 650 nm, group (C) 10 patients received traditional physiotherapy and LLLT 950 nm In this study pain assessed by (VAS), Functional disability by Oswestery disability questionnaire, flexion ROM by modified schober test and statistical analysis by SPSS. Results The current study found that combination of LLLT (905 nm) with traditional physiotherapy (US, TENS, IR and therapeutic exercise), have better effect in short term at increasing the functional ability (p=0.005) and flexion range of motion of the back and has great effect at decreasing the pain degree(p=0.00) than traditional physiotherapy alone or traditional physiotherapy combined with LLLT (650 nm). Iالبحث مستخلص : واالهداف لخلفية ا مزمن الم حالة وهي الظهر اسفل الالم االسباب اكثر احدى هي الظهر السفل العضلية اللفافة الم متالزمة التحفيز) (نقاط للعضلة الحساسة النقاط في متمركز االلم ويكون الهيكلي العضلي الجهاز تصيب ذو بالليزر والحركية,العالج العصبية الخاليا ذلك في بما االنسجة لتجديد الطبيعي العالج في يستخدم الليزر ويحسن العظمية و العضلية المراض شتى لمعالجة الطبيعيين المعالجيين بواسطة م يستخد المخنفضة الدرجة في تستخدم التي المختلفة االطوال ذات الليزر موجات لاللتهاب, كمضاد ويعمل الشفاء ويسرع الجسم وظائف متر نانو 905 الى 650 من تتراوح الطبيعي العالج نانو 950 و 650 المنخفضة الدرجات ذو لليزر المختلفة طوال لال التاثير معرفة هو الدراسة هذه من الهدف الظهر السفل العضلية اللفافة الم متالزمة على متر العضلية اللفافة الم من يشكون 55 الى 24 من تتراوح اعمارهم انثى 12 و ذكر 18 مريض 30 : الطريقة , االسبوع في جلسات 3 بمعدل جلسات 10 وتلقوا مجموعات ثالثة الى عشوائيا تقسيمهم تم الظهر السفل وتمارين الصوتية فوق موجات و الحمراء تحت موجات من المكون التقليدي العالج تلقت أ االولى المجموعة التقليدي العالج تلقت التي ج والمجموعة 650 الليزر الى باالضافة التقليدي العالج تلقت التي ب والمجموعة 905 الليزر الى باالضافة الحركي المدى وقياس للظهر االعاقة استبيان باستخدام الجسم وظيفة وقياس المرئي االلم بمقياس االلم قياس تم احصائيا البيانات تحليل وتم تست شوبر باستخدام الظهر لثني لنتيجة: ا على ل افض اثر لديها التقليدي العالج مع نانومتر 905 الموجي الطول ذو الليزر استخدام ان الدراسة وجدت احصائية (دالة االلم درجة نقصان وفي ) 0.005 = احصائية (دالة للجسم الوظيفية القدرة زيادة في القريب المدى الظهر لثني الحركي المدى زيادة في ايجابي اثر لها ان كما ) 0.00 = Item Variation of the amount of the Amniontic Fluid amoug Sudanese pregnant women of 34-40 GESTATIONALAGE(FROM OCTOBER 2016 TO FEBRUARY 2017)(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2017) Mohamed Abdelelmagid Maryoud ElbashirItem VariationoftheamountoftheAmnioticFluidamongSudanesepregnantwomenof34-40gestationalage (fromOctober2016ToFebruary2017)(Al-Neelain University, 2017) MohamedAbdelmagidMaryoudElbashirAbstract The amniotic fluid is secretedmany times per day and has a volume of1500cc,whichmaybepathologicallyincreasedabove2000cc(polyhydramnios)ordecreasedbelow500 cc(oligohydramnios). Thisstudyaimedtomeasuretheamnioticfluidindex(AFI)duringpregnancy specifically at the third trimester, as an indicator of the amniotic fluidvolume and its significant importance in saving the fetal life and during thenormal pregnancy. The study was done at many hospitals in Khartoum state by high qualitysonographic machine to enable estimating the fetal gestational age in correlationwith the amniotic fluidindex, in a sample size of seventy cases, their agesranged between 20–29years,mostofthemweremultigravida. Theresultscomparedwiththegestationalagemeasuredbydifferentbiometrics (BPD, FL & HL), and showed that most of the cases have AFI withinthe normalrange (5–24 cc), also it didnot show any difference from thepreviousstudies.