Journal of Graduate Studies - VOL - 52-2
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.neelain.edu.sd/handle/123456789/14368
Browse
Search Results
Item غلاف العدد 52-2(2019-07-15)Item مجلة الدراسات العليا - افتتاحية العدد 52 - 2(2019-03-15) كلية الدراسات العليا, جامعة النيلينItem Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Lactuca sativa Leaf Extracts(2019-03-15) Aiman El gammar Musa Ahmed; Dr. Sawsan Bushra HassanIn this study Lactuca sativa was extracted successively with soxhlet extractor using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol, methanol gave the highest yield of total weight in percentage (31.795%) followed by chloroform (2.125%) and finally petroleum ether (2.02%). Phytochemical screening of 80% ethanol extract revealed presence of sterols and triterpenes, carotenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaf was studied against two standard Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram- negative bacteria (Escherichia coli. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one fungal organism (Candida albicans), The results showed the chloroform extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity followed by methanol extract, while the petroleum ether extract was found to be inactive against all the tested organisms. By using thin-layer chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography the pure compounds were isolated, purified, and analyzed using infra-red (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic techniques. Key words: Lactuca sativa, Asteraceae, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial activity, spectroscopic. المستخلص: في هذه الدراسة تم استخلاص نبات الخس بواسطة جهاز سوكسوليت باستخدام ثلاثة مذيبات الايثرالبترولي، الكلوروفورم، والميثانول، وعند تحديد النسبة المئوية للناتج المترسب وجد أن الميثانول يعطي أكبر ناتج (31.795%)، يليه الكلوروفورم (2.125%) ثم الايثر البترولي (2.02%). أجرى المسح الكيميائي لمستخلص الايثانول 80% لتحديد المكونات الكيمونباتية ووجد احتوائه علي استرويدات و التراي تربينات، كاروتينويدات، قلويدات، كومرينات، تانينات، فلافونويات، كربوهيدرات وصابونينات. ثم اختبرت المستخلصات معمليا ضد نوعين من البكتيريا موجة الجرام (المكوره العنقودية والعصوية الرقيقة) ونوعين من البكتريا سالبة الجرام (الزائفة الزنجابية والاشريكية القولونية) ونوع واحد من الفطريات ( المبيضة البيضاء) واظهرت النتائج أن مستخلص الكلوروفورم له أعلي فعالية يليه مستخلص الميثانول ولكن مستخلص الايثر البترولي لم يظهر اي فعالية. تم استخدام كروماتوغرافيا الطبقة الرقيقة ومن ثم تقنية التحليل الطبقي الرقيق التحضيري لفصل مركبين تم تنقيتهما وإخضاع المركبات للدراسة والتحليل الطيفي باستخدام الأشعة فوق البنفسجية والأشعة تحت الحمراء.Item The effect of computer displaying screens (LCD) on near Exophoria(2019-03-15) Nuha Mohamed Fath Elrahman; Rana Mohamed AliBackground: Globally approximately 60 million people suffer from Computer vision syndrome (CVS) resulting in reduced productivity at work and reduced quality of life of the computer worker1. Aim: The study was aimed to assess the effect of computer on near Exophoria and its association with CVS among bank workers using computer displaying screens (LCD monitors) for three continuous hours. Material and methods: This is a cross sectional study it was done in a period from August to September 2015 in Khartoum State; at Industrial development bank, Bright Blue Nile Bank, Al-Neelain Bank and Commercial Farmer Bank. Demographic data were taken (Gender, Age and complain). Outer eye was examined by pen torch and magnifier, vision tested by Snellen’s visual test chart (E chart). Streak retinoscope was used to assesses the refractive state of the eye, cover-uncover test to measure the direction of eye movement by using opaque occlude and fixation target, exophoria measured by Maddox Wing. The computer screen to face distance was adjusted 40 cm. All examinations were taken at morning (8:30 o'clock) before starting work and after 3 continuous hours of work. Results: A total of (62) subjects of equal number of male and female were including in this study, their age ranged between (20-37) years with mean of 28.70 ± 4.28 years. After 3 hours continuous work the study revealed that the subjects had one or more of CVS symptoms. The most frequent complain one was dry eyes 29% followed by visual discomfort 25.8%, headache 19.4%, ocular pain 16.1%, and the least frequent one was ocular fatigue 9.7%. Before starting work 46.8% of subjects had exophoria more than 4 Δ then become 69.4% after continues 3 working hours. The degree of phoria ranged from (2 Δ-14 Δ) with mean of 3.58±3.74 before starting work and (2 Δ -16 Δ) with mean of 4.54±3.53 after 3 hours of continues work. Paired sample t-test showed there is no significant difference between phoria before and after work p=(0.107). Conclusion: From the results of our study, it can be concluded that the continuous use of computers with LCD monitors increases the degree of near exophoria which leads to visual and ocular symptoms. Key words: Near exphoria, LCD monitor. المستخلص: الهدف:عالميا ما يقرب 60 مليون شخص يعانون من متلازمة تاثير الكمبيوتر علي النظر ما قلل من انتاجيتهم ونوعية حياتهم حياتهم0 تهدف هذه الدراسه الى معرفه تاثير استخدام الكمبيوتر(شاشات LCD) لثلاث ساعات على الحول الخفي الوحشي القريب. المواد والطرق: هذه دراسة وصفية مقطعية، في الفترة من اغسطس الى سبتمبر 2015م بولاية الخرطوم، اجريت في بنك النيل الازرق المشرق، و بنك التنمية الصناعيه، بنك النيلين، وبنك المزارع التجاري . تم تقييم هذه الدراسه باجراء القياسات موظفي البنوك وذلك لقياس الحول الخفي قبل وبعد الاجهاد، تم اخذ ديموغرافية البيانات (النوع والعمر)، فحص العين الخارجي بالبطارية (Torch)، تم فحص حدة الرؤية بواسطة لوحة سنيلين والحالة الإنكسارية للعينين بجهاز قياس الشبكية (Retinoscope)، وتم قياس اتجاه ومقدار حركة العين باستخدام كشف الغطاء والتغطية (cover test)، والحول الخارجي القريب بواسطة (Maddox Wing) قبل البدء في العمل صباحا وبعد 3 ساعات متواصلة من العمل. النتائج: مجموع (62) فرد شملوا الدراسة مع عدد متساو من ذكور والاناث، تراوحت اعمارهم ما بين (20-35) بمتوسط 28.70 ±4.28 سنة. 29% لديهم جفاف العين و 25.8% عدم الراحة، 19.4% لديهم صداع، 16.1% الم في العين و9.7% اجهاد. 46.8% من الافراد كان لديهم حول خفي (≥4▲) قبل بدء العمل ثم اصبحو 69.4% بعد العمل المتواصل لثلاث ساعات. تراوحت درجات الحلول الخفي من (0-14 ▲) بمتوسط 3.58 ± 3.74 قبل بدء العمل، و(0-16 ▲) بتموسط 4.54 ± 3.53 بعد العمل المتواصل، لا توجد فروقات ذات دلالات احصائية بالقيمة الاحتمالية 0.107 . الخلاصة: العمل لفترات طويلة على الحاسب الالي يزيد درجة الحول الخفي الوحشي القريب عند ، ويؤدي الي شكوي لدي العاملين. الكلمات المفتاحية: الحول الخفي الوحشي القريب، الحاسش الالي.Item The impact of Work Environment on Depression among Medical Personnel in Alhasaheesa locality in Gazira State, Sudan 2016(2019-03) Intisar Elshiekh Mohammed; Prof. Abdalla AbdelrahmanBackground: It is well documented that work environment influences overall life quality of workers including mental health and, in this generalization, medical personnel are not exceptional. Different studies showed that encouraging work environment has a positive impact on the workers’ mental health while the poor environment inflicts the reverse. International and many native work legislations have stressed on the right of the workers in having favorable working environment. The medical professional personnel have unique work environment that exposes them to different stressors. Depression risk factors can stem out from the unfavorable work environment rendering many of the medical personnel as victimized to it. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of work environment on depression among the medical personnel in Alhasaheesa locality in Gazira, Sudan. Methodology: This study enrolled 208 out of 428 medical personnel in Governmental Health Facilities in Alhasaheesa Locality, Al Gazira State, Sudan. The required data were collected by using predesigned closed ended question questionnaire through self-instruction. The impact of work environment on depression among them was assessed according to HAD scale. Results: Gender wise, the 208 participants included 123 (59.1%) females and 85 (40.9%) males with age ranging from 20 to 59 years and an average of 29.8 years. The participants included medical specialists (5.8%), medical officers (21.6%), pharmacists (1.4%), nurses (33.2%), medical assistants (1.9%), midwives (7.7%) and others (28.4%). They had variable duration of employment ranging from less than five years to more than 20 years. The risk factors significantly associated with depression were years of employment (p= 0.001), work facilities (p= 0.025) and job satisfaction (p= 0.048). Daily working hours and work relations were not significantly associated with depression (p= 0.524, 0.274 respectively). Conclusion: The risk factors in this study associated with work environment can be amended by carrying out thorough situation analysis and planning workable executable solutions. The factors that were not associated with depression can be augmented to help in buffering the depressive factors. Further studies are needed to explore the full extent of the problem so as to manage different stressors. Keywords: Work environment, Depression, Alhasahesa.Item The effect of prolonged and chronic occupational exposure to lead (pb) poisonous metal on the anterior segments of the eye(2019-03) Islam Taj Elsir Ahmed; Dr. Saif Hassan AlrasheedBackground: lead is a naturally occurring toxic metal found in the earth’s crust. Its widespread use has resulted in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of prolonged occupational lead exposure on the outer eye among workers of military industrial factory as well as to assess the knowledge and practice of the workers towards lead exposure and hazards of lead poisoning. Materials and Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of 100 workers all of them were males selected randomly from the lead-factory, their ages ranged from 21 to 67years with a mean age of 39.1 ± 10.3years. They were divided into two groups according to their duration of work (duration of exposure) group of short duration and group of long duration. Results: The finding revealed that 8% of workers of long duration had V.A less than 6/12 after best correction in place compared to 1% among workers of short duration. About 66% of long duration group presented with symptoms of irritated eye (foreign body sensation and tearing, itching and burning sensation and periodic redness) compared to 18% among group of short duration. The majority 83% of workers in group of long duration had (Pterygium and allergic conjunctivitis) compared only to 25% among group of short duration. The media examination showed that 16% of long duration workers had (cataract and corneal opacity), while surprisingly none of workers in group of short duration had any of those media abnormalities. With regard to knowledge of the workers about the effect of the lead poison on the eye only 30% of respondents were knew that the lead poison had effect on ocular health therefore the most of them not use the protection tools Conclusion: Chronic occupational lead exposure have a great effects on vision and eye health of the workers, its lead to reduce vision as result of development of amblyopia, it also had affect on the ocular media as well as causes severe allergic reaction. Thus, all the workers in this field should wear the protection tools that provided in the factory and there is critical need for examining their ocular heath annually. Key words: lead metal (pb), lead poisoning, military industry, anterior segments of the eye.Item Comparison of Optic Nerve, Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter and Optical Axial Length Measures in Healthy Sudanese Adult Students Considering the Refractive State of the Eye(2019-03) Fatima Elhag Ibrahim; Dr. Nuha Mohammed Fath AL-RahmanAim: This study was aimed to assess the range of optic nerve, optic nerve sheath diameter and optical axial length and to find if there is any relation between them considering the refractive state of the eye to be as a data base in Sudanese adult students. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional prospective study conducted at the University Eye Hospital, Photography Department, Gabra, Khartoum. The study included 250 healthy Sudanese adult students (500 eyes) of AL-Neelain University Faculty of Optometry and Visual Science 6.6% was hypermetrope, 24.6% myope and 68.8% emmetrope on a period of five months from May to September 2017. Permition was taken from consultant committee of the University Eye Hospital and Ophthalmic Photography Department managers, verbal consent was taken from the volunteers. Demographic data was taken. Vision was measured by Snellens E chart (ELLIS OPTICAL Co Ltd UK). Objectives refraction was done with Auto Kerato-Refractometer (TOPCON, KR-8900, POWER 75 VA, Japan). Outer eye was examind with YZ5G slit lamp (POWER 58 VA, 12V 30W halogen bulb). Inner eye with NIDEK NM-1000 Fundus Camera. Optic nerve diameter (OND) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) 3mm behind the globe both with optical axial length (OAL) measured by 6000 A/B Scan ophthalmic ultrasound. All measurements were taken twice and the average was recorded. Results: The mean age of the studied population was 20.6±2.06 years. Males were 34(13.6%) and females were 216(86.4%). Their vision was ranged from 0.016 to 1.2 with mean of 0.94±0.24±SD. The optical axial length ranged from 21 to 30mm with mean of 26.44±1.34 mm for emmetropics, 27.35 ±1.30mm for myopics and 26.34 ±1.05mm for hypermetropics. Range of optic nerve diameter was from 2.81mm to 4.18mm with mean of 3.16±0.16mm for emmetroics, 3.17±0.19mm for myopics, and 3.26±0.22mm for hypermetropics. Optic nerve sheath diameter was ranged from 3.98 to 6.53 with mean of 4.61±0.31mm for emmetropics, 4.58±0.30 for myopics and 4.67±0.41mm for hypermetropics. Correlation between optic nerve and optic nerve sheath diameters was significant. Optic nerve diameter and optical axial length showed no significant differences. optical axial length revealed significant relation with optic nerve sheath diameter. There are significant differences between emmetropes and myopes (P 0.460) in the optical axial length, hypermetropes and emmetropes in the optic nerve diameter (P 0.304). The difference was significant in optic nerve sheath diameter between emmetropes on one hand and myopes and hypermetropes on the other hand (P 0.396) and (P 0.236) respectively. Myopes and hypermetropes exhibited (P 0.135). Conclusions: There were significant differences in: axial length between emmetropes and myopes, optic nerve diameter between emmetropes and hypermetropes, in optic nerve sheath diameter between all refractive states. These measurements can be taken to be a data base for Sudanese adult students. Keywords: Optic nerve diameter, Optic nerve sheath diameter, Optical axial length.Item General Binocular Dysfunction (non-strabismic) in a population of Alribat University Students(2019-03) Ekram Alsayed Abbaker Abd eljalil; Madiha Sid Ahmed AliObjective: To determine the presence of general binocular dysfunction (non- Strabismic). In a Population of Alribat University Students. Material and Methods: A cross ectional- based study was conducted in Alribat University Hospital (Ophthalmic clinic), among Alribat University students during the period from June 2017 to January2018.The Main parameters evaluated include patients complain, visual acuity, Refractive Status. Accommodative assessment and orthoptic report. Results: A total of 250 University Students were enrolled in this study; 34% males' and 66% females, the Mean of age was 19.8±1.78 years.31.2 percentage of the subjects had binocular vision dysfunction and 68.8% Of the subjects had normal binocular vision. 11.6% of subjects had convergence Insufficiency, which represents more prevalent condition, 6% had accommodative Insufficiency while distribution of fusional vergence dysfunction 5.2%, Basic Exophoria and Convergence excess were same prevalent representing 3.6% and 1.2% of subjects had divergence excess. Conclusion: binocular vision dysfunction is Prevalent in this population. These Anomalies may cause symptoms of blurred vision, Fatigue, headache, and loss of Concentration. Key words: Binocular Dysfunction, Accommodation, Convergence Insuffiency, Fusional VergenceItem Determination of Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Fibrinogen Level and Platelet Count in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus(2019-03) Mohammed Ali Awed Elgeid; Leena Babiker Merghani; Nazik awad Alhassan; Nasr Eldeen Ali Mohammed GaufriBackground: The majority of patients with type II diabetes mellitus develop atherothrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE).One of the most complications of diabetes mellitus that includes coagulation imbalance. This study aimed to measure prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels and platelet count in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: This is a case control study, 120 participants were enrolled; 60 patients were known cases with type II Diabetes Mellitus; their mean age is 49 years admitted to the Kosti Teaching Hospital, and the other 60 normal individual were selected as controls. Coagulation profile included; prothrombin time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Fibrinogen Level were measured by fully automated Coagulometer Analyzer Thrombolyser XRC, while the Platelets count was counted by full automated hematological Analyzer (Sysmex KXN-21).Data were analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.The differences were considered statistically significant when P value less than 0.05 Results: The glucose as expected and fibrinogen levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus in comparison with the normal control group with (P value (0.00 and 0.00) respectively. While PT and APTT were statistically significantly shorter in patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus in comparison with the normal control group with P value (0.00 and 0,00) respectively. Platelet count showed no statistically significance difference in patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus in comparison with the normal control group with P value (0.485). Conclusion: This study concluded that PT and APTT were significantly shorter, while the Plasma fibrinogen level was elevated in Sudanese diabetes mellitus patients. Key words: Prothrombin Time; Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Fibrinogen; Platelet count; Diabetes Mellitus; Sudan.Item Chemical Composition and Physiochemical Properties of the Seeds and Oil from Sudanese Phoenix dactylifera L. (Al-Jaaw Dates)(2019-03) Badr Aldin. I. A. Idris; Ragaa. S. M. AbadiIn this study the date seeds of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Al-Jaaw) analyzed to evaluate metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The results obtained revealed that concentration of metals were K 50.144%, Ca 28.168%, Mg 8.772%, Fe 4.603% and Na 3.818%. The moisture and ash content of Al-Jaaw seeds was found to be 5.8089% and 1.836% respectively. The essential oil of Al-Jaaw seeds was extracted by maceration method in hexane 9.70%, the seeds extracted by soxhlet extraction methods with hexane 10.28%, chloroform 9.35% and methanol 0.65%. The physiochemical properties of the extracted oil were carried out using standard analytical methods. The refractive index and density were 1.463 and 0.855g/cm3 respectively, iodine value, peroxide value, Saponification value, acid value, ester value and free fatty acid were 51.1776 g I2/100 g fat, 0.015 mg /kg oil, 25.950 mg/g, 0.28055 mg KOH/g oil, 25.6695 and 0.1403% respectively. On the other hand, chemical composition of Al-Jaaw seed oil was investigated using GC-MS technique. Twenty-seven fatty acids were completely identified 56.42% saturated fatty acids of the total fatty acids while the unsaturated fatty acid represents 43.56% and the major compounds were oleic 31.22%, luaric 18.37%, palmitic 13.65%, myristic 13.16%, lionleic 9.89% and stearic acid 5.78%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Al-Jaaw seed water and hexane extracts, revealed the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, coumarins, cardenolides, tannins, flavonols and deoxy sugars. KEYWORDS: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), GC-MS technique, Al-Jaaw seeds oil, Fatty acid composition. المستخلص: في هذه الدراسة تم تحليل نواة تمر الجاو لتقدير مستويات بعض العناصر بإستخدام جهاز مطياف الإمتصاص الذري AAS)). وقد بينت نتائج الدراسة أن تراكيز العناصر في العينة كانت كما يلي: البوتاسيوم 51.144%، الكالسيوم 28.168%، الحديد 8.772%، الماغنسيوم 4.603% والصوديوم3.818% . تحليل نسبة الرطوبة و الرماد لنواة الجاو أعطي 5.8089% و %1.836 علي التوالي. كما تم إستخلاص الزيت الثابت بطريقة الأستخلاص بالنقع فى الهكسان وبلغت نسبته %9.70. وعند إستخلاص نواة تمر الجاوا باستخدام جهاز سوكسلت بإستخدام كل من الهكسان، الميثانول و الكلورفورم كمذيبات، حيث أعطي مستخلص الهكسان أعلي نسبة 10.28% ثم الميثانول 9.35% و أخيرا" الكلورفورم 0.64%. إختبارات الخواص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لزيت نواة الجاو باستخدام طرق التحليل القياسية اعطت معامل الانكسار1.463، الكثافة 0.855g/cm3، الرقم اليودي 51.1776g I2/100gfat، قيمة البيروكسيد 0.015mg/Kg oil، رقم التصبن 25.950mg/g، الرقم الحامضي 0.28055mg KOH/g oil، رقم الاستر25.6695 و الاحماض الدهنية الحرة اعطت 0.1403%. وقدرت نوعية وكمية مكونات الزيت بإستخدام جهازكروماتوغرافيا الغاز الملحق بمطياف الكتله فوجد أنه يحتوي على سبع وعشرون مركبا في الزيت موضع الدراسة والمركبات تمثل أحماض دهنية مشبعة بنسبة56.42% وأحماض دهنية غير مشبعة بنسبة43.56% ، وبه محتوي فريد من الأحماض الدهنية مثل حمض الأوليك 31.22%، حمض اللاوريك18.37% ، حمض البالميتيك 13.65%، حمض المايرستيك13.16% ، حمض اللينوليك 9.89% و حمض الاستياريك 5.78%. المسح الكيميائى النباتى الاولى للمستخلصين المائى والهكسان لمسحوق نواة الجاو اسفر عن وفرة المواد الصابونيه، الكربوهيرات، الكومارينات، الكاردينوليدات، تانينات، فلافونولات و السكريات المختزلة. الكلمات المفتاحية: جهاز مطياف الإمتصاص الذري (AAS)، جهازكروماتوغرافيا الغاز الملحق بمطياف الكتله (GC-MS)، زيت نواة الجاو، محتوي الأحماض الدهنية.