Journal of Graduate Studies - VOL - 48 - 2

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Central corneal thickness in young adults
(2018-11-15) Hind Yousuf Ahemd Adam; Mohammed El-Hassan Ali El-Awad
Aims: The aim of study to determine the central corneal thickness in young adult students of the Faculty of Optometry and Visual Sciences and the correlations between central corneal thickness, age, gender and intraocular pressure .Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the clinic of Faculty of Optometry and Visual Science during the period from March to May 2017.A total sample of 400 eyes (200 students) 64 males and 136 females their ages ranged between 17 to 25 years . The data include age, gender, history, vision, refraction, intraocular pressure and CCT. The results were shown in frequencies, tables, and graphs by SPSS20, (statistical package for social sciences) computer program. Results: In this study the subjects ages ranged between (21-25) years, 32% were males and 68%females.The mean SD of central corneal thickness measurement was 495.94±26.75 micrometers (males 496.42±28.41, females(494.24±25.95).There was no significant correlation between central corneal thickness, age, and gender P( > 0.005).A positive correlation was found between central corneal thickness and intra ocular pressure (r 0.259 P 0.000). Conclusion: This study concludes to know the mean central corneal thickness among young adult students; also, there is no correlation between central corneal thickness age, gender and strong correlation between central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure. Keywords: Central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, Sudanese Students.
Comparison between Daily and Weekly Fusional Convergence Exercises in Young Exophoric Patients
(2018-11-15) Sanaa Mamoun Mohamed; Madiha Sid Ahmed
Aim: To compare the effectiveness of daily fusional exercises as intensive therapy and weekly exercises as less intensive therapy for young exophoric patients. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal clinical based study was done at Al-Neelain University Hospital and Makka Eye Hospital (Alkalakla) during the period from March to December 2017. Twenty-nine subjects for the daily group (first group), and 21 subjects for the weekly group (second group) were included. Subjects with near exophoria and had fusional convergence less than 30Δ were selected, their ages ranged from17 to 25 years old, had no systemic or ocular diseases and had vision of 6/6 or better in both eyes and with normal refraction. The collected data included the demographic information, vision which was examined by Snellen's test types (E symbols), refraction using autorefractometer (Auto Ref/Keratometer ARK-1s) and streak retinoscope (Heine Germany), cover test was performed with occluder and prism bar, fusional convergence was measured and exercised by Synoptophore [Clement Clarke-2003]; foveal slides. The exercise was carried between 8 and 12 AM with 10 minutes duration for both groups. Results: positive fusion at baseline was 14.2±4.64 and 17.4±6.41of first and second groups respectively, statistically there was no significant differences between the two groups (P< 0.212). Significant improvement was revealed after the first two sessions for weekly group mean SD (23.9±9.44), (P <0.001), at the 3rd and 4th visits a slight reduction present in this group P value was < 0.002 when compared with the baseline values. The daily sessions group showed significant improvement in the consecutive 4 sessions. mean SD (32.5±14.6), (P <0.001). Conclusions: The two methods showed significant increase in the fusional convergence, therefore either of which could be used for exercise, but the daily method was more effective.
The effect of prolonged and chronic occupational exposure to lead (pb) poisonous metal on the anterior segments of the eye
(2018-11-15) Islam Taj Elsir; Saif Hassan Alrasheed
Background: lead is a naturally occurring toxic metal found in the earth’s crust. Its widespread use has resulted in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of prolonged occupational lead exposure and the outer eye abnormalities among workers of military industrial factory as well as to assess the knowledge and practice of the workers towards lead exposure and hazards of lead poisioning. Materials and Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of 100 workers selected randomly from the lead-factory, their ages ranged from 21 to 67years with a mean age of 39.1 ± 10.3years. They were divided into two groups according to their duration of work (duration of exposure) group of short duration (less than 10 years) and group of long duration (more than 10 years). Investigations included vision and V.A measurements using Snellen tumbling E-chart, refraction using retinoscopy, as well as examinations of the external eye, anterior segment and media using torch light with low power magnifier. Results: The finding revealed that 8% of workers of long duration had V.A less than 6/12 after best correction in place compared to 1% among workers of short duration, this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). About 66% of long duration group presented with symptoms of irritated eye (foreign body sensation and tearing, itching and burning sensation and periodic redness) compared to 18% among group of short duration with a significant association (p= 0.038). Almost 36% of workers of long duration had an ocular sign of conjunctival discoloration (gray-bluish conjunctiva) compared to 10% among workers of short duration with a significant association (p = 0.004). Anterior segment examination revealed that the majority 83% of workers in group of long duration had conjunctival disorders of (pterygium 77% and allergic conjunctivitis 6%) compared only to 25% among group of short duration (pterygium 23% and 2% allergic conjunctivitis) which was significantly associated (p = 0.01). The media examination showed that 14% of long duration workers had cataract, 2% had corneal opacity and 2% were pseudophakic, while surprisingly none of workers in group of short duration had any of those media abnormalities, which was statistically significant (p=0.04). With regard to knowledge of the workers about the effect of the lead poison on the eye only 30% of respondents were knew that the lead poison had effect on ocular health therefore the most of them not use the protection tools. Conclusion: ChronicOccupational lead exposure have a great effect on vision and eye health of the workers, its lead to reduce vision as result development of amblyopia, it also had affected on the ocular media as well as causes severe allergic reaction. Thus, all the workers in this field should wear the protection tools that provided in the factory and there is critical need for examining their ocular heath annually. Keywords: lead exposure, lead poisoning, military industry.
The effect of smart educational methods on refractive errors and binocular functions among school-aged children
(2018-11-15) Asia Altayeb Abdel Rahman; Dr. Saif aldin Hassan Alrasheed
Aim: To assess the effect of smart methods for teaching on refractive errors and binocular functions among school-aged children in Khartoum state of Sudan Material and Methods: This is a comparative-cross-sectional study of 450 subjects, 254 males and 196 females were selected from two schools, 220 subjects from schools used smart educational methods for teaching, and 230 subjects from schools used traditional educational methods for teaching, their age ranged from 8 to 13 years with mean age 10.9±1.61. Results: The finding revealed that 88(40.0%) of subjects from smart school had convergence weakness compared to 29(12.6%) subjects from tradition school. 134 (60.9%) of subjects from smart schools had weak fusion compared to 35 (15.2%) of tradition school. 102(46.4%),of subject from smart school had myopia, , compared to 44(21.3%), from traditional school..138 (62.7%) of the children from smart school had decompensated exophoria at near fixation compared to 77(33.5%) from tradition school .There was significant difference when comparing between two schools .Conclusion: Smart educational devices for teaching have effect on development of refractive error and lead to decrease the binocular functions . Thus, any child attends smart schools should assess annually by comprehensive eye examinations. Keywords: Smart devices, smart school, tradition schools, Binocular functions, Refractive error.
Effects of different dietary Levels Of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on Growth Performance of Tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus)
(2018-11-15) Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Musa Ahmed
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin c (ascorbic acid, AA) on growth performance of Tilapia fry (Oreochromi niloticus). Four treatments were used in this study, First one A (control without vitamin C), second B(50mg), C (75mg) and D (100 mg) vitamin c/kg/ feeding. In the begging of study, the initial weight of tilapia fry is the same, no significant between the sizes (p˃0.05). The four diets were containing the same protein 35%. The period of study was seven weeks. At the end of the experiment the growth performance was evaluated. The final weight, weight gains, weight gains%, FCR, Daily growth rate, and Survival % were recorded. Daily growth rate was observed with significant (p˂0.05) between treatment. FCR indicated no significant (p˃0.05) between treatments. . Finally, the Survival % was high rate in treatments D and B, followed by C, and A respectively. All parameters of water quality indicated no significant (p˃0.05) between all treatments. finally, the results indicated that the best levels of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on Growth Performance of Tilapia fry Oreochromi niloticus was 100mg/kg feeding. Key words: vitamin c (ascorbic acid, AA) Oreochromis niloticus, vitamin c, Daily Growth Rate and Survival Rate. المستخلص أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم تأثير فيتامين ج (حمض الأسكوربيك ، أ أ( على أداء نمو أسماك البلطي النيلي ، وقد استخدمت أربعة معاملات ، الأولى أ (بدون فيتامين) ، الثانية ب 50 ملجم، الثالثةج75ملجم) والرابعة د (100 ملجم) فيتامين ج / كجم. في بداية التجربة لاتوجد فروقات معنوية بين الاوزان الابتدائية لزريعة البلطي النيلي (p˃0.05) بين المجموعات. العلائق الاربعة تحتوي على نسبة بروتين متساوية وهي 35 ٪. كانت فترة الدراسة سبعة أسابيع. في نهاية التجربة تم تقييم النمو والأداء. تم تسجيل الوزن النهائي ، وحساب الوزن المكتسب ، الوزن المكتسب ٪ومعدل النمو اليومي في المعاملات الاربعة . توجد اختلافات معنوية في معدل النمو اليومي (p˂0.05) بين المعاملات. لاتوجد فروقات معنوية (p˃0.05) لمعدل التحول الغذائي بين المعاملتين د ، ج، والمعاملتين ب، أ لكن هناك فروقات معنوية (p˂0.05) بين المعاملات د ، ج، والمعاملات ب، أ . تتساوي المعاملتان (ب ) و (د) في معدل البقاء تليها (ج) ثم ( أ ). لاتوجد فروقات معنوية في قياسات نوعية المياه بين جميع المعاملات.
Evaluation of Macular in Diabetic Patients by Optical Coherence Tomography and Fundus Camera
(2018-11-15) Salma Awad Elseed Elamain; Hiba Mohammed El Hassan
Preface: Diabetic mellitus type 2 is greatly influenced to macular by increase central macular thickness, change macular appearance and visual function, visual acuity, color vision and central visual field. Aim: To evaluate macular in diabetic patients type 2 by using optical coherent tomography and fundus camera. Methods: Case control study was conducted in Makkah eye complex located in Khartoum AlRyad, in period (August toDecember2016). Total of 90 patients enrolled in this study; their ages varied between 40 to 65years with (30 healthy patients, 30 controlled diabetes patients and 30 uncontrolled diabetes patients), were asked to participate in the study. Participation was entirely voluntary. Information was collected by interviews and clinical examination. Visual acuity measured by Snellens’s E chart, central visual field by amsler chart, color vision by Ishihara test, central macular thickness by OCT (ZEISS-Cirrus HD-OCT model 5000) and macular appearance by fundus camera (ZEISS). The data were analysed using (SPSS 20). Result: The research results reveals is greatly influenced to macular in diabetic patients type 2.Healthy group study revealed (30%) same affected in color vision and central visual field. The central macular thickness by OCT showed that (>56%) have normal central thickness and with mean 265.7 and SD±94.22 and showed (76.7%) have normal macular appearance. Controlled diabetes study patients revealed duration of diabetes range between (1-32) years, 60% with duration (11-20) years mean 12.63 and SD±7.25.More than 38% showed central visual field defect,40% were unable to discriminate colours correctly; showed (56.6%) >250 micro meter indicated an increase in central macular thickness, with mean 320.1 and SD±164.06. Considering appearance using fundus camera; (>33.3%) diabetic maculopathy. Uncontrolled diabetes study patients revealed, duration of diabetes range (2-35) years, (>53%) with duration (11-20) years, mean 15.75 and SD ±8.35; (>61.7%) showed the same defects in colour vision and central visual field. Considering central macular thickness (75%) indicated an increase in macular thickness >250 micro meters represent with mean 349.2 and SD±144.84. The results obtained by fundus photography 48.3% maculopathy according to CMT found significant differences between normal subjects and uncontrolled diabetes by using pair sample t-tes P-value ≤ 0.001; and not significant with control group P -value > 0.005, furthermore there were no correlation in both groups, P-value > 0.005.Visual acuity indicated significant difference between normal subjects and uncontrolled diabetes by using paired sample t-test P value ≤ 0.001 and not significant with control group > 0.005, furthermore there were no correlation in both groups r > 0.005. Conclusions: Macular in diabetes patients type2 was influenced by many factors including age, gender and duration of diabetes. Greatly influenced to three quarter (75%) of uncontrolled diabetes patients had shown an increase in the central macular thickness, change macular appearance and visual functional as visual acuity, central visual field and colour vision. Longitudinal study is recommended. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, Maculopathy, OCT, Fundus Photography, Functional Vision.
Feeling of Fever, rigor, nausea, vomiting, urination, Daefecation, agony and fear as the foetal head traverses the birth Canal
(2018-11-15) John, G. G. and Gladis, J.G.
More light had been thrown on the symptoms associating the passage of the foetal head through the birth Canal. The normal anatomy of the female pelvis including the measurements of the internal and extgernal pelvic diameters, the pelvic autonomic nervous system and the process of normal delivery were studied. Moreover, the relation between the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, the adrenal gland and the ovary was analyzed. Two hundred and sixty cases had been used as a material. The cases included normal labour, still birth and abortive ones of different ages. The results showed that all cases felt pain, agony, stress, nausea, vomiting, fever, rigor and feeling like urination and daefecation. The hormone of the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland , the hypothalamus , the ovary, as well as the moulding process taking place between the bones of the skull, stimulation of the pelvic autonomic nervous system, stretching of the birth Canal and the programmed rotatory movements taking place by the foetal head as it descends, all were elements related to the symptoms associating the descent of the foetal head through the birth canal. In conclusion, the symptoms associating the passage of the foetal head through the birth canal is a multifactorial one.
Isolation and Identification of Some Pathogenic Bacteria from Raw Milk in Khartoum North
(2018-11-15) Khalid Ahmed Hasan Sukhaim; Seedahmed A. Mohammed
This study was conducted to examine the microbial quality and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in milk samples sold in four different administrative units in Khartoum north. Forty milk samples were collected from the last container, which goes to the market. The samples were examined microscopically and cultured to determine if there are pathogenic bacteria or not, and the species of bacteria involved. The determination of the total viable bacterial count has been done using agar plate count method. The average of total count of bacteria was 48.5 × 107 (CFU)/ ml. To determine the species of bacteria, the primary and secondary biochemical tests were performed. Staphylococcus aureus occurs in 95% of raw milk samples, whereas Escherichia coli was found in 82.5% of total samples. Results indicated that the raw cow's milk distributed in Khartoum north city is of low quality and unsuitable for the direct human consumption. Hence, we recommend that quality assurance programs should be initiated to ensure that good quality milk is produced and consumed in the area. Key words: Raw milk, pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus المستخلص أجريت هذه الدراسة لفحص الجودة الميكروبية ووجود البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية وبكتريا القولون في عينات الحليب المباعة في أربع وحدات إدارية مختلفة في شمال الخرطوم. جمعت أربعين عينة من اللبن من الإناء الأخير الذي يذهب إلى السوق، وفحصت مجهرياً بعد أن زرعت لتحدّيد أنواع البكتريا الموجودة في عينات اللبن. والأنواع التي وجدت هي المكورات العنقودية الذهبية بنسبة 95٪ من عينات اللبن الخام، في حين وجدت بكتريا القولون بنسبة 82.5٪ من إجمالي العينات. وقد تم تحديد العدد الكلي للبكتريا الحية باستخدام طريقة عد الأطباق المزّرعة، وكان متوسط العدد الكلي للبكتيريا 48.5 × 107 وحدة مكونة مستعمرة لكل مل. لتحديد نوع البكتيريا تم إجراء الاختبارات البيوكيميائية الأولية والثانوية. أشارت النتائج إلى أن حليب البقر الخام الموزع في شمال الخرطوم منخفض الجودة وغير مناسب للاستهلاك البشري المباشر. لذا أوصت الدراسة بوضع برنامج متكامل لصحة اللبن، وجودته، ومراقبته في البلاد، كما أوصت الدراسة بقيام برنامج جودة شاملة، وذو خصائص متكاملة يهدف إلى ضمان صحة الألبان وجودتها، بداية بالمنتج وانتهاء بالمستهلك. الكلمات المفتاحية: الحليب الخام، مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية، بكتريا القولون، البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية.
Isolation of E. coli from dairy and dairy products and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
(2018-11-15) Isolation of E. coli from dairy and dairy products and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern; I Ebtisam, E. M. Elzubeir; A SH Omer
Cephalosporin resistant bacteria have been found over the last decades in many parts of the world cause of a serious public health threat. Milk is a major part of human food and plays a prominent role in the Sudanese diet. It's regarded as nature’s single most complete food also; its high nutritive value makes it an ideal medium for the rapid multiplication of bacteria, particularly storage at ambient temperatures and under unhygienic production. This study aimed to investigate the presence of E. coli in fresh cow milk and milk products samples, determine the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated E.coli and detect the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase among isolated E. coli. Thirty cheese samples, thirty fresh milk samples and twenty-five packages yoghurt were collected in intervals between October 2014 and March 2016 from different areas in Khartoum state, Sudan. The isolation of E. coli was done according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2013) procedure. The susceptibility of isolated E. coli was determined with disk diffusion method. The results showed that 36.33% of the collected fresh cow milk were positive for the isolation of the E. coli, white Sudanese soft cheese revealed the isolation of E. coli as 30% and all collected yoghurt samples showed negative growth of E. coli. Disc diffusion assay showed that all the isolates E. coli were resistant to one or more antimicrobial drugs. Fresh cow milk isolates showed isolation of E. coli that highly resistance for both cefixime and amoxiclav as 14 (73.68%) followed by cefotaxime 4(21.05%), ceftriaxone, cefalexin, and tetracycline 3(15.78%), the lowest percentage of resistance was observed in amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin as 1(5.26%). On the other hand, white soft cheese revealed isolation of E. coli that resist cefixime and cefotaxime as 5 (55.56%) followed by amoxiclav 4 (4.44%). All isolated E. coli from fresh cow milk revealed susceptibility to chloramphenicol in comparison with white cheese all isolates were susceptible to both ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) E. coli was isolated as 5 (26.31%) and 7 (77.77%) from fresh cow milk and white cheese respectively. This study concluded that the microbiological quality of most of the raw milk and soft cheese collected from different areas of Khartoum state were not satisfactory as E. coli, was detected المستخلص: البكتريا المقاومة للسيفالوسبورين تم ايجادها فى العقود الأخيرة فى أجزاء كبيرة من العالم، والتى تسبب خطرا على الصحة العامة. يشكل اللبن جزء مهم فى غذاء الانسان، كما يلعب دورا مهما فى غذاء السودانيين. ويعتبر مكمل غذائى. أضافة الى احتوائه على قيمة غذائية عالية مما جعلها وسط مناسب للتكاثر السريع للبكتريا خاصة التخزين فى درجات الحرارة المحيطة و انتاجه تحت مستوى غير صحى. تهدف هذه الدراسة لتحقق من وجود الأشيريشيا القولونية الموجودة فى عينات لبن البقر الطازج ومنتجاته ، وتحديد قابلية المضادات الحيوية لعزلات الاشيريشيا القولونية،كذلك الكشف عن وجود انزيم البيتا لاكتميز واسعة الطيف بين الأشيريشيا القولونية المعزولة. تم جمع ثلاثين عينة لبن البقر الطازج ، وثلاثون عينة جبنة ،وخمسة وعشرون عينة زبادى فى الفترة بين أكتوبر 2014 الى مارس 2016 من مناطق مختلفة فى ولاية الخرطوم، السودان. تم عزل الاشيريشيا القولونية على حسب طريقة ادارة الأغذية والدواء. تم التحقق من حساسية الأشيريشيا القولونية المعزولة بطريق الأنتشار. اظهرت النتائج أن 36.33% من عينات لبن البقر الطازج قد تم عزل الاشيريشيا القولونية وعينات الحبنة تم عزل 30% اما كل عينات الزبادى لم تظهلر أى نمو.طريقة انتشار الأقراص اظهرت ان كل العزلات مقاومة لواحد أو أكثر من المضادات الحيوية. عزلات لبن البقر الطازج أظهرت مقاومة عالية لكل من السيفكسيم والأموكزيكلاف 14(73.68%) يتبعها السيفوتاكسيم 4(21.05%) السيفترياكزون والسيفالكسين والتتراسيكلين 3(15.78%)، أقل نسبة مقاومة شوهدت فى الأميكاسين، الجنتامايسين، والسبروفلوكساسين 1(5.26%). من جانب اخر،عزلات الأشيريشيا القولونية من الجبنة البيضاء أظهرت مقاومتها للسفيكسيم والسيفوتاكسيم 5(55.56%) يتبعها الأموكزيكلاف 4(4.44%). عزلات الأشيريشيا القولونية من لبن البقرالطازجأظهر حساسيته للكلورامفنيكول مقارنة بعزلات الجبنة كانت حساسة لكل من السبروفلوكساسين والاميكاسين. تم عزل الاشيريشيا القولونية المفرزة لأنزيم البيتا لاكتميز 5(26.31% ) و 7(77.77%) من لبن البقر الطازج والجبنة على التوالى. هذه الدراسة اجريت على ان الجودة الميكروبيولوجية لمعظم الحليب والجبنة التى جمعت من مناطق مختلفة فى ولاية الخرطوم غير مرضية كما تم الكشف عن الأشيريشيا القولونية.
Isolation of E. coli from dairy and dairy products and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
(2018-11-15) S O Yagoub; I Ebtisam; E. M. Elzubeir; A SH Omer
Cephalosporin resistant bacteria have been found over the last decades in many parts of the world cause of a serious public health threat. Milk is a major part of human food and plays a prominent role in the Sudanese diet. It's regarded as nature’s single most complete food also; its high nutritive value makes it an ideal medium for the rapid multiplication of bacteria, particularly storage at ambient temperatures and under unhygienic production. This study aimed to investigate the presence of E. coli in fresh cow milk and milk products samples, determine the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated E.coli and detect the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase among isolated E. coli. Thirty cheese samples, thirty fresh milk samples and twenty-five packages yoghurt were collected in intervals between October 2014 and March 2016 from different areas in Khartoum state, Sudan. The isolation of E. coli was done according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2013) procedure. The susceptibility of isolated E. coli was determined with disk diffusion method. The results showed that 36.33% of the collected fresh cow milk were positive for the isolation of the E. coli, white Sudanese soft cheese revealed the isolation of E. coli as 30% and all collected yoghurt samples showed negative growth of E. coli. Disc diffusion assay showed that all the isolates E. coli were resistant to one or more antimicrobial drugs. Fresh cow milk isolates showed isolation of E. coli that highly resistance for both cefixime and amoxiclav as 14 (73.68%) followed by cefotaxime 4(21.05%), ceftriaxone, cefalexin, and tetracycline 3(15.78%), the lowest percentage of resistance was observed in amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin as 1(5.26%). On the other hand, white soft cheese revealed isolation of E. coli that resist cefixime and cefotaxime as 5 (55.56%) followed by amoxiclav 4 (4.44%). All isolated E. coli from fresh cow milk revealed susceptibility to chloramphenicol in comparison with white cheese all isolates were susceptible to both ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) E. coli was isolated as 5 (26.31%) and 7 (77.77%) from fresh cow milk and white cheese respectively. This study concluded that the microbiological quality of most of the raw milk and soft cheese collected from different areas of Khartoum state were not satisfactory as E. coli, was detected المستخلص: البكتريا المقاومة للسيفالوسبورين تم ايجادها فى العقود الأخيرة فى أجزاء كبيرة من العالم، والتى تسبب خطرا على الصحة العامة. يشكل اللبن جزء مهم فى غذاء الانسان، كما يلعب دورا مهما فى غذاء السودانيين. ويعتبر مكمل غذائى. أضافة الى احتوائه على قيمة غذائية عالية مما جعلها وسط مناسب للتكاثر السريع للبكتريا خاصة التخزين فى درجات الحرارة المحيطة و انتاجه تحت مستوى غير صحى. تهدف هذه الدراسة لتحقق من وجود الأشيريشيا القولونية الموجودة فى عينات لبن البقر الطازج ومنتجاته ، وتحديد قابلية المضادات الحيوية لعزلات الاشيريشيا القولونية،كذلك الكشف عن وجود انزيم البيتا لاكتميز واسعة الطيف بين الأشيريشيا القولونية المعزولة. تم جمع ثلاثين عينة لبن البقر الطازج ، وثلاثون عينة جبنة ،وخمسة وعشرون عينة زبادى فى الفترة بين أكتوبر 2014 الى مارس 2016 من مناطق مختلفة فى ولاية الخرطوم، السودان. تم عزل الاشيريشيا القولونية على حسب طريقة ادارة الأغذية والدواء. تم التحقق من حساسية الأشيريشيا القولونية المعزولة بطريق الأنتشار. اظهرت النتائج أن 36.33% من عينات لبن البقر الطازج قد تم عزل الاشيريشيا القولونية وعينات الحبنة تم عزل 30% اما كل عينات الزبادى لم تظهلر أى نمو.طريقة انتشار الأقراص اظهرت ان كل العزلات مقاومة لواحد أو أكثر من المضادات الحيوية. عزلات لبن البقر الطازج أظهرت مقاومة عالية لكل من السيفكسيم والأموكزيكلاف 14(73.68%) يتبعها السيفوتاكسيم 4(21.05%) السيفترياكزون والسيفالكسين والتتراسيكلين 3(15.78%)، أقل نسبة مقاومة شوهدت فى الأميكاسين، الجنتامايسين، والسبروفلوكساسين 1(5.26%). من جانب اخر،عزلات الأشيريشيا القولونية من الجبنة البيضاء أظهرت مقاومتها للسفيكسيم والسيفوتاكسيم 5(55.56%) يتبعها الأموكزيكلاف 4(4.44%). عزلات الأشيريشيا القولونية من لبن البقرالطازجأظهر حساسيته للكلورامفنيكول مقارنة بعزلات الجبنة كانت حساسة لكل من السبروفلوكساسين والاميكاسين. تم عزل الاشيريشيا القولونية المفرزة لأنزيم البيتا لاكتميز 5(26.31% ) و 7(77.77%) من لبن البقر الطازج والجبنة على التوالى. هذه الدراسة اجريت على ان الجودة الميكروبيولوجية لمعظم الحليب والجبنة التى جمعت من مناطق مختلفة فى ولاية الخرطوم غير مرضية كما تم الكشف عن الأشيريشيا القولونية.
Midwives Performance Regarding Adherence of Infection Control Measures During Conducting Normal Delivery
(2018-11-15) Ihsan Elyamni Abdullah Alfakki; Huda Khalaf allay Ahmed
Background: Infection control is a more substantial area of concern in Labor and delivery room because neonates do not adapt to their surroundings immediately after they come out of the womb of mothers. In addition to this, mothers might be exposed to infection due to multiple examinations by health care providers during the process of labor. Objective: To study midwives’ performance regarding application of infection control measures during conducting normal delivery. Methods: Descriptive cross section study, conducted at Military Hospital, observational check list was done from 25 midwives during conducting normal delivery. Results: Revealed that 40% of participants not perform hand washing techinque, 100%not wearing gown and mask during sterilization equipments and 52% of participants not reduced the frequency in performing per vaginal examination. Conclusion: The researchers concluded that infection control measures not be applied for all procedures during conducting normal delivery. Recommendation: The infection control measures should need protocol guideline to be applied at delivery room. To increase midwife’s awareness. Key words: infection control, delivery room, performance.
Phytochemical Screening and In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Datura metel L. Leaves extracts
(2018-11-15) Adam Ibrahim Ahmed Osman; Azhary Hamid Nour; Saad Mohamed Hessuin Ayoub
Microbial diseases are one of the major health problems in many countries, because development of microbial resistance to antibiotics. Search for potential antimicrobial agents is one of the several attempts to find effectives and affordable ways to control these diseases. Moreover, the side- effects which associated by synthetic antibiotics renders the natural products currently of much research interest in view of their biological activities due to their long and safe uses. The aim of the present study was to the screen for phyto-constituent, and to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous) form Datura metel leaves against four pathogenic bacteria isolates, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, by using agar well diffusion method. For antibacterial bioassay, three concentrations (0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg/mL) of each fraction solutions were prepared. The phytochemical screening of D. metel leaves revealed the presence of some bioactive principles such as alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins. The antibacterial activity among the extracts was extremely broad against all test organisms. In general, the aqueous extract in the most sensitive, while the hexane extract is more resistance by organisms. The highest concentration of aqueous solutions (1 mg/mL) showed maximum zone of inhibition (21 mm) against E. coli, and showed lowest zone of inhibition (4 mm) against K. pneumoniae, whereas, ethyl acetate ( 1 mg/mL) showed zone of inhibition ( 17 mm) against E. coli. The antibacterial activities of D. metel may be due to presence such phytochemicals and this may warrant further research to determine the bioactive compound(s). The study of D. metel extracts showed that the methanol extract of the leaves extracted promising activity against bacterial human pathogens and phytochemical screening presence many compounds. Keywords: Datura metel; Phytochemical Screening; Antibacterial activity. الأمراض التي تسببها الميكروبات هي واحدة من المشاكل الصحية الرئيسية في العديد من البلدان ، وذلك بسبب تطوير المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية. فالبحث عن العوامل المضادة للميكروبات هي واحدة من عدة محاولات للعثور على وسائل فعالة للسيطرة على هذه الأمراض. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن الآثار الجانبية التي ترتبط بالمضادات الحيوية الاصطناعية تجعل المنتجات الطبيعية حالياً ذات أهمية بحثية كبيرة نظراً لأنشطاتها البيولوجية بسبب استخدامها الطويل والآمن. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو معرفة المركبات الكيميائية لمستخلص أوراق نبات الداتورة بواسطة المذيبات العضوية (الكلورفورم، الهكسان، خلات الإيثيل والإيثانول) وذلك للتحقق من النشاط المضاد لأربعة أنواع من البكتريا المسببة للأمراض ، وهي المكورات العنقودية الذهبية، الكليبسيلة الرئوية، الزائفة الزنجارية والإشريكية القولونية، باستخدام طريقة الطبق الهلامي المثقب وثلاثة تركيزات مختلفة (0.25، 0.50 و 1 ملجرام/ مل) استخدمت مع كل مستخلص. كشف التحليل الكيميائي للأوراق عن وجود قلويدات، تربينويدات وستيرويدات، فلافونويد، مركبات الفينول والتانينات.. كان النشاط المضاد للبكتيريا واسع للغاية ضد جميع الأنواع. بشكل عام ، مستخلص الإيثانول المائي اكثر حساسية ، في حين أن مستخلص الهكسان هي الأكثر مقاومة. حيث أظهر أعلى تركيز لمستخلص الإيثانول المائي (1 ملجرام/ مل) أقصى منطقة تثبيط (21 ملم) ضد الإشريكية القولونية ، وأدنى منطقة تثبيط (4 ملم) بالنسبة للكليبسيلة الرئوية. في حين أن خلات الإيثيل (1 ملجرام/ مل) أظهرت منطقة تثبيط (17 ملم) ضد إي كولاي. النشاط المضاد للبكتيريا من المستخلصات المختبرة وقد تكون واحدة أو أكثر من المكونات الكيميائية التي تم التعرف عليها في أوراق نبات الداتورة ، وهذا يستدعي إجراء مزيد من البحوث لتحديد المركبات النشطة بيولوجيًا. وأظهرت الدراسة أن مستخلص الإيثانول المائي لأوراق الداتورة هي أكثر نشاطاً ضد مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية البشرية وذلك من خلال المسح الكيميائي للمركبات التي تحتويها النبات. الكلمات المفتاحية: نبات الداتورة ميتيل المسح الكيميائي والنشاط المضاد للبكتريا.
Refractive State and Visual Acuity Post Photocoagulation in Diabetic Patient
(2018-11-15) Weam karamallah Boshara Alsafi; Nuha Mohammed Fath El Rahman
Socio economic characteristics of Defaulters among Tuberculosis Patients- Khartoum State -2014
(2018-11-15) Professor. Mustafa Elnimeiri; Zeinab Alrasheed Algaily Almokashfy
Tuberculosis is a big health problem facing the almost whole world. Treatment Default is a major obstacle in the fight against the disease. Persons who default from tuberculosis treatment are at risk for clinical deterioration and complications including worsening drug resistance and death. Khartoum state had 268 defaulter Patients out of 1791, which equals 15%.and the same percentage in 2012. but in the third quarter of 2013 increase to 18%. The overall objective of this study was to study the determinants of tuberculosis treatment default among defaulters in Khartoum (Sudan) State in order to improve treatment adherence among tuberculosis patients. A cross sectional facility-based study conducted in Khartoum State (tuberculosis management unites). A standardized administered questionnaire was developed. Pre –tested was done for five patients. The questionnaire was filled by researcher and three assistants. The estimated sample size mounted to tow hundred and four participants. Questionnaire contained a number of personal information to participants and has fifty-three questions about the general information about the determinants of defaulting treatment among tuberculosis patients (Socio economic status). The collected data were analyzed by the computer programme statistical package for social sciences version 20 and presented as tables, pies and pillars coupled with narrative description. Regarding test of significance, p-value was accepted as 0.05. aged between 20-40, Men and those living in urban areas, workers, had family members 1-4, married, had secondary education, financial problem, were found to be at higher risk of default TB patients. The study revealed that it was association between Commitments to visits set by the doctor by financial problem P value=.016. Thus, it is of utmost importance to educate patients about tuberculosis and its treatment to reduce the default rate. In addition to follow up and support for tuberculosis patients particularly for those aged20- 40 years, living in urban areas married and those who had financial problem.
Vision and Corneal Topography of Keratoconus Patient who treated with Corneal Collagen Cross Linking Procedure at Makkah Eye Complex (CXL)
(2018-11-15) Roua Abdallah Mohammed Ali; Madiha Sid Ahmed Ali
Aim: To compare the vision, corneal thickness and power (K1, K2) of keratoconus patient before and after 6 months of corneal collagen cross linking procedure. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study records of 50 keratoconic patients (100 eyes) were reviewed; vision was examined by Nidek Chart Projector, Japan, central corneal thickness and corneal power were taken by Atlas corneal topography system, Germany before and after 6-month of treatment.CXL had been carried for those patients from September 2015 to September 2017 at Makkah Eye Complex. Results: Sixty percent of the subjects were females and 40% was males. The age mean was 20.8±3.34; range (15-27) year. Before the cross linking surgery the vision mean was 0.17±0.12range (0.02-0.6), it is improved after the procedure to 0.44±0.22; range (0.1-1), (P <0.001).There was significant difference when comparing between the values of K1 and K2before and after cross linking procedure (P<0.001); k1 mean value was (50.7±3.19D) which reduced to (46.55±2.05D) and the k2 mean was (46.6±2.51D) and it revealed normal value after the treatment (mean43.9±1.77D). Central corneal thickness mean before the surgery was(456.5±37.03µm) and after six months of procedure the mean become (419.8±44.5µm) these change in CCT was significant with P value <0.001. The cone showed globes (63%) and oval(37%) shape before the treatment which converted tonibble and oval in62% and 38% of the subjects’ respectively after six months of CX. Conclusion: CXL appears to be good alternative treatment for keratoconus and yields sustained short-term improvements in visual acuity, keratometric readings, and corneal thickness. Keywords: Keratoconus, Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking, Central Corneal Thickness, corneal power.
Visual performance for Driving license requirement
(2018-11-15) Amani Abdelaziz; Atif Babikir
غلاف العدد 48-2
(2019-07-15)
مجلة الدراسات العليا - افتتاحية العدد 48 ج 2
(2018-11-15) كلية الدراسات العليا, جامعة النيلين