علوم - ماجستير
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Item Isolation and Identification of Some Pathogenic Bacteria from Powdered Milk(AL-Neelain University, 2001) Shereen Osman Mohammed FarahAbstract Milk powder is used as a meal, especially for children because of its similarity to breast milk or because it is fully or partially as a suitable alternative because milk is usually regarded as the only source of feeding for children, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) under the guidance of infant formula advised producers to make sure that the product provide the food requirements for children. This study was conducted on 60 samples of dried milk "infant and adult" by examining the total viable bacterial count as well as isolation of those present such as staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp,Erzter0bacter sakazakii and Listeria monocytogenes .The results show that staphylococcus aureus , the total viable bacterial count of adult ranged between 0-3.8>< 10 (CFU)/ ml. Staphylococcus aureus isolated was 11.11% from infant and 69.2% from adults . Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sakazakii were isolated only from infant powdered milk (22.2%) and (44.4%) respectively. Salmonella spp were not isolated from either infant or adult powdered milk. Three Bacillus spp (B.cereus, B.mycoides and Blichenzformis) were isolated from infant powdered milk with the following percentages (44.4%, 11.11% and 38.8) as well as from adult powdered milk (76.9%, 23.07% and 61.5%). Listeria monocytogenes was isolated at rates ranging between 11.11% from infant powdered milk and 38.5% of adult powdered milk. From the result of this study, which included a limited number of samples of powdered milk (infant and adult) and limited types it, revealed that infant milk powder quality is higher than the adult because they are more susceptible to diseases. " But when judged by the types of organisms it seems that infant milk powder contains more species though not from adults. It is also not reported on any of the Sudanese previous studies to cause health problems. الخلاصه الحليب المجفف يستخدم كوجبة وخاصة للأطفال بسبب تشابهه للبن الأم أولأنه مناسب كبديل كامل أو جزئي له. نسبة لأن حليب الأطفال عادة يعتبر كمصدر وحيد لتغذية الأطفال ، قامت منظمة الأمم المتحدة للزراعة والأغذية وهيئة الصحة العالميةبتوجيه منتجي حليب الأطفال للتأكد من أن المنتج يمد الأطفال بالمتطلبات الغذائية. أجريت هذه الدراسة على 60 عينة حليب مجفف " أطفال وكبار"وذلك لمعرفه العدالحيوي الكلي للميكروبات والتعرف على :العنقوديه الذهبيه،الأشريكيه القولونيه،الساسازاكي الأمعائيه،العصيات،واللستيريه.وجد أن العدالحيوي الكلي للحليب المجفف للكبار تراوح بين 0–3.8×10وحدة مكونة للمستعمرات لكل مل، والعدالحيوي الكلي للحليب المجفف للأطفال تراوح بين0–2.8×10وحدة مكونة للمستعمرات لكل مل. عزلت العنقوديه الذهبيه من حليب الأطفال بنسبة11.11% ومن حليب الكبار بنسبة 69.2%. تم عزل الأشريكيه القولونيهمن حليب الأطفال فقط بنسبة 22.2%.وعزلت الساسازاكيه الأمعائيه من حليب الأطفال فقط بنسبة 44.4%.ولم يتم عزل السالمونيلامن كلاهما.وكذلك عزلت أنواع مختلفة من العصيات بنسب تتراوح بين 44.4% و11.11% و38.8% من حليب الأطفال و76.9%و23.1%و61.5% من حليب الكبار. وعزلت اللستيريه بنسب تتراوح بين 11.11% من حليب الأطفال و 38.5% من حليب الكبار. وعليه من هذه الدراسة التي شملت عدد محدود من عينات الحليب المجفف (أطفال وكبار) وأنواع محدودة منه. توصلت الى ان بالنسبه للعد الكلي للبكتيريا،حليب الأطفال المجفف أعلى جودة من حليب الكبار المجفف وهذا لأنهم أكثر حساسية للإصابة بالأمراض. بينما أنواع البكتيريا المعزوله من حليب الأطفال المجفف كانت أكثر من التي عزلت من الحليب المجفف للكبار،كما أنها لم تذكر أنها تسببت في مشاكل صحيه في الدراسات السودانيهItem Fhcuéty of Sclancc 8 Taclinoéogy School oi chemistry Er chemical Technologi ‘Department 0‘? Chemical Technology Rmlm ii Ammonia As Slruviie From Sou ilii(Neelain University, 2005) Hu'sam Eldeen Mustafa A. AlwahabAbstract This work is an addition j_and modification to the treatment unit of the sour water at Khartoum Refinery Plant. ln the treatment unit H28 is withdrawn and burned while the ammonia is discharged on the surrounding area causing environmental damage. This thesis includes the preliminary experiments of struvite formation (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) and the optimum condition such as concentration, pH and reaction time. The proposed unit is designed for production of 515 kg/h of struvite from the stream of ammonia which comes out from sour water treatment unit. The cost estimation conversed greater profit , the market for the product is granted as it is world widely used e.g. in Japan and china as fertilizer. So, application of this proposed unit will be of a great reward economically, as well as environmentally by getting rid of the ammonia and avoiding its negative effects.Item Determination of Antioxidant Flavonoids in Sudanese Honey Samples of Different Regional Sources by Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography(Neelain University, 2008) Suzan Zein Alabdeen MakawiAbs ract ln this study, flavonoids were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) from seven floral honey samples, of different botanical origin from different regions of Sudan. The flavonoids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique using photo diode array detector (PDA). An isocratic and gradient systems for the resolution, identification and quantification of five flavonoids, namely: quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, hesperetin and isorhamnetin, were developed. Although the isocratic system resolved the five compounds, however it suffered from interference by the complex mixture of honey samples. The gradient system resolved three of five flavonoids, namely: (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin), without interference by the complex honey matrix. Two flavonoids, apigenin and hesperetin, were observed to elute at close retention times, which lead to their interference with each other when injected in a mixture; however, absorption wavelength selection was found indicative of the presence or absence of either compound. The quantification of these flavonoids was done through the calibration curves of their standards. The obtained results were compared with published results. Some physicochemical properties of honey samples were determined.Item تطوير منهج موحد للرياضيات في المدارس الثانوية بالصومال(alneelain, 2008) حسن ابوبكر محمد حامدAbstract 'l‘his study aimed at linding out {development new unique mathematics curriculum at secondary schools in Somalia}, it also aimed to focus the weak points in the curriculum, and declare the level ol‘ contents ol‘ the curriculum those are working now in Somalia and purpose complete curriculum the importance ol‘ this study in the importance ol' the science, which rellecls a new trend in building school curricula. Also the dependence of other natural science on mathematics gives this study further importance, l\/loreover, the importance ol‘ this study emanates from the importance of the secondary school graduates are exposed to a job market. Not only l'or the reasons mentioned above, but also the importance olthis study lies in the scarcity ol‘ studies dealt with chapters in the secondary mathematics textbooks. The researcher selected the descriptive research method in conducting his research. /\s a means of collecting his data the researcher designed a questionnaire whereas the sample study was conlined to 9l, the sample included teachers 65 selected randomly, constituting 25% of the population ol‘ teachers. Some supervisors and instructors in universities in the population were included in the sample study For analysis, the researcher applied a number statistical tools such as frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean. The analysis ol‘ the study has revealed some important results \vhich can be summarized in the following. l. all contents ol‘ the textbook were suitable for the teaching students 2. the secondary mathematics textbooks have contained 22 chapters ol‘ which 7 chapters are in liorm one, and 9 chapters in Form ll and 6 chapters in lorm lll 3. l.ack ol' dillerences in the opinions ol‘ the sample study classitying the chapters could be attributed to the academic standard with three criteria. At the same time it was found that there was an insignificant difference with relerence to the concepts to the class level. Printing sample general mathematics curriculum for the secondary level students in Somalia, to give a chance to make rcvisionly ()l' themselves, and to give academic seminars to the teachers of secondary level, because of the student transfers from secondary up to university residesItem الكربوهيدرات والليبيدات وتاثيرها الايجابي والسلبي على صحة الانسان(alneelain, 2003) ثريا احمد رشيد جلبيAbstract This exploratory descriptive study was utilized to explore the effect of carbohydrates and lipids on human body health .The study was' carried out in Tabuk area on Saudi people ,it's aimed to explore and describe the effects of carbohydrates and lipids on human health. The study shows the most dangerous factors that result from excessive intake of carbohydrates and lipids and the effect of increasment of body weight on causing different diseases specially diabetes millitus, also about the excessive intake of C.H.O·, lipids by, and obesity that may cause different diseases particular diabetes millitus. The· literature shows the accumulation of excessive fats in the body which may cause arterioschlerosis and sometimes a sudden death may occur. The sample of this study is comprised of 1168 subjects from both sex of different ages. This study was carried out during three stages begin on 6th Rabi l' 1421 up to' the 25 Rabil 1'1423H: 1st stage: fram 6th Rabi l' 1421 to 16 lumada 2' 1421 H. The sample of the study in this stage consists of 358 in and out patients in maternity and pediatric hospital in Tabouk City, most of them childern and fertile mothers. Data were collected fram the patient's files and lab results by using analytic descriptive statistics and according to those results the normal level .. for blood sugar (F.B.5) is 102 mg /dl . and cholestral is 182 mg/dl. The results which are mentioned later will be accepted internationaly . Because the most samples are children and middle aged motherhood only. . 2nd stage: fram 29 lumada'il 1421to 20 Sha'ban 1421 H. Different lab tests were carried out for 787 in and out patients (males and females) in king Khalid hospital Tabouk The results of normal glucose level were excluded. A study was· carried out for 321 samples those of abnormal glucose level. Data were collected by using analytic descriptive stastistics results: show the average ratio of excessive triglesrides about 42, (% and it is considered the minimum record reported by Arabic studies which had been noted by Mrs. Bothina Obid, Alepo university, it expressed the logical average record because the number of samples is higher in comperison with previous studies and with the next stage. 3rd stage: from 19Dul,hijjah 1422 to 25 Rabi'l 1423 H. This study was carried out for 23 out patients at diabetic clinic in King Fahid Hospital Tabook, the subjects of the samples are none insulin dependent diabetes millitus (NON.l.D.D.M.) males and females F.B.5., cholestrol and Triglesrides test were carried out in between 19/12/1422 -23/3/1423H. Those subjects were devided into three groups according to the sickness years: 1- new diagnosed. 2 -less than 1 0 years. 3-10 years and above. Data were collected by using questionair and analytic describtive statistics measurements the results are as the following: A - The level of blood sugar for new diagnosed patients was 258,7 mg/dl, these results will be accepted because new patients were being diagnosed accidently or sometimes due to complications appeared such as a coma due to the high blood sugar level than the normal one, also this study shows the lower level of blood sugar among patients of 10 years and ab()ve which is 235mg/dl, because they have experienced how to manage the diet , and health care and they know disease risk. 8- According to the T riglesrides the ~esults show the percentage is about 33,3 % for the new diabetic -patients. The excessive Triglesrides also was recorded about 75% for the patients below -10 years sick and it was recorded a rduction- up to 70 % for the patients those had been sick for 1 Oyears and above because they take supportil,,'e drugs to reduce and manage the T riglesrides in the blood. C- The total cholestrol percentage was being recorded up to 11,1 % for new diabetic and .about 25% for those below 10 years sick again it is increased up to 30 % for the patients of 10 years, and above sick then the study shows an increase in the total cholestrol level according to the increasing of inlless period for the diabetic patients. Conclusion: I conclude here this study shows a significant relationship between the exessive carbohydrates, lipids and the occurance of some serious diseases on the other hand there is a proportional increase of Glocouse, cholestrol and triglesrides in the blood. Finally I recommend to do further studies on these variables in different areas around the world.Item اثر استخدام المروقات في تنقية مياه الشرب(alneelain, 2004-08) تهاني مخمد احمد الحسن محمد احمدAbstract . This study attempts to investigate the performance and economic potential of local materials in reducing water turbidity, especially during the flood season. For the purpose of this study, we use some local materials (clay and plants), used by -local people in water purification. Samples of clay used include Bentonite and Kaolin whereas samples of plants comprise Moringa oleifera seeds and Maerua pseudopetalosa roots, which are available in the Sudan. Solutions obtained from these samples were added in different doses to raw water. In order to examine the performance of these matyrial, turbidity and the pH of the treated water were measured and the results obtained were compared to those obtained from the water treated with Alum and Polymer. Generally, results of the investigation show that local materials are very efficient in reducing turbidity. of raw water in comparison to imported materials. Thus results of the study suggest that: Bentonite proves to be very efficient in removing suspended matters in natural water. Adding conc Sulphuric acid. to Bentonite improves water treatment efficiency. Furthermore, Bentonite + Sulphuric acid conc. gave better water treatment efficiency than the imported Polymer (i.e. efficient in reducing water turbidity). Solutions obtained from Kaolin and Maerua pseudopetalosa plant also gave better water treatment efficiency. As for Moringa oleifera, results show that fresh Moringa seeds gave better water treatment efficiency than stored Moringa seeds, which indicates that performance of Moringa oleifera seeds decreases with storage. Statistical analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between different doses on one hand and turbidity and acidity on the other hand. Finally, we consider phases of water clarification, physical and chemical properties of water, water usages as well as the materials and methods used in tests.Item الملاريا في ولاية شمال دارفور(جامعة النيلين, 2000-10) إبراهيم الزين الامينAbstract A perspective and a retrospective study to evaluate and document the Prevalence of malaria ill Northern . Dar Fur was undertaken during the period of November 1998 - November 1999 . the study was confined to the elementary schools children as representative to the population of the towns of Fashir, Kutum , Kabkabya and Umkaddada . The study established the presence of malaria throughout the year , and that the classical symptoms of headaches, fever, nausea etc.., were accentuated by malaria in 94.7% of the cases presenting in Fashir , 84. 7% in Kutum, 74.6% in Kabkabya, and 56.7% in Umkaddada. The causative agent was positively identified as E. falciparum in 92.25- 100 % of the cases presenting to hospitals. Out of 400 cases of malaria closely monitored , only 55. 75 % were cured after treatment with chloroquine , the rest 44 .25 needed further treatment with antimalarials such as Fansidar or qLIl111116. L . The retrospective study of the statistics of the Ministry of records revealed that malaria was responsible for over 30% of the hospital admissions. Amongst school children malaria cause an average of 2.59 days / month of school absentees compared to an average of 1.08 days / month for all other diseases, thus making malaria the 1naill cause for schooling disruption . Comparison of the incidence of malaria in Northern Dar Fur with the national average in all other parts of Sudan indicated that the incidence of malaria is steadily increasing in N.Dar Fur especially in years of high rainfall . The need for evaluation of malaria resistance to chloroquine in N . Dar was indicated together with suggestions for improving the environmental health standards to levy the situation and threat of malaria in N. Dar Fur .Item امكانية الاستفادة من خامات بعض الصخور والمعادن في الصناعة المحلية ( الاوهرة والجبس والحجر الجيري والتلك)(alneelain, 2002) امل صالح احمد الزينAbstract This theisis is submetted for the award M.ScDegree in Geology (Economic Geology) wich consists offive chapters, with the folowing details:- Chapter One deals with an introduction and methods ofinvistigation both in the field and the laprotory. Chapter Two desplays types of ores of ochre, in the Sudan with detailed study for a locality example: Jable Menza - Fadimyia area - Ingessana Hills-Blue Nile State. Geomorphological, Geological and Physiographic features, plust the expected tonnages for this locality have been displayed. The chapter also reffects the production of ochre in the world and its position compared to other coloring materials. Chapter Three deals with some ores ofindustirial minerals and building materials, which are: gypsum, limestone and talc. In the chapter also uses and economic importance of this materials are spelt out. An example locality of limestone, is Jabel Derudeb in the Red Sea Hills. Description of geomorphological, geological and tectonic features together with tonnage is given. The chapter also covers talc ores for wich coardnates, geomorphological and geotectonic characters have been reflected in an example locality viz Qala El Nahal area. Physical and geochemical properties together with the expected tonnage are discussed and compared with other ores of industirial minerals, as for as its economic importantce and uses. Chapter Four discusses the results of the laborotorial work wich were carried out to verify the economic uses of raw matirials discussed above Discussion of the techniques used for simple industralization according to the experments and results of this study is.also covered in this chapter. The chapter also covers the study of the possibility of uses of gypsum and talc in dentestry other engineering properties of gypsum ores in industry have been discussed also. Chapter five summaries the drawn results of this study with some recommendations.Item MEASURMENTS OF RF/MW RADIATION EMITTED FROM SELECTED MOBILE-PHONE BASE- STATIONS IN SUDAN(2008) Abdelfatah Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed AhmedItem Location Based Services Algorithm for Teletraffic Management in Mobile Communication Networks(2009) Adam Abdallah Elbashir Adam