كلية الزراعة

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تنمية الموارد الزراعية بولاية شمال كردفان ( حالة محافظة شيكان ) من 1999 - 2001
(جامعة النيلين, 2001) انصاف ابراهيم الخليفة محمد احمد
street This study deals with the Development of agricultural resources (soil , vegetation , and water and livestock in province, Northern kordofan state. The main objective of the study to investigate the conditions of these resources and the utilization and development of Natural systems in the province . to achieve this objective, the study adopted the political ecology approach atheoretical frame work for the analysis. This approach provides acomprehensive perspective for the analysis of man-environment relation ship , taking into account the environment , social economic and political aspects. The study falls in seven chapters . Including the introduction, and the theoretical frame work. Demorgraphical natural and human being Agriculture of Sudan in study area , agricultural actives Development in animals and the conclusion. The study was based on primary data collected through ﬁeld work survey , by using different methods and techniques including questionnaires, interview and direct observation beside. Secondary data , form sources official and non official interview and directed observation both published and unplished, were also utilized . ~ The study revealed that the province in its natural conditions is endowed with agreat base of renewable natural resources, that could meet the objectives of the human development in the area at present and the future, under conditions of sound and rational environmental management. However, the study Showed that sheikan province is presently suffering from acute problems of environment degradation . This is reflected negatively in the living conditions of the population. The histrorical relationship between man and his'environment, which was based on the harmony between man’s needs and the environmental condition, has also changed. The study reached to the conclusion that environmental degradation and changes in the relationship between man and his environment , in the province, are the result of closely interrelated factors.. Most important among these are: the accelerated rate of population growth on the prolonged periods of drought in Northern kordfan during the 1970s and 1980s , and the high rate of population dis placement from southern Sudan and Southern Korodofan State Caused by
Diversity and cross inoculation abilities amongrhizobia isolated from different guar (C yamobsistetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) lines
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2003-10) Maha Abdel hafeez Mohamed
/\ hstract Ten R/1/zu/uiini lSUlillCs were isolated Iroin the root nodules olltcn guar lines. The isolates were authenticated each with ills respective host (line) of isolation. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed a wide range in the degree of line-isolate efliciency. The majority of guar lilies beneﬁted from R/7/3!)/HIIIH inoculation. This was rellected in the high shoot dry weight and nitrogen content produced by the inoculated plants as compared to their respective non-inoculated controls. l\/licroscopical and biochemical characterization showed that all tested isolates were last growing, inicroaerophilic, acid producing, catalase and oxidase positive, they donlt absorb congo red, and were unable to grow on Glucose Pepton Agar (GPA). The isolates did not utilize citrate or ornithine and were also unable to produce HZS, lndole_ Acetoin or 3- ketolactose. All isolates were able to utilize most olthe tested carbohydrates as sole carbon sources and were also able to tolerate high salinity level (up to I92 gill), /\ntibiotic sensitivity tests showed a wide range oi‘ variations among the isolates. However, all tested isolates were lound to be resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicilin. Serologically, all isolates cross- agglutinated with each other indicating close serological alillinities among them. Summing up _ cluster analysis have separated the isolates into four groups that have included the following isolates: l- Group l: isolates /\22_ B4_ E51 l'l 5 and lll5. 2- Group ll: isolates D30 and ll2. 3- Group lll: isolate G7. 4- Group V: isolates C33 and lll5. i\ l Z
Prepration and Evaluation of Solar-Dried Fish By-Product Meal as a protein Supplement in Broiler Chiek’s diet.
(Al Neelain University, 2004) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shami
The present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of producing and usage of solar dried ﬁsh by-product meal (SPFBPM) as a replacement for an imported plant protein concentrate (IPPC) in both starter and ﬁnisher diets for broiler chicken. Slightly improved solar dryer tent (SDT) was tested to dry samples of fish by-products (FBPs). A questionnaire was carried out on the majority of fish processing shops (FPS) in Sana’a City Center, to collect information about marketed ﬁshes, fish by-products, dressing out methods and consumer preferential customs. etc. Twenty seven Jahesh fishes (Lethrinidae.spp.] were selected and divided to three similar groups in weights, dressed out, in order to determine the components and percentages of FBPs according to three common dressing out methods. Samples of Jahesh FBPs were collected from FPS, processed and dried in SDT. Microbial tests for Salmonella, E.coli and total bacterial count were carried out on samples SDFBPM, before and after 3 different heating treatments. Proximate chemical analysis was carried out on three replicate three times. Five starter and ﬁnisher experimental diets for broilers were formulated to meet NRC., 1994 recommendations. Diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous including 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% of SDFBPM replacing equal percentages of IPPC. Two hundred and twenty ﬁve newly hatched Ross broiler chicken were randomly located in 5 groups of 45 birds three replicate each. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efﬁciency ratio were recorded and calculated for 7 weeks. At the end of the 49"‘ day, birds were fasted for 12 hours and 4birds from each pen were randomly selected and individually weighted, slaughtered, mechanically defeathered and carcass and non-carcass components were weighed. The obtained data showed that Jahesh lishes represent the most available and the most preferred ﬁsh type among the locally marketed ﬁsh species during the whole year. Percentages of fish by-products were (19-36-52%) of total body weight for gutted, sluiced and filleted dressing out methods, respectively. Moreover, the sliced dressing out method was the first preferred by consumers. Two days were enough to dry minced FBPs samples, which indicated that examined SDT was well-improved by drying system of clean and cheap energy. Salmonella colonies were seen and the total bacterial count was 192x104 Cells/gm, but the bacterial colonies disappeared with samples autoclaved at 12lC° for 21 minutes. The chemical composition of SDFBPM was 95.02% DM, 48.5% CP, 21.5% EE, 0.0% fiber, 8% Ca, 4.26%P, 25.3% Ash, 4.74%NFE. However, the SDFBPM samples physically showed a good quality ﬁsh meal. The experimental chicks fed diets including up to 7.5% of SDFBPM showed satisfactory performance compared with the control birds, but depression in growth and protein efficiency resulted with broilers fed diets including 10% SDFBPM. On the other hand, there was no sign of salmonella infection in chicks during the 7 week experimental period also, meat color, flavor, tenderness or juiciness of their carcasses were not significantly affected. Generally, broilers fed diets wiuth 2.5% SDFBPM showed the performance numerically but not significantly different from those fed 5%, 7.5% and the control.
RAINW ATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL MOISTURE CONSERV ATION ON THE UPPER TERRACES OF THE WHTE NILE STATE (Sudan)
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-12) ABDEL RAHMAN MOHAMED NOUR HAMID
ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted at Humra, Aba, and Kileikis, White Nile state, Sudan, on a sandy clay soil, following a randomized block design, to study the effect of water harvesting techniques namely: crescents, intersections, ditches and control treatments on some soil physical properties and soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the beginning of the next season during 2003/04 growing season. Also plant parameters of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants were measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the next season. Direct rainfall was measured using rain gauges which were installed on the ﬁeld. The results indicated that the water harvesting techniques affected the soil structure and soil physical properties specially on the upper layer (0-30 cm) which subjected to excavation tools and consequently the soil moisture content as a result of improving inﬁltration rate, porosity, ﬁeld capacity and reducing rain water runoff. The results revealed that the crescents treatment was the best technique for improving porosity, inﬁltration rate, soil storage capacity and reducing runoff which led to a good performance of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants. The intersections techniques came next to the crescents in storage capacity and performance of the plants. Also the results showed no signiﬁcant differences between ditches and control treatments. The results indicated that the Acacia nilotica transplants gave good results when the moisture content increased while Acacia tortilis transplants gave good results when the moisture content decreased.
Effect of Feeding diffeent levels decorticated Cajanus cajan seeds on broiler performance as a replacement of sesame cake
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2005-09) El Haﬁz Abd-El Rahman Hassan
Abstract This study was conducted to assess the performance of broiler birds fed on decorticated Cajanus cajan (C. c) as a replacer to sesame cake. The study was conducted on deep litter in open houses pens at El Neelain Poultry Farm at Jebel Awlia during the period from 4'“ May to 22nd June 2005. 200 unsexed (Ross) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into batches of 40 birds per batch per dietary treatment. Birds were divided in to 4 replicates of 10 for each treatment of the ﬁve rations. Acontrol plus 4 rations containing 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% of C.c. were fed. Parameters studied were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight again, livebody weight, dressed weight, edible parts weights, serum proteins and the economic appraisal. 12% incorporation followed by 9% gave the best results in all parameters studied. Serum proteins and ALT (Alanine Amino Interferase) were within normal levels indicating no ill health or diviation from normal. The economic appraisal showed that 12% followed by 9% gave the least cost per Kg of broiler meat. vm The study concluded that broiler birds can perform well and survive healthy when fed C.c. up to 12% incorporation in the ration. This supports the assumption that decortication improves feeding efficiency and performance of Cajanus cajan.
THE POTENTIAL OF SOME INDIGENOUS SOILMICROORGANISMS IN DEGRADATION OF THE INSECTICIDE ENDOSULFAN ALPHA AND BETA ISOMERS
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006) OSAMA EL GIALANI ELSAID
Abstract Nine soil types from sites with various levels and history of contamination by insecticides were chosen as inoculums sources for the present studies The presences of four groups of soil microorganisms in these soils were surveyed using selective media. The results indicated that organic nitrogen bacteria is more prevalent and found in all types of soils followed by inorganic nitrogen bacteria and actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria and actinomycetes which lives in poor media. Soil microorganisms isolated from the nine soil types showed great potential in degrading oi and B-endosulfan in selective media after l5 days of incubation. Generally the results indicated that microorganisms isolated from highly contaminated soils had greater potential in degrading the two isomers of endosulfan. The effects of soil microorganisms isolated from highly polluted soil, on half-lives of (1 and B- endosulfan under condition of selective and carbon free media were re-studied for longer period. The results showed signiﬁcant decrease in half-lives ranging between 58.4 — 81.9% in (1- endosulfan compared to 35.5 — 71 .6% in B-isomer. The effect of fertilizer activator on enhancing the microbial growth and capability in degrading oi and B- endosulfan under soil conditions was studied. Results indicated that all activators caused significant increase in microbial counts especially the triple super phosphate. The accompanied reduction in half lives ranged between 20-73% with various levels of endosulfan sulphate generated. Microbial degradation at elevated concentration (500 mg/l) of endosulfan in carbon free was studied and the results showed that there were no signiﬁcant differences in the reduction of half-lives between high (500 mg/1) and low (100 mg/1) concentration. Tolerant strains of bacteria and fungi from the soil of Rass Elfeel pesticide store (Mangil scheme) were isolated through consecutive exposure to elevated concentration of endosulfan under condition of carbon free media and the results showed that the most tolerant fungi (can tolerate up tol000 mg/l) was Aspergi//us ﬁuntgales while the most tolerant bacteria was Bacillus sp. The comparative degradation of endosulfan by tolerant strains and their parents was studied under condition of soil and carbon free media. Results showed that parent strains (present in large number) showed faster decrease in half lives compared to tolerant strains (few numbers). However tolerant strains might have greater potential if they ﬁnd a chance to propagate in massive numbers. Ill
Comparison of the nutritive value of Fessielfh i11 Hydrocynus spp and Schilbe spp
(Neelain University, 2006) Egbal Osman Ahmed
Abstract The current fessiekh industry is based on traditional means of production. Those practices do not seem to have been based on scientific background. This work aims at the effects of various concentrations, through three treatments, for two species of freshwater fish, on the fessiekh product. Recent efforts have been focusing on the consolidation of positive and as much as possible the minimization of the negative results. Hydrocynus species and Schilbe species were used for fessiekh preparation by using different salt concentrations (20%, 25%and 30% w/w) for three treatments (i.e. different seasons). Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were determined for fish before and after salting. Microbial investigation during salting of fish showed the initial microbial increase, which passed through a maximum that finally, decreased. Commercial fessiekh contained a higher microbial load than experimentally prepared one. ,' Commercial fessiekh and experimental one showed no variations of all parameters measured other than potassium, calcium and sodium. This varying bacterial count gives the product the flavor, appearance and taste. ' Chemical composition of the two species at clifferent salt concentrations in the three treatments indicated some losses of the nutritive value when compared with fresh state. While the moisture ranged from 81.92 to 72.9% in fresh fish, it dropped to 74.94 to 60.20%D.W. in salted fish. Values for protein. fat, crude fibre and ash were20.5 to18.9%, 2.2 to 1.4%, 1.9 to 1.0% &1.7 to 1.1% in fresh fish, while in salted fish values were19.57 to 16.54%, 1.62 to0.88%, 1.32 to 0.64%, and 10.21 to 13.86% D.W. respectively Effect of the three salt concentrations (20%, 25% and 30%) on the nutritive value of fessiekh product showed no significant variation, although the salt concentration at 20% gave better results than two other concentrations. 0 Effect of seasonality (temperatures 37, 30, 27"C) on the nutritive value of the two species showed significant difference, but winter season (27 ° C) gave good quality of product compared to higher degrees (i .e 37, 30°C). Comparative nutritive value of stored product “Fessiekh” for six months, showed lower nutritive value ; better time for marketing is from zero days to 30 days. 1' Taste panelists found product from ' fish fermentation treated with salt concentration at 20% more acceptable.
STUDIES ON IMPROVING SALTED-FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS IN SUDAN
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006-05) Ghada Ahmed El Haj
ABSTRACT In attempts targeting preservation of ﬁsh and their products for consumption at subsequent times and places far away from the source, this programme was arranged for a number of preservation methods to address the issues. Those methods have duly included drying, salting, smoking, fermentation. . . etc. to give a good coverage for various types of ﬁsh. It arises from the above, that there is a need to evaluate traditional and improved methods of preservation to reach an acceptable product for the consumer. For the ﬁilﬁllment of the above, this programme was set to address the quality of ﬁsh from chemical, physical and biological viewpoint. Special emphasis was attached to salting and fermentation and their impact. However, the result of this study indicated that fresh samples of two species of ﬁsh Kawara (Alesles sp.) and Debs (Labeo sp.) during three seasons are comparable in both content and values. These values of change in varying degrees when subjected to different salt concentrations during short and prolonged time. General magnitude change between ﬁ'esh and treated samples was obtained for both sp. Signiﬁcant variations for all parameters of two species during the ﬁrst l\twelve days of treatments were detected, It has to be emphasized that the sixth months marks the onset of ﬁirther deterioration. \
غذاء بعض اسماك النيل الابيض التجارية (جبل اولياء) العجل ، القرموط ، الشلبايا ، الكاس ، البلطي النيلي ، الدبس و الخرشة
(جامعة النيلين, 2006-06) أحمد محمد موسى أحمد
Abstract This study is intended to know the type oi") bod consumed by 7 species ofﬁsh selected from Jcbcl Aulia Dam on the White Nile. These selected species are Lates niloticus (lgil ), Clarias lazera (Gannut), Schilbe mystus ( Shilbiya) Hydrycon l‘0rskalli (Kas) Oreochromis niloticuas (Buiti Nili) labco niloticus (Dabs), and Distichodus niloticus ( Kharsha). The study concludes that Lates niloticus, Clarias lazerzv Schilbe mystus and Hydiycon forskalii mainly feed on Kawara< Buiti Nili rzooplankton and insects ‘consequently are considered as ( Carnivorus). Also the study concludes that Oreochrous niloticus ¢Labeo niloticus and Distichodus niloticus feed on green algae‘ phytoplankton ‘plant dcbries and plant tissue, consequently these species may be considered as ( Herbivorous). When the Oroehromis niloticus grows in size (15-25 cm) its feed decreases towards plant food. It is also noted that 20% of these species feed on other types of food) Zooplankton( which may be classiﬁed as (Omnivorous ﬁsh). These results will have important applications in commercial ﬁsh culture in Sudan.
THE USE OF GROUND NUT HAY AS AMAIN SOURCE OF ROUGHAGE FOR DAIRY HEIFER REARING UP TO 14 MONTHS OF AGE
(Al-Neelain University, 2008) Abass AbdElgadir Ali
: ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to investigate about the use of ground nut hay as main source of roughage for post weaning dairy heifers rearing up to the age of 14 months . About thirty healthy Holstein Friesian dairy heifers of average aged of 4.5 months . from Azaheer dairy company were used . They were divided into two groups , experiment and control group each of about 15 dairy heifers . Two different feed ration were formulated , based on total mix ration system . In the control group the usual feed ration of the farm was used , which consisted of dry chopped sorghum straw roughage mixed with concentrates .In the experimental group the main roughage used was groundnut hay mixed with concentrates . The two mixed rations were fed through out the experiment period which extended for about 41 weeks . The experiment and control rations were divided into three different formulations depend on 2 ranged of age , from 3 – 9 month and 10 -15 months.. During the experiment period the following traits were investigated . Daily feed intake , weight gain per / day, final weight at the age of 14 months , total feed intake , and feed conversion ratio ( F C R ) . Economic of production , and finally the experiment group compared with control . The results of data analysis were appeared as follows : The mean weight gain for 41weeks of experiment was202.44± 32.29 kg and for control group was 192.70 ± 20.63 kg . Differences were not significant ( P > 0.05 ) . The mean final weight at14 months for experimental group was 295.71± 58.95 kg , and for control group 284.97 ± 40.63 kg . Differences were not significant ( P > 0.05 ) . The mean daily weight gain for experimental group was 0.71.± 71.42kg while for the control group was 0.67 ± 14.28 kg . Differences were not significant ( P > 0.05 ) . The mean daily feed intake for experimental group was 88.19 ± 12.07 kg , and for control group was 79.25 ± 11.76 kg . Differences were significant ( P<0.05 ) . The feed conversion efficiency for experimental group was 8.33 ± 28.82 kg , and for control group was 7.86 ± 98. 96 kg . Estimation of economical advantage of feeding groundnut hay indicated that , the cost of raising dairy heifers of experimental group is less by 20% form the cost of control group . Hence it concluded that special attention must be taken with Agricultural by–products , and the animals owners should be encouraged to use these by – products in the growing dairy heifers feeding . خلاصة الأطروحة أجريت هذه التجربة من أجل البحث في استخدام سفير الفول السوداني كمصدر أساسي للعلف لتربية عجلات اللبن من بعد الفطام و حتي عمر 14 شهر . وفد استخدمت في هذه التجربة عدد (30) ثلاثون عجلة بصحة جيدة من سلالة الهولستين فريزيان بمتوسط عمر 4.5 شهر. من مزرعة ألبان أزاهير . تم تقسيم هذه العجلات إلي مجموعتين كل منهما تحتوي عدد 15 عجلة تم إستخدام عليقتين مختلفتان عن بعضها البعض و مرتكزتان علي برنامج خلطة العليقة المتكاملة . في عليقة مجموعة الضابط إستخدمت العليقة العادية للمزرعة تم تركيبها من القصب الجاف المطحون مخلوط مع عناصر العليقة المركزة . تتكون عليقة مجموعة التجربة من سفير الفول السوداني كعلف أساسي للتجربة مخلوط مع عناصر العليقة المركزة كل واحدة من العليقتين إستخدمت في تغذية المجوعتين خلال فترة التجربة التي امتدت (41 أسبوع) . العليقتين تم تركيبها في ثلاثة خلطات مختلفة تم تخطيطها بناءً علي متوسط العمر في مداءين من 3 – 9 شهور ومن 10 -15 شهر من أجل الإيفاء بإحتياجات الحيوان ، خلال فترة التجربة تم إختبار الصفات الأتية : مقدار الأكل المستهلك اليومي ، الوزن المكتسب اليومي ، الوزن النهائي عند عمر 14 شهر ، الكمية الكلية المستهلكة من الغذاء ، معدل التحويل الغذائي ، اقتصاديات الإنتاج ، مقارنة التجربة بالضابط . نتائج التحليل الإحصائي للبحث كالأتي :- معدل الوزن المكتسب لمجموعة التجربة في مدة 41 أسبوع29.32 ± 202.44 كجم ولمجموعة الضابط 63.20 ± 192.70كجم وكان الفرق بينهما غير معنوي غير معنوي. (p > 0 . 0 5) معدل الوزن النهائي في عمر 14 شهر لمجموعة التجربة كان 95.58± 295.71 كجم و لمجموعة الضابط 63.40± 284.97 كجم و الفرق بينهما غير معنوي (p > 0 . 0 5) معدل الوزن المكتسب اليومي لمجموعة التجربة 71.42± 71. كجم و لمجموعة الضابط 28.14± 67.كجم و الفرق بينهما غير معنوي (p > 0 . 0 5) معدل الغذاء المستهلك اليومي لمجموعة التجربة 12.07± 88.19 كجم ولمجموعة الضابط 7611± 79.25 كجم و الفرق بينهما معنوي (p <0 . 0 5) معامل التحويل الغذائي لمجموعة التجربة 82.28± 8.33 كجم لمجموعة الضابط 96.98± 7.86 كجم . أتضح من الدراسة أن إستخدام سفير الفول السوداني يؤدي إلي خفض تكلفة تربية عجلات التجربة بنسبة 20% مقارنة بتكلفة عجلات الضابط . الجدوي الإقتصادية لإستخدام سفير الفول السوداني إتضح ذلك في خفض تكلفة تربية عجلات التجربة بنسبة 20% مقارنة بتكلفة عجلات الضابط . يتضح من التجربة الحالية أن إستخدام سفير الفول السوداني حتي 57% في تربية عجلات اللبن النامية عملياً ، و ذو جدوي إقتصادية و ليست له أي تأثير سلبي علي الصفات الإنتاجية . لذا توصي الدراسة بالإهتمام ببقايا المحاصيل الزراعية و توعية مربي الحيوان بإستخدامها كبدائل في علائق تربية العجلات
تــســويق الـخـضر والفاكهة بــــولايــة الــخــرطـــوم : دراسة ميدانية
(جامعة النيلين, 2008) هويدا حسن الشفيع
ملخص الدراسة تعتبر محاصيل الخضر والفاكهة من المحاصيل الهامة جداً والتي تدخل في تكوين الغذاء اليومي للفرد وذلك نسبة لاحتوائها على العديد من الفيتامينات والأملاح المعدنية . يهدف هذا البحث لدراسة إنتاج وتسويق الخضر والفاكهة داخل ولاية الخرطوم مع دراسة كيفية تسويق الخضر والفاكهة داخل الولاية والعوامل التي تؤثر فيها بجانب دراسة الواقع الحالي في الأسواق المركزية الثلاثة بالولاية . تم جمع بيانات هذه الدراسة من المقابلات التي أجريت مع مدراء الأسواق المركزية الثلاثة بالولاية بالإضافة إلى مقابلات مع بعض المنتجين وتجار الجملة والقطاعي بالإضافة إلى المصادر الثانوية والتي تتمثل في الكتب والمراجع وأوراق العمل . خلصت الدراسة إلى أن هنالك مشاكل عديدة تواجه إنتاج الخضر والفاكهة بالولاية والتي تتمثل في ازدياد المساحة المزروعة بالأعلاف عام بعد آخر على حساب المساحة المزروعة بالخضر وذلك للميزة النسبية العالية التي تتمتع بها محاصيل الأعلاف خاصة في مجال الإنتاج والتسويق بجانب الصعوبات التي تواجه تسويق الخضر والفاكهة والتي تتمثل في تعبئتها وتخزينها ونقلها . كما أوضحت الدراسة أن الأعداد الكبيرة من السماسرة والوسطاء داخل هذه الأسواق أخل بالهدف الأساسي الذي من أجله تم إنشاءها وهو البيع المباشر للجمهور ، كذلك خلصت الدراسة إلى أن هنالك ضعف في الخدمات التسويقية بالأسواق المركزية الثلاثة . أوصت الدراسة بزيادة المساحة المزروعة للخضر والفاكهة مع الاهتمام بزيادة الإنتاجية وذلك بالتوعية التامة للمزارعين بضرورة الاهتمام بتطبيق ما يوصي به الباحثون وتشجيع الاستثمار الزراعي بتقليل الضرائب والرسوم المفروضة عليه ، وكذلك تشجيع قيام مصانع تعليب الخضر والفاكهة وغيرها وذلك بتوفير مدخلات الإنتاج وتخفيض الضرائب والرسوم مع العمل على تحقيق الهدف الأساسي والذي من أجله تم إنشاء الأسواق المركزية وذلك بمحاربة السماسرة والوسطاء وتمكين المنتج من البيع مباشرة للمستهلك مع الاهتمام بالخدمات التسويقية وإصحاح البيئة داخل هذه الأسواق . Abstract Fruits and vegetables crops consider from the very important croups which involve into composing the daily food for the individual and that is due to it including many vitamins and minerals . This research is aiming at producing and shopping vegetables and fruits inside Khartoum state beside studying the way of shopping vegetables and fruit inside the state and the factors which affect in them beside studying the current reality in the three central markets in the state . The Dada of this study is collected from the interviews which carried out with managers of the three central markets in the state in addition to interviews with some producers and the total and partial merchants in addition to the second resources which represented in books , references and the working papers . The study resulted to that there are many problems which face the producing vegetables and fruits in Khartoum state these results include the increasing of cultivated area with fodders each year which affected on the fruit and vegetables cultivating area and that is for the high ratio distinguish of the crops of fodders specially in the field of producing and shopping beside the difficulties which face the shopping of eatables and fruits which including their refilling , storing and the transferring . The study explained that the great numbers from the brokers and middlemen inside the markets made defect on the main aim of these markets , also the study resulted to that there is a weak in the marketing services in the three central markets . the study recommended with the increasing of the cultivated area of vegetables and fruits beside the increasing the productivity and that is through completed a awareness for the farmers with the necessity of concerning by applying the recommendations of the researchers and encouraging the agricultural investment by deceasing taxes and imposed fees on them.beside encouraging the establishing of factories for vegetables , fruits and other crops canning and that is through providing product's enterprises and deceasing taxies and fees beside achieving the main aim of establishing the central markets which is fighting the brokers and middlemen and enabling the producer to sell directly for the customers beside concerning with the shopping services and providing healthy environment inside these markets .
الأستخدام الآمن للمبيدات وأثرة على الإنتاج في المحاصيل الحقلية (دراسة حالة ولاية نهر النيل)
(جامعة النيلين, 2008) جمال عمر الشيخ محمد عشابي
Abstract This research aimed to study the possibilities of the safe use of pesticides and its effects on production and productivity of ﬁeld crops in Nahar Elneel state. i i A sample of hundred farmers was randomly selected from the population of farmers in Nahar Elneel state, whose numbers were50000 farmers (the sample was 2 %) . _ The data of the research was collected through questionnaires, observation, personal discursions with local leaders , and the consultation of relevant references and documents. Valuable results were obtained , some of which were mentioned below:- l-7 Pesticides proved high effectiveness in the combat of crop pests. 2- The unsafe use of pesticides leads to serious damage in the environment , health of farmers , their animals and crops productivity . The research came out with a number of recommendations, some of which are mentioned bellow: l. Agriculture is the back bone of Sudan economy, hence it is essential to ﬁnd out the most effective methods to protect ﬁeld crops against pests. 4 4 2. the role of farmers in crop production is pivotal , hence it is very important to teach them the safe and economic use of pesticides 3. more care has to be given to technological packages related to the safe use of pesticides, and more effort have to be given to farmers i to adopt these technology packages .
The Impact of Water Borne Diseases (Malaria & Bilharzia) on Socio — economic development in the gezira scheme sudan
(Neelain University, 2008) Mamoun Ahmed Mohamed Elnur
ABSTRACT This study was carried out in the Gezira scheme to identify the impact of water borne diseases (Malaria & Bilharzia) on rural development in Gezira scheme. The study was established on the assumption that water borne diseases have a drastic effect on the farmer income due to his absence from work because of the above mentioned two diseases. A simple random multistage stratiﬁed sample was taken from farmers in the villages of the scheme (l8O) farmers to represent the research community. The study is based on the preliminary information that was gathered by the questionnaire (administered by the researcher himself). The other secondary information was collected ﬁ"om scientiﬁc research works, books, Ministry of health documents, internet and the relevant institutions. To identify the impact of these diseases on rural farmer in Gezira scheme, the following variables were used: (a) Variables that concerned the farmer including: (age, level of education, annual income, the extent of his awareness of these diseases and the number of infections he has had and the type of treatment he uses). (b) Variables that concern the region of the farmer consisting of: (health environment, health centers, drinking water and the role of the responsible authorities control and treatment of the diseases). Statistical packages for social sciences (spss) were used to display and interpret the data, chi-square was also used to identify the signiﬁcant or non-significant relations. The study has established the following results: - these diseases spread in the Gezira region, sometimes culminating to an epidemic level. - Farmers in the Gezira scheme do not get enough health care. - lncome from agricultural production is less than medical treatment expenses for most farmers. The role of the state in the control ofthese diseases in the region is weak. Chi-square has conﬁrmed the following ﬁndings: (a) There is signiﬁcant relation between each ofthe following: Malaria infection and income level. Malaria infection and its affect on agricultural activities of the farmer. - Malaria infection and the disease communicators existent. Malaria infection and the available places oftreatment. Malaria infection and the role of state in control and treatment. The level of income from farming work and the cost of treatment of the diseases. - Bilharzia infection and the farmer used of bonds water. There is also non-signiﬁcant relation between each of the following: Malaria infection and mortality rate due to its infection. Malaria infection and health care after the year (2000). Bilharzia infection and the available places oftreatment. Bilharzia infection and the level of annual income. Bilharzia infection and the awareness ofthe farmer ofit. Malaria infection and the cost of health services aft (2000). er the year The study has proposed a number of recommendations, the most important of them are: the establishment of cooperative health organi zation for the farmers in each division of the scheme region to work for the control and treatment of these diseases. Also more attention should be given to the social, economic, cultural and manpower development of the farmer of the Gezira scheme, being the real asset of rural development.
Studies on Helminthes of Some Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of Jebel Aulia Reservoir (South of Khartoum)
(Al-Neelain University, 2008) Eshraga Dafa Alla Mahmoud Abu Bakar
ABSTRACT OF THESIS An extensive parasitological survey was carried out on 307 freshwater fishes collected from the White Nile in an area Jebel Aulia Dam (South of Khartoum). The studied fishes were Bagrus bayad (bayad), Synodontis schall (gargur), Distichodus niloticus (Kharsha), Lates niloticus (Iigl), Labeo niloticus (Dabeis), Eutropius niloticus (Shillbaya), Clarias lazera (Garmout) .(and Teteraodon fahaka (Tambira The objective of the study were to carryout the following characteristic to describe of the endoparasites recovered with relevant .classification Measurement of Determination of prevalence rate Density of infection (33 .parasitic .Comparison of prevalence rates according to host species and seasons (34 Twenty one identified parasite species one of them metacercariae and one Larval forms are reported from the examined fishes. Four Trematodes, Allocreadium isoprum first record in the Africa and Sudan. Dadayius 2nd record in the Sudan and Africa Acathostomum spincipes, larval of .Clinostomum tilapia and metacercariae Seven Cestodes: Wenyonia virilis, Wenyonia sp, Sandonella sp. firs record for anew species and new host (Disticodus niloticus, Ophioteania synodontis first record in fish of Nile in the Sudan after description of .Woodland (1929) from the same host Synodontis schall Corallobothrium solidum, (Fritsch, 1886) second report in anew host (Clarias lazera), from the Sudan and represents anew subfamily (Protocephalinae), Houssayela sudabim, (Woodland, 1934). This represents the first report in African isolated from the freshwater fish Clarias lazera .and Polyonchobthrium polyptri from host Eurtopius niloticus 9 Seven- Nematodes: Procamallanus laeviconchus, (Wedl, 1986), Spirocamallanus spiralis, (Baylis, 1923), Camallanus sp. (Railliet and Henry, 1915) first reported in the white Nile in the Sudan, Spironoura sp (Khalil, 1962) anew species in the same host (Disticodus niloticus) Cucullanus sp (Khalil, 1965) Amplicaecum sp (Linnaeus, 1975) and larval of .Contraceacum sp (El Wasila, 1969) one species of Acathocephala sp 10 الخلاصــــة أجريت هذه الدراسة على 307 من أسماك المياه العذبة جمعت من النيل الأبيض بمنطقة خزان جبل أولياء جنوب الخرطوم وذلك لتحديد الطفيليات الداخلية بالأحشاء بهذه الأسماك وشملت ثمانية أنواع هي : باغرس بياد (بياض)، ديستسكوداس نايلوتيكس (خريشة)، ليتس نايلوتكس (عجل) أيتوربيس نايلوتيكس (شلباية)، وساينوتودونتس اسكول (قرقور)، كلاريس لاذارا (قرموط)، تترودون فهاكا (تامبيرة). تضمنت الدراسة الآتي:- A) وصف الأشكال الخارجية وتحديد مناسيب الإصابة وحدتها بالطفيليات الداخلية. B) مقارنة معدل الانتشار تبعاً لنوع الطفيل مع المواسم للسنتين 2003-2004/2004-2005م . C) تصنيف الطفيليات الداخلية والتي بلغت أعلى نسبة بالخيطيات حوالي 61.66 % وأدنى نسبة 3.39% أما نسبة الإصابة بالطفيليات ثنائية العائل أعلى نسبة 33.3% وأقل نسبة 6.59% حيث سجلت هذه النتائج المناسيب حسب الفصول للعامين 2003-2004 / 2004-2005م. تم التعرف على احدى وعشرين نوع من الطفيليات منها أربعة انواع من الديدان ثنائية العائل Trematodes . 1. الوكارديوم أيسوبورم (ستدويش، 1903). لاول مرة تسجل في السودان وفي أفريقيا. 2. كلينوستومم تيلابي (يرقة) (يوكلي ، 1966), 3. ديديس أسيبورم (نيوكي، 1929). 4. أكنثوا ستومم أسبنيسبس (توماس، 1958). 5. ونوع واحد من الـ Metacercariae غير معروفة. تم العثور على سبعة انواع من الديدان الشريطية A) ونيونيا فيرلس (وودلاند، 1923). B) نوع آخر من الـ ونيونيا (ريلت وهنري، 1915) C) سادندونيلا ساندوني (خليل، 1960) D) بولي انكوبوثريوم بولوبيتري، سجلت لأول مرة في عائل جديد. E) أوفتينيا سينودونتس (وودلاند، 1925). تسجل لأول مرة في المياه العذبة بالسودان. F) كلوروبوثريوم سوليدم (فيرستش، 1886). سجلت للمرة الثانية بالسودان في عائل جديد (القرموط) وكذلك سجلت تحت عائلة جديدة لهذا الطفيل. G) هوسيلا سبديام (وولاند، 1934). سجلت المرة الأولى بالسودان. الخيطيات: 1- بروكمالانس ليفيكونكس (ويدل، 1862) 2- أسابروكمالانس أسبايرالس (باليس، 1923). 3- كلاكولانس (خليل، 1965) 4- جنس جديد من أسبابروتورا (خليل، 1962) 5- جنس من امبالاسيكم ( لينيوس، 1758). 6- كمالانس (ريلت وهنري، 1915) سجلت للمرة الأولى بالسودان. 7- فيلومترا (خليل ، 1969) 8- يرقة كونتراسيكم (الوسيلة، 1979) شوكيات الرأس: أكانثوسفلا (خليل، 1961).
EVALUATION OF PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS IN SUDAN
(Al-Neelain University, 2008) Yassir Salah Ibrahim Adam
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the raw meat found in Khartoum local markets. Raw meat samples from modern and traditional markets were evaluated as sources for processing fast foods. Beef top side cuts 6 kg were purchased from a modern local meat plant and also from a traditional meat market at tow times of the day, in the morning at 8 am and in the evening at 5 pm. Total viable bacterial and coliform counts (Log10 cfu/g) and ultimate pH of the types of raw meat were determined. Two meat products (sausage and burger) were processed from these meat sources at El-Kadro Center for Grading, Inspections and Meat Health. The products were evaluated at zero time and at the end of 5 weeks freezer storage (-18oC), for ultimate pH, water holding capacity (WHC), rancidity and cooking loss (%), sausage treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) in cooking loss (%). The chemical composition was determined also for sausage and burger treatments. Crude protein content (%) were significantly ix different (P<0.05) in sausage and burger products. The moisture content (%), fat and ash (%) were also determined. The colour measurements of redness (a), yellowness (b) and lightness (L) of the sausage and burger treatments were not signficnatly different (P<0.05). Sensory attributes of sausage and burger as assessed by panelist included colour, flavour tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability and were not significantly different (P<0.05). Storage loss (%), total viable bacterial count and coliform count (Log10 cfu/g) of the various treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). The microbial analysis for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., yeasts and molds was preformed at the beginning and at the end of 5 weeks of freezing (-18oC). Experiment two was designed to improve the burger products utilizing treatment of the raw meat from the traditional market at the evening (5: pm). Beef topside cuts 6 Kg were purchased from traditional market in the evening at 5 p.m. and divided into four groups 1.5 kg for each group , (A) using by hot water 80oC washing the surface of cuts, (B) washing by citric acid 1%, (C) washing by citric acid 2% and (D) control (without any treatment). The burger product was selected for the experiment because of its sensitivity to contamination and spoilage. The products were analyzed for physical, chemical microbial effects and the results were obtained for ultimate pH, water holding capacity (WHC), rancidity and cooking loss (%) and were not significantly different (P>0.05). The chemical parameters determined (moisture %, protein %, Fat %, and Ash %) were not significantly different (P>0.05). x The colour measurements, redness (a), yellowness (b) and lightness (L) were obtained and were not significantly different (P>0.05) and the values decreased during storage in all the groups. Sensory attributes of burger treatments were evaluated by panelists and no significant differences were recorded. Also, total bacterial count and coliform count (Log10 cfu/g) were determined. The analysis for Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., yeast and mold at the beging and at the end of 5 weeks of frozen storage at -18oC was performed. According to the results obtained in the previous expereiments, experiment three was designed to investigate the microbial contamination during the steps of processing. Samples were evaluated at various stages of processing. In the first stage, after the treatment of raw meat significant differences were obtained. Group A had a lower load of bacteria compared with the rest of the groups. In the second stage, after grinding the meat, an increase in microbial load was observed. At the third stage represent, mixing the ingredients, and fourth stage represent, addition of spices. Shaping and packing was considered on the fifth stage. The differences in microbial counts among the stage were significant. xi ملخص الأطروحة أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم اللحوم الخام الموجودة في الأسواق المحلية وبطرق العرض الحديثة والتقليدية وهي مصادر لمنتجات اللحوم المصنعة والتي تستهلك كوجبات سريعة، قطعية الفخذ الخلفية للعجول بوزن 6كجم تم شراؤها من الأسواق الحديثة (تعرض اللحم مبرداً)، وايضاً من الأسواق التقليدية في الصباح عند الساعة الثامنة، وعند المساء في الساعة الخامسة، وقد تم قياس العد الكلي الميكروبي، والعد الميكروبي لبكتريا القولون وتحديد درجة الحموضة للحم الخام. تم تصنيع منتجين من هذه المصادر وهي السجوك والبيرقر بمركز فحص و صحة ودرجات اللحوم بالكدرو. تم تحليل المنتجات في الأسبوع الأول والأسبوع الخامس بعد فترة التخزين بالتجميد عند درجة حرارة -18مo، لدرجة الحموضة للمنتج، وقابلية حمل الماء، الأكسدة ونسبة فاقد ماء الطبخ وقد كان هنالك فروق معنوية في نسبة فاقد ماء الطبخ بالنسبة لمنتج السجوك عند معنوية (P>0.05). تم تحديد التركيب الكيميائي للسجوك والبيرقر من نسبة الرطوبة والبروتين والدهون والرماد وكان هنالك فرق معنوي للمنتجين في نسبة البروتين عند معنوية (P>0.05). تم تحديد قياس اللون للمنتجات بواسطة جهاز قياس اللون المسمي بالـHunter-lab وهو معد لقياس درجة الاحمرار المرموز له بـ(a) ودرجة الاصفرار المرموز له بـ(b) والضوء أو البياض المرموز له بـ(L) وقد سجل الجهاز قيم لم تحقق اختلافاً معنوياً لكل من المنتجين. المواصفات الحسية للمنتجين (السجك والبيرقر) تم تقييمها بواسطة ذواقة وبمساعدة قائمة اختيار وتضم اللون، النكهة، الطراوة، العصيرية والقبول العام ولم تسجل اختلافاً معنويا عند معنوية(P>0.05) وأيضاً لم يكن هنالك اختلافاً معنويا عند معنوية(P>0.05) ، كذلك لم يكن هنالك اختلافاً معنوياً في تحديد العدد الكلي الميكروبي والعدد البكتيري للبكتريا المعوية ونسبة فاقد التخزين. وقد امتد التحليل الميكروبي للكشف عن البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية، وأنواع السالمونيلا، والخمائر والأعفان في الأسبوع الأول والخامس. تم تصميم التجربة الثانية لتحسين المنتج بواسطة معالجة اللحم الخام والمعروض في الأسواق المحلية بالطرق التقليدية حتي الساعة الخامسة مساء، قطعية اللحم المستخدمة هي العضلة الخلفية للفخذ في العجول 6كجم, بعد شرائها قسمت لأربعة مجموعات المجموعة1,5كجم لكل مجموعة (أ) عولجت بغسلها لسطح العضلة بماء ساخن 80مo، والمجموعة (ب) تم غسلها بحامض الليمون بتركيز 1%، والمجموعة (ﺠ) تم غسلها بحامض الليمون بتركيز 2%، والمجموعة (د) تركت بدون معالجة للتحكم في المعالجات. صنع منتج البيرقر لحساسيته في منتجات اللحوم. الآثار الفيزيائية والكيميائية والميكروبية للمعالجة تم تحليلها وقد كانت درجة الحموضة وقابلية حفظ الماء والاكسدة ونسبة فاقد ماء الطبخ لم تحرز اختلافاً معنويا عن درجة معنوية(P>0.05) ، أما التركيب الكيميائي والذي يضم نسبة الرطوبة ونسبة البروتين ونسبة الدهون ونسبة الرماد في المنتج فقد أعطيت نسباً لا تختلف معنوياً. لم تحرز اختلافاً معنويا عند قياس اللون من إحمرار واصفرار والبياض عند درجة معنوية (P>0.05). بجانب أن هنالك نقصاً في القيمة المعطاة للأثر التخزيني، التقييم الحسي أو الذوقي لمنتج البيرقر قد تم تقييمه بواسطة ذواقة وبمساعدة قائمة الاختيار وقد سجلوا عدم وجود اختلاف معنوي للمواصفات الحسية أو الذوقية، وأيضاً لم يسجل فرق معنوي للعد الميكروبي وبكتيريا القولون كما أجريت اختبارات الكشف عن البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية وأنواع السالمونيلا والخمائر والأعفان في الأسبوع الأول والخامس بعد فترة التخزين. لهذه النتائج أجريت التجربة الثالثة للبحث عن التلوث الميكروبي للمنتج أثناء التصنيع، وقد تمت أعادة المعالجات للحم الخام وأخذ العينات في حوامل عينات معقمة، المرحلة الأولي لأخذ العينة بعد المعالجة مباشرة للحم الخام واحرزت المجموعة الأولي اختلافاً معنوياً في العدد ميكروبي مقارنة بالمجموعات الأخري، المرحلة الثانية بعد فرم اللحم وهنالك زيادة في الحمل الميكروبي، المرحلة الثالثة أثناء خلط الاضافات واضافة الماء، مرحة البهارات هي المرحلة الرابعة ثم تشكيل البيرقر وتعبئته هي الخامسة وكانت هنالك فروق معنوية عند درجة معنوية (P<0.05)، تم جمع القياسات وتحليلها احصائياً وعرضها بالجداول داخل الدراسة. .
A SimulAtion Model For Centre Pivot Irrigation system design and optimiza tion of operation
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2008-10) Osama Osman Ali Osman
A Simulation Model for Centre Pivot Irrigation System Design and Optimization of Operation (Ph.D Thesis) Osama Osman Ali Osman Abstract: A computer simulation model was developed for the purpose ofthe design and optimization of the operation of centre pivot irrigation system. The model was written in Visual Basic 6.0 Programming Language. The model determines crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, application rate, irrigation time, and system hydraulic parameters. It also evaluates the performance of the system when supplied with the required data. For veriﬁcation of the model, ﬁeld trials were carried out during the period December 2007 - July 2008 at four schemes using centre pivot irrigation systems. The schemes were Ras Al Wadi Al Akhadar Project- north Atbra town, El Bashair Company- south Al Damar town, Tala Company-north Shendi town and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing in Khartoum area. The schemes were growing alfalfa, except El Bashair company which was growing onion. Crop water requirement was estimated using the modiﬁed Penman equation and Penman-Monteith method. The program when supplied with required data can estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration and crop water requirement. The values of May 2008, obtained for reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) by using the modiﬁed Penman equation were 8.7, 8.7, 8.6 and 8.4 mm/day, and by using Penman-Monteith method were 8.9, 8.9, 8.4 and 8.0 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The values of April were close to May values, but in January, February and March Pemnan-Monteith gave lower values than modiﬁed Pemnan.The values obtained for predicted crop water requirement (ETc) by using the Xlllmodiﬁed Penman equation were 10.4, 9.1, 10.3 and 10.0 mm/day. and by using Penrnan-Monteith method were 10.6, 9.3, 10.0 and 9.6 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing. respectively. The model determines the irrigation scheduling variables. The total available water in the root zone to be 300, 90, 300 and 345 mm. Readily available water (net depth) was 150, 45, 150, 173 mm. The gross water depth was 230, 69, 231 and 230 mm, irrigation time was 29, 9, 29 and 58 hours and the number oftotal irrigations during the month was found to be 5, 8, 5 and 5, for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model also determines the system variables. Distance from pivot point to last tower was 380, 405, 332.5 and 468 m, application rate was 100, 48, 91and 42 mm/h, and maximum application rate was 128. 61, 116.5 and 59 mm/h. System capacity was 154, 179, 128 and 123 m3/h. Friction losses were 1.27, 1.43, 3 and 1.0 m for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model determines the coefficient of uniformity of systems, uniformity of distribution and scheduling coefficient. The coefficient of uniformity was 78, 79, 85, 79 and 77%. Uniformity of distribution was 68, 70, 78, 71 and 67%. Scheduling coefficient was 1.47, 1.43, 1.3, 1.41 and 1.49 for Ras E1 Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company, Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing after changing sprinklers, respectively. The model can satisfactorily estimate crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, system design variables and evaluate the performance of the system. XIV
اثر معدلات وفترات الري بالتنقيط علي الخواص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للتربة والنمو لنبات الطماطم
(جامعة النيلين, 2009) عزمي الحاج عيدروس
مستخلص البحث مستخلص البحث ABSTRACT تم اجراء هذا البحث في ولاية الخرطوم منطقة جبل اولياء في الفترة من (يناير – ابريل 2008م) بهدف دراسة اثر استخدام معدلات ري وفترات اضافة المياه علي بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للتربه والنمو لنبات الطماطم تحت نظام الري بالتنقيط. استخدم التصميم العشوائي الكامل في توزيع المعاملات واستخدمت تسعه معاملات للدراسة تحديداً 2لتر/2يوم، 2لتر/4يوم، 2لتر/6يوم، 4لتر/2يوم، 4لتر/4يوم، 4لتر/6يوم، 6لتر/2يوم، 6لتر/4يوم، و6لتر/6يوم. شملت الدراسة اثر المعاملات علي بعض الخصائص الفيزيائيه للتربه ممثله في معدل التسرب، السعة الحقليه، الكثافه الظاهريه وعلي بعض الخصائص الكيميائية تحديدا نسبة الصوديوم المدمص(SAR) وايون الصوديوم (Na) وكذلك علي نمو نبات الطماطم من حيث طول النبات، طول الجزر، عدد الاوراق، عدد الفروع، عدد الازهار، الوزن الرطب والوزن الجاف. وكذلك تم حساب الاحتياجات المائيه لنبات الطماطم. اوضحت الدراسة ان متوسط السعه الحقليه 33.3% ومتوسط الكثافه الظاهريه 1.4جم/سم3 ومعدل التسرب في الخمس دقائق الاولى كان 172.8مم/الساعه بينما معدل التسرب الاساسي كان 19.2مم/الساعه. وكذلك وجد ان المعامله (2لتر/6يوم) سجلت اعلى نسبة لايون الصوديوم (Na) والصوديوم المدمص SAR 28.5 وSAR 24.1 على التوالي بينما نجد ان المعامله 2لتر/2يوم و6لتر/2يوم سجلت ادنى (Na)، 6.1 والمعاملة 2لتر/2يوم للصوديوم المدمص 3.6. المعامله (6لتر/2يوم) سجلت اعلى نسبة لطول النبات 29.8سم بينما نجد ان المعامله (6لتر/6يوم) سجلت ادنى نسبة لطول النبات 21.2سم. المعامله (6لتر/2يوم) سجلت اعلى نسبة لطول الجزور (16.7سم) بينما نجد ان المعامله (4لتر/4يوم) سجلت ادنى نسبة لطول الجزور (13.2سم). المعاملة (4لتر/2يوم) سجلت اعلى نسبة لعدد الاوراق وعدد الفروع (1.4، 18.3) على التوالي بينما نجد ان المعاملة (2لتر/6يوم) سجلت ادني نسبه لعدد الاوراق (50) والمعامله (2لتر/6يوم) سجلت ادنى نسبه لعدد الفروع (13). وفي صفه عدد الازهار نجد ان المعامله (6لتر/2يوم) سجلت اعلى نسبة (8.7) والمعامله (6لتر/6يوم) سجلت ادنى نسبه (2.7). وفي صفه الوزن الرطب والوزن الجاف نجد ان المعامله (6لتر/2يوم) سجلت اعلي نسبة (6.97، 3.80جم) علي التوالي بينما نجد ان المعامله (4لتر/4يوم) ادنى نسبه (3.33، 1.63جم) مقارنه بالمعاملات الآخرى. ABSTRACT This research had been conducted in Khartoum State, Jebel Awlia District in the period (January – April 2008). The objectves behind this research were to study the effect of applying different irrigation regimes and watering intervals upon some physical and chemical properties of the soil, as well as, the effect on tomato growth and development under drip irrigation. Treatment had been set in a completely randomised design (CRD). Nine treatments were applied, which were 2L/2days, 2L/4days, 2L/6days, 4L/2days, 4L/4days, 4L/6days, 6L/2days, 6L/4days and 6L/6days. The study involved effect of the above mentioned treatments upon some of the physical and chemical properties of the soil under tomato crop. Properties comprise infliteration rate, field capacity, bulk density, SAR, Naabsorption ratio. The effect of treatments was taken with respect to plant height, lengthof the main tap root, number of leaves, number of branches, number of flowers, fresh weight and dry weight. Calculations of plant water requirements were done. The study had shown that the average field capacity was 33.3%, average bulk density was 1.4gms/cm3 , infiltration rate in the first five minutes was 172.8mm/hr and basic infliteration rate was 19.2mm/hr. It was also found that the treatment with 2L/6days had recorded the highest ratio of Na-ion, as well as, the highest SAR, which were 28.5 and 24.1, respectively whereas the treatments 2L/2days and 6L/2days recorded the lowest Na-ion ratio, which were 6.1 and 3.6 SAR, respectively. The treatment (6L/2days) recorded the highest length of plant, which was 29.8cm, whereas, the treatment 6L/6days recorded the lowest plant height which was 21.2cm. xiii The treatment 6L/2days gave the longest average of tap root, which was 16.7cm, whereas the treatment (4L/4days) recorded the shortest length of tap root, which was 13.2cm. The treatment 4L/2days recorded the highet number of leaves and branches, which were 104 and 18.3, respectively whereas, the treatment (6L/6days) recorded the lowest number of leaves (50.0) and the treatment (2L/6days) gave the lowest number of brancher, which was 13.0. Considering number of flowers, the treatment (6L/2days) gave the highest number of flowers, which was 8.7, whereas, the treatment (6L/6days) recorded the lowest number of flowers, which was 2.7. With respect to the fresh and dry weights, it was found that the treatment (6L/2days) recorded the highest weight (6.97gm and 3.80gm), respectively, whereas the treatment (4L/4days) gave the lowest weights, which were 3.33gm and 1.63gm, respectively, in comparison with all other treatments.
Diversed study of impact of intestinal parasites of sheep in central Sudan
(Al-Neelain University, 2009) Manal Omar Mohammed
ملخص الدراسةبسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ملخص الدراسة أجريت هذه الدراسة فى الفترة من نوفمبر 2006 إلى ديسمبر 2007م فى شمال النيل الأبيض (وسط السودان) و منطقة شمال كردفان بهدف التعرف على انتشار الطفيليات الداخلية و كثافتها و تأثيرها عل صحة و إنتاجية الحيوان، و كذلك اختبار مدى وعي و معرفة المربين بالطفيليات الداخلية و استخدام الأدوية و التعامل معها. جمعت عينات البراز و الدم و القناة الهضمية عشوائياً من الضأن الموجود في الأسواق و المسالخ. أوضحت اختبارات البراز أن الإصابة ببيض الديدان الاسطوانية أكثر شيوعاً بنسبة بلغت 16,04% بينما نسبة أكياس الكوكسيديا 13.39% و المونيزيا اكسبانسا 12.35%. كما أظهرت أن الإصابة بالطفيليات الداخلية خاصة ديدان الترايكوسترونجيل أكثر انتشارا فى فصل الخريف (30.39 %)، بينما نجد أن الكوكسيديا تزداد كثافتها و انتشارها فى فصل الشتاء و الصيف. اتضح من خلال زراعة الروث أن يرقات ديدان الهيمونكس كانت سائدة فى فصل الخريف وان الترايكوسترونجيل وجدت فى كل الفصول و الأنواع الأخرى التي وجدت هي كوبيريا و اسوفاقوستومم. أظهرت الدراسة فى منطقة شمال كردفان أن الديدان الاسطوانية هي الأكثر شيوعاً فى فصل الخريف و أن المونيزيا تنتشر بنسبة عالية بلغت 31,40%، بالنسبة للكوكسيديا فقد أظهرت نسبة كثافة عالية جداً لعدد الأكياس المعدية. كما لوحظ أيضا التأثير الموسمي على معدل إفراز البيض من نوع ترايكوسترونجيل/استرونجيل حيث بلغ أعلى معدل له فى فصل الخريف. كما وجد أن هنالك تناسب طردي بين كثافة البيض مع الرطوبة النسبية و معدل الأمطار و تناسب عكسي مع درجة الحرارة. أيضا وجود إصابات مختلطة بأكثر من نوع في حيوان واحد لكنها ليست شائعة، كذلك أشارت الدراسة إلى أن عدد ديدان المونيزيا فى الحيوان الواحد وصل إلى 3 ديدان فى فصل الخريف. و أن الديدان ذات الأطوال أكثر من 100سم أظهرت إفراز للبيض بينما لم تظهره الديدان ذات الأطوال اقل من 100سم. كانت الحيوانات المصابة بالطفيليات الداخلية هي الأقل وزناً مقارنة مع الحيوانات الغير مصابة. اختبارات الدم أظهرت مستوى منخفض لنسبة الهيموغلوبين فى الحيوانات المصابة بالمونيزيا و الديدان الاسطوانية مع اختلاف معنوي ملحوظ. كذلك لوحظ ارتفاع فى الخلايا المتعادلة و الحمضية فى الحيوانات المصابة بالكوكسيديا بشكل ملحوظ و انخفاض فى نسبة المعادن فى سيرم الدم ماعدا الماغنيزيوم. أظهرت الدراسة ضعف الوعي و المعرفة بالطفيليات الداخلية و الأدوية و استخدامها و التعامل معها لدى المربين و الحاجة الماسة لوضع برامج توعية و إرشاد مكثفة. 9 Abstract This study was carried out during the period between November 2006 and December 2007 in North White Nile and Northern Kordofan in the rainy season to study the prevalence and intensity of internal parasites and their effects of sheep health and productivity effect beside testing owners approach to deal with the infestation problem. Samples were collected randomly from sheep markets and slaughter houses. Feacal examination revealed that nematodes were most prevalent (16.04%), coccidia oocyst (13.39%) and Moniezia expansa (12.35%). Trichistrongyle/strogyle eggs presence is high in rainy season (30.08%), other eggs found were Strongyloides and Trichuris spp. Internal parasites in general increased in rainy season, coccidia presence is high in winter and summer seasons. Feacal culture revealed that Heamonchus contortus was dominant in rainy season, Trichostrongyle spp was found in all seasons other species found were Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. In North Kordofan state nematodes eggs and Moniezia are equally common in the rainy season but coccidiosis is more intensive. Generally Nematodes and Cestodes eggs could showed strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) with relative humidity and rain fall but negative correlation with temperature. Study showed that mixed infection was uncommon. Maximum Moniezia worm load/ animal was found 3 worms per animal in rainy season. Moniezia worm length of more than 100 cm released eggs but those of length less than 100 did not show egg release. Low body weight observed in nematode infected sheep compared to non infected animals. A significant (P < 0.01) low level of heamoglobin in animals infected with moniezia and nematodes. Neutrophil and eosinophil cells increased in animals infected with coccidia. Serum mineral except magnesium decreased significantly (P < 1 0.05). The study revealed lack and weakness of owners knowledge about internal parasites and drugs usage.
EFFECT OF DISPLAY AND ARBITRARY STORAGE ON THE LEVEL OF NUTRIENTS OF FRUITS
(Al-Neelain University, 2009) Osama Nuri Sabir Mohamed-Nur
Abstract This study was intended to investigate the chemical composition for four types of fruits (Banana, Orange, Guava and Mango), which were collected from the local market. The study involved physiochemical characteristics and chemical composition (pH, acidity, total soluble solid, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, moisture content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, fiber content, ash content, ascorbic acid content, sodium content, potassium content and calcium content). The results of banana showed that 4.85, 4.65 pH, 0.42%, 0.62% acidity, 22.43%, 23.17% total soluble solid, 78.02%, 76.86% moisture content, 12.0mg/100g, 9.0mg/100g ascorbic acid content, under appropriate and under arbitrary storage conditions, respectively. The results of orange showed that 3.37, 3.74 pH, 1.68%, 1.68% acidity, 15.00%, 15.17% total soluble solid, 85.56%, 90.38% moisture content, 39.0mg/100g, 28.0mg/100g ascorbic acid content, under appropriate and under arbitrary storage conditions, respectively. The results of guava showed that 3.92, 3.93 pH, 0.69%, 0.61% acidity, 14.00%, 10.47% total soluble solid, 84.10%, 84.36% moisture content, 18.0mg/100g, 19.0mg/100g ascorbic acid content, under appropriate and under arbitrary storage conditions, respectively. The results of mango showed that 4.02, 4.20 pH, 1.12%, 0.51% acidity, 14.00%, 16.82% total soluble solid, 79.69%, 78.22% moisture content, 11.0mg/100g, 17.0mg/100g ascorbic acid content, under appropriate and under arbitrary storage conditions, respectively. The study showed that the arbitrary storage conditions lead to decrease of the nutritive value of fruits, and the storage conditions in Khartoum market better than that of Omdurman and Khartoum North market. خلاصة الأطروحة أجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد التركيب الكيميائي لأربعة أنواع من الفاكهة (الموز، البرتقال، الجوافة والمانجو)، جمعت من السوق المحلي. تضمنت الدراسة الخصائص الفيزوكيميائية التركيب الكيميائي (الأس الهيدروجيني، الحموضة، الجوامد الذائبة الكلية، السكريات الكلية، السكريات المختزلة، السكريات غير المختزلة، محتوى الرطوبة، محتوى البروتين، محتوى الدهن، محتوى الكربوهيدرات، محتوى الألياف، محتوى الرماد، محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، محتوى الصوديوم، محتوى البوتاسيوم ومحتوى الكالسيوم). أظهرت نتائج الموز 4.85، 4.65 أس الهيدروجيني، 0.42٪، 0.62٪ حموضة، 22.43٪، 23.17٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 78.02٪، 76.86٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 12.0ملجم/100جم، 9.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. أظهرت نتائج البرتقال 3.37، 3.74 أس الهيدروجيني، 1.68٪، 1.68٪ حموضة، 15.00٪، 15.17٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 85.56٪، 90.38٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 39.0ملجم/100جم، 28.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. أظهرت نتائج الجوافة 3.92، 3.93 أس الهيدروجيني، 0.69٪، 0.61٪ حموضة، 14.00٪، 10.47٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 84.10٪، 84.36٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 18.0ملجم/100جم، 19.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. أظهرت نتائج المانجو 4.02، 4.20 أس الهيدروجيني، 1.12٪، 0.51٪ حموضة، 14.00٪، 16.82٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 6.15٪، 78.22٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 11.0ملجم/100جم، 17.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. اظهرت الدراسة أن ظروف التخزين العشوائي تؤدي إلى انخفاض القيمة الغذائية للفاكهة، وأن ظروف التخزين في سوق الخرطوم أفضل من ظروف التخزين في سوق أم درمان والخرطوم بحري. خلاصة الأطروحة أجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد التركيب الكيميائي لأربعة أنواع من الفاكهة (الموز، البرتقال، الجوافة والمانجو)، جمعت من السوق المحلي. تضمنت الدراسة الخصائص الفيزوكيميائية التركيب الكيميائي (الأس الهيدروجيني، الحموضة، الجوامد الذائبة الكلية، السكريات الكلية، السكريات المختزلة، السكريات غير المختزلة، محتوى الرطوبة، محتوى البروتين، محتوى الدهن، محتوى الكربوهيدرات، محتوى الألياف، محتوى الرماد، محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، محتوى الصوديوم، محتوى البوتاسيوم ومحتوى الكالسيوم). أظهرت نتائج الموز 4.85، 4.65 أس الهيدروجيني، 0.42٪، 0.62٪ حموضة، 22.43٪، 23.17٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 78.02٪، 76.86٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 12.0ملجم/100جم، 9.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. أظهرت نتائج البرتقال 3.37، 3.74 أس الهيدروجيني، 1.68٪، 1.68٪ حموضة، 15.00٪، 15.17٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 85.56٪، 90.38٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 39.0ملجم/100جم، 28.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. أظهرت نتائج الجوافة 3.92، 3.93 أس الهيدروجيني، 0.69٪، 0.61٪ حموضة، 14.00٪، 10.47٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 84.10٪، 84.36٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 18.0ملجم/100جم، 19.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. أظهرت نتائج المانجو 4.02، 4.20 أس الهيدروجيني، 1.12٪، 0.51٪ حموضة، 14.00٪، 16.82٪ جوامد الذائبة الكلية، 6.15٪، 78.22٪ محتوى الرطوبة، 11.0ملجم/100جم، 17.0ملجم/100جم محتوى حمض الأسكوربيك، تحت ظروف التخزين المثلى وتحت ظروف التخزين العشوائي، على التوالي. اظهرت الدراسة أن ظروف التخزين العشوائي تؤدي إلى انخفاض القيمة الغذائية للفاكهة، وأن ظروف التخزين في سوق الخرطوم أفضل من ظروف التخزين في سوق أم درمان والخرطوم بحري.
EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF Cajanus cajan SEEDS (PIGEON PEA) ON PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF MALE GOAT KIDS
(Al-Neelain University, 2009) Elhafiz Abd Elrahman Hassan
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to assess the performance and meat quality attributes of male Sudan Nubian goat kids fed diets containing different Cajanus cajan seed (pigeon Pea) levels as replacement of ground nut cake (G.N.C). The study was conducted in two experiments: Experiment (1): Thirty five young male Nubian goat kids 5-6 mouths old were purchased from the animal markets of Wad Madni, Elarebab, and Almadena Arad, transported to the small ruminant pens at the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences Aneelain University in Jabal Awlia. The kids were very weak, emaciated, preweaned and the rumen were not well developed according to the farmers believe. Accordingly the farmers wean kids three days after birth. After the adaptation period the animals were weighed, and divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of the same number and weight and each group was separately penned. Feeding facilitates: Five isocaloric diets, containing graded levels of Cajanus cajan seed (pigeon pea) (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) as a replacement of groundnut cake (G.N.C.) were fed. Green fodder (Medicago sativa) was also given at rate of one kg/week/head to avoid vitamin (A) deficiency. Parameters studied were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, live weight gain, live body measurement, and at the end of the experimental 14 Period three kids were randomly selected from each group and transported to the department of meat production University of Khartoum for slaughter to study carcass yield and characteristics, meat chemical composition, meat quality attributes and subjective evaluation of meat quality. The study indicated that final body measurements were not affected by the levels of Cajanus cajan seed. Total live weight gain was 3.543, 6.43, 6.376, 8.543 and 7.210 kg/ head the differences were highly significant (P < 0.01). Hot, cold and half carcass of male goat kids were significantly (P < 0.01). Affected by the level of Cajanus cajan seed. Total body fat increased very highly significantly (P < 0.001) with the increase of Cajanus cajan in the diet. The non-carcass components, were not affected by Cajanus cajan levels except lung and trachea, four feet, and spleen were significantly affected. Leg, rack, breast plate and shank increased very highly significantly (P < 0.001) by the increase of Cajanus cajan levels. Meat quality attributes were affected by levels of Cajanus cajan. Experiment (2): The study was conducted on 15 male goat kids by selection of three kids from the 5 groups of the first experiment which were raised on 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% Cajanus cajan seed in the diet as replacement of groundnut cake to study the effect of different levels on digestibility and faecal analysis. The dry matter intake, faecal output and drymatter 15 digestibility coefficient were not affected by the different levels of Cajanus cajan seed in the diets. الخلاصة أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة اثر إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي كبديل لامباز الفول في علائق التسمين علي معدل النمو واستهلاك الغذاء والكفاءة التحويلية للغذاء ونسبة التصافي وإنتاج القطع التجارية للحوم جديان الماعز النوبي. تضمن البحث تجربتين الأولي أجريت علي 35 رأس من ذكور الماعز النوبي (عمر 5-6شهور) تم شرائها من ودمدني والمدنية عرب والأربعين وتم ترحليها الي كلية التقانة الزراعية وعلوم الأسماك – جامعة النيلين – بجبل الأولياء حيث كانت جديان الماعز ضعيفة وهزيلة لعدم مقدرتها علي هضم العلف حيث يتم فطامها في عمر ثلاثة أيام للمفهوم السائد عند المربين إن بيع اللبن ذو جدوى اقتصادية أكثر من تربية جديان ذكور الماعز. بعد قضاء فترة الأقلمة الكافية قسمت الجديان عشوائياً إلي خمسة مجموعات (7 رأس لكل مجموعة) بمتوسط وزن ابتدائي متساوي وعُلفت المجموعات الخمسة لمدة (112 يوم). المجموعة الأولي اللوبيا العدسي بها صفر والثانية 5% والثالثة 10% والرابعة 15% والخامسة 20% حيث كانت الطاقة متساوية في جميع المجموعات . أظهرت الدراسة إن إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي كبديل لامباز الفول في علائق التسمين ليس لها اثر معنوي واضح علي مقاسات الحيوانات . أظهرت الدراسة أن إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي كبديل لامباز الفول في علائق التسمين لها اثر معنوي (P< 0.01) حيث كانت معدلات الزيادة في الوزن الحي 3,543كجم للحيوان في المجموعة الأولي والمجموعة الثانية 6,43 كجم للحيوان والمجموعة الثالثة 6,376 كجم للحيوان والمجموعة الرابعة 8,543 كجم للحيوان والمجموعة الخامسة 7,21 كجم للحيوان. أظهرت الدراسة ان إضافة اللوبيا العدسي بمستويات مختلفة كبديل لامباز الفول له اثر معنوي (p< o.01) علي التصافي. كما أظهرت الدراسة ان إضافة اللوبيا العدسي بمستويات مختلفة كبديل لامباز الفول له اثر معنوي (p < 0.001) علي ترسيب الدهون وتوزيعها في جسد الذبيحة. أظهرت الدراسة إن إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي في علائق التسمين لها اثر معنوي علي إنتاج القطع التجارية . التجربة الثانية : أجريت التجربة علي 15 رأس من ذكور الماعز النوبي لدراسة اثر إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي في علائق التسمين علي معدل استهلاك الغذاء ونسبة الهضم وتحليل الروث . اجريت التجربة بحظائر قسم تغذية الحيوان – كلية الإنتاج والحيواني – جامعة الخرطوم شمبات وذلك لمدة 14 يوم (7يوم أقلمة + 7يوم تجربة) حيث قسمت علي 15 حظيرة صغيرة بكل حظيرة الماء والعلف. أظهرت التجربة ان إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي في علائق التسمين ليس لها اثر علي استهلاك الغذاء ونسبة الهضم . كما أظهرت الدراسة إن إضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللوبيا العدسي في علائق التسمين ليس لها اثر معنوي علي التحليل الكيميائي للروث.