كلية القانون - ماجستير

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    حالة الطوارئ وآثارها على حقوق الإنسان (دراسة مقارنة)
    (جامعة النيلين, 2019) اسعد الحاج على وراق سيد أحمد
    يتناول هذا البحث حالة الطوارئ وآثارها على حقوق الإنسان دراسة مقارنة كموضوع من مواضيع القانون الدستوري، تمثلت مشكلة البحث في وجود تضارب بين حق الدولة في إتخاذ بعض الإجراءات الماسة بحقوق الإنسان عند تعرضها لظروف طارئة تعصف بأمنها وبقائها وبين حق الفرد في أن تحترم حقوقه وألا تتعرض للإنتهاك حتى أثناء هذه الظروف، ونبعت أهمية البحث في ما تمثله الظروف الإستثنائية من مساس بحقوق الإنسان المنصوص عليها في الدستور والمواثيق الدولية، ويهدف البحث إلى إزالة اللبس والغموض الذي يكتنف نظام الطوارئ بإعتباره ظرفا إستثنائيا، بالإضافة إلى بيان موقف الإتفاقيات الدولية من إعلان حالة الطوارئ، والضمانات المقررة لحقوق الإنسان في تلك الإتفاقيات في ظل حالة الطوارئ، ولتحقيق أهداف هذا البحث استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي كدراسة مقارنة أملاً في الوصول للحقائق العلمية، ولمعالجة مشكلة البحث آنفت الإشارة تناول البحث حالة الطوارئ بصفة عامة، كما تناول التنظيم القانوني لحالة الطوارئ في الدساتير والمواثيق الدولية، والآثار المترتبة على حقوق الإنسان في ظل حالة الطوارئ. وقد توصل الباحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج الهامة من أهمها أن القانون السوداني أعطى لرئيس الجمهورية صلاحيات واسعة في إصدار أي قرارات لحفظ النظام العام، وتوصل الباحث إلى أن هذه الصلاحيات الممنوحة لرئيس الجمهوررية تمس بصورة مباشرة بحقوق الإنسان، تنعكس النتائج التي أسفر عنها البحث في التوصية بضرورة تعديل النصوص المحددة للصلاحيات الممنوحة للسلطة المختصة لضمان حفظ النظام العام، وربط الصلاحيات غير المنصوص عليها في القانون، بأخذ الإذن من الهيئة التشريعية القومية، تسهم هذه التوصيات في إيجاد آلية تضمن الحفاظ على حقوق الإنسان في ظل حالة الطوارئ، التي من الممكن أن تمس بتلك الحقوق.
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    السلطة التشريعية في النظامين الوضعي والاسلامي
    (alneelain, 1998) ياسر عبدالعزيز ابراهيم
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    مبدا الفصل بين السلطات
    (alneelain, 2005) محمد يحي عبدالله القاهرة
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    الحق الدستوري للمراة في تولي الولاية العامة
    (alneelain, 2002) معتز الصادق محمد سلمان
    ABSTRACT This study tackles one of the most mulut-dimensional issues. Woman cause has been the most controversial topic in both the natural and humanitarian sciences. It has been deal with in diversfied viewpoints, and from a variety fo ideological grounds. Here we have dealt with thes issue from the legal constitutional point of view in comparison with the Islamic Legislatuer. The study aims at achieving a number of objectives that could be summarised into the following:- 1. Ensuring the significance role of woman in the society, attempting to explore her rights in Sharia, Constitution and Law. 2. Highlighting the influence of Islam on determining the rights of woman in the constitutional and legal fields. 3. Stating the rights guaranteed to woman in the international treaties and conventions. 4. Attempting to have an appropriate understanding to woman cause in the light on Sharia an constitutional terms. 5. Viewing woman situation under the various Sudanese constitutions and the legislatures referring to woman. All these objectives, combined together, have constituted the significance of this study. Such significance is rapidly growing within the framework of the. general human rights concepts and particularly woman's rights in the wake of the social, ecomomic and cultural changes taking place in the world of today as the woman cause became one of the international issues that affect all aspects. As woman involvement in the public service gave her a foot stand to prove competency, woman cause has been embraced by new international bodies such as the govermental and non-govermental organizations. The study then concluded with some points. 1. Disparity of woman situation between progress and prosperity in all human civilizations. 2. Woman has assumed many roles social and political in the early Islamic State. 3. Islam has stipulated rights for woman that are equal to those established for the men. Islam gave no differentiation between man and woman save those connected with her biological and. physiological nature. 4. Social and environmental conditions have overshadowed many rights that have already been guaranteed to woman. 5. woman situation in Sudan is generally advanced on the theoretical point of view and goes even beyond that established for woman in the recent international conventions. 6. Jurisprudence or some Muslim jurisprudents have only been relevant but to their respective cases and conditions. The study presents answers to all core questions and the relevant scientific hypotheses. The adopted approach has efficiently emiched the subject matter of the study. The study presents some recommendations. 1. Necessity of activating the role of woman in the society in accordance with the prevailing legislatures and Sharia regulations. 2. Enhancing fruitful co-operation between man and woman in serving community and faith as their respective roles compliment each other. 3. Opening and widening fields of work for woman in compatible with her nature and physiological abilities. 4. Elemination of unfair discrimination on woman with regard to assuming public posts. A number of minor recommendations were also presented.
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    نظم وضع الدساتير وتعديلها بالتركيز على التجربة السودانية
    (alneelain, 2007) محمد الصادق عبدالله
    Abstract The study of the constitution or any related subject is necessarily of highest importance because the constitution- represents the political, social and economic stability within the State as being the expression in a way or another of the least unanimous position of the people. A research under this subject requires an inquiry about the system whereby the constitution and it's amendment in the scope of the general principles of the constitutional law is carried out with reference to the Sudanese experience. Based on the above, the researcher will talk this issue under five chapters divided into themes containing the basic requirements and various branches following the targets of the research as below: The prelude shows the general constitutional principles that form a general introduction as well as a scientific approach to the subject. The chapter was divided into three themes: in the first theme, I discussed the definition of the constitution owing to several standards. The second theme contained the sources ofthe constitutional law in general theory And the third theme discusses the Sudanese constitutional law. The first chapter: this chapter focuses on the constitution systems based on the general principles. I mentioned the undemocratic drafting of the constitution as represented by the constitution by gift and the contract system. Then, I tackled the democratic systems represented by the constitutional referendum and the constituent Assembly. The second chapter points out the various types of constitution and the amendment patterns. The first theme discusses the types of constitutions in terms of drafting: drafted and undrafted constitutions divided into flexible and rigid constitutions. The second theme explains the constitutional amendment systems with regard to the amendment condltions and the concerned authority III charge of amendment and finally the amendment procedures. The third chapter deals with the constitutional experience in drafting constitutions. This chapter is divided into three themes the first of which deals with the constitution for the year '~o i during the period preceding the independence of the country. The second theme contains the Sudan constitutions which are drafted during the democratic regimes. The fourth chapter: this chapter is confined to the amendment of the Sudan constitutions and the texts indicating this matter in the first theme on one hand. On the other hand I indicated the repeal of the constitution within the general theory. At the end of this chapter the repeal ofthe Sudanese constitutions was mentioned. Finally, in the conclusion, the researcher reviews the results attained by the research as well as the proposals and recommendations.
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    مشروعية سلطات الضرورة في النظم الدستورية بالتركيز على النظام الدستوري السوداني
    (alneelain, 2004) خالد ابراهيم محمد حسين
    This study tries to decipher one of the most important issues nowadays; Martial Laws or the "Authority of Emergency" from a constitutional point of view in one hand, comparing it to the other constitutions and the Sudanese previous constitutions on the other hand. Concentrating of Sudan's Constitution 1988 in order to figure out our position with regards to the other legal international constitutions. In addition to that, Martial Laws cause a lot of trouble whenever they are implemented, for example, the State, it's constitutional or economic corporations, or the national top priorities, may face obstacles or difficulties, which pushes the executive authority represented in the president of the republic, to declare Martial Las, to address the situation. Always, such laws come into question whether they are legal or not. Is a matter of legal controversy, whether the president act constitutionally under such circumstance ... etc. It worth mentioning that Martial Laws were in effect in Egypt for many years they were becoming day after day a fact condition. Continuous renewing of such laws normalizes their existence. Moreover, the situation in Sudan is similar since the president has declared Martial Law on the 4th of Ramadan 1420H or the 11 th of December 1999, and dissolved the parliament. It's universally accepted that certain conditions may arise where declaring Martial Laws become necessary. One would mention the French constitution, amended in 19568, article (16), also the Egyptian constitution for 1971 has stated in article (74) procedures for declaring martial laws, the Sudanese constitution for 1988 has mentioned in chapter two, article (131,132,133) and necessitates the implementation of the Martial Law. From what has been said, it is procedures to study what calls and necessitates the implementation of the Martial Laws. This study tries to trace back it's origins in Sharia Laws and so forth to decide the legitimacy of Ramadan's Laws. The study composed of three chapters, chapter one discusses the legitimacy of the Martial Laws, its justifications in Sharia and other constitutions, moreover how they are related to democratic regimes; and what are the penalties of violations if committed. Chapter two is concerned with the "Theory Necessity" in Islamic Law "Sharia" its definitions, and rules. Finally chapter three discusses the concept of necessity and difference between sovereignty acts and discretion power, how they addressed and in other constitutions dealt with how the Sudanese previous constitution addressed the issue through various chapters and articles.
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    تعيين القاضي وعزله في الدستور التشادي والسوداني
    (2017) غانم أبكر علي إمام
    مستخلص البحث تناول هذا البحث موضوع في غاية الأهمية في علم القانون الدستوري حيث جاء عنوانه تحت :تعيين القاضي وعزله في الدستور التشادي والسوداني دراسة مقارنة وتمثلت مشكلة البحث في عدة محاور أهمها: ما هي شروط تعيين القاضي وعزله في كل من الدستور السوداني والدستور التشادي فضلا عن ذلك هل عزل القاضي دوما يستند على أسباب موضوعية أم لا، كذلك هل تنعكس حماية القاضي في عمله على المتخاصمين إيجابيا أم سلبيا. بالإضافة لذلك تناولت مشكلة البحث النظام القانوني لتعيين وعزل القاضي في كل من الدستورالتشادي والسوداني. هدفت الدراسة إلى توضيح الآتي: بيان مدى استقلال القاضي في عمله، التعرف على طرق التعيين التي اتخذها كل من الدستور التشادي والسوداني علاوة على ذلك هدفت الدراسة إلى توضيح إشكالية حماية القاضي وعدم قابليته للعزل. وتتضح أهمية هذه الدراسة في إظهار النظام القانوني لتعيين القاضي وعزله في كل من الدستور السوداني والتشادي من ناحية نظرية مع مراعاة واقع التطبيق من خلال استعراض الوضع في كل من النظام التشادي والسوداني حتى تستوفي الدراسة الجوانب النظرية والتطبيقية. واتبع الباحث في هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي وذلك لغرض وصف النصوص القانونية كما أوردها المشرع بخصوص تعيين وعزل القاضي في كل من الدستور التشادي والسوداني، فضلا عن ذلك اعتمدنا المنهج التحليلي وذلك لغرض تحليل النصوص القانونية ذات الصلة بموضع تعيين وعزل القاضي في كل من الدستور التشادي والسوداني آملين في ذلك توضيح مزايا وعيوب هذه النصوص. توصلت الدراسة إلى خاتمة تضمنت مجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات وكان أهم هذه النتائج: أن النظام القضائي السوداني أكثر استقلالا في النظام الإداري والمالي، وأن النظام التشادي أكثر استقرار من النظام السوداني في التعيين والعزل. وكانت أهم التوصيات تتمثل في الآتي: أن المجلس الأعلى للقضاء والمفوضية القومية للخدمة القضائية هما واجهتا الدفاع عن القضاء والقضاة من أي تأثير خارجي، وأنهما مسؤلان عن تأديب القضاة وفرض ما يلزم من عقوبة حتى إن وصل الأمر للعزل. وأن على النظام التشادي أن يقتفي النظام السوداني في استقلال المجلس الأعلى للقضاء إداريا وماليا. Abstract This research dealt with a very important subject in the law of constitution, under the title: The Appointment of the Judge and his Exclusion in the Chadian and Sudanese Constitution (Comparative Study). The problem of the research had several aspects such as: What are the conditions for appointing the judge and dismissing him in both the Sudanese constitution and the Chadian constitution? And is the judge permanently dismissed based on objective reasonable causes or not; as well as whether the judge's protection in his work affected the disputing parties positively or negatively. In addition, the research problem dealt with the legal system for the appointment and removal of judges in both the Chadian and Sudanese constitution. The study aimed at clarifying the following: The problem of the judge's protection and his ability to be dismissed. The importance of this study is to show the legal system for the appointment of the judge and his dismissal in both the Sudanese and Chadian Constitutions theoretically taking into consideration the reality of application by reviewing the situation at hand. The researcher followed a descriptive approach in this study for the purpose of describing the legal texts as stated by the legislator regarding the appointment and dismissal of the judge in both the Chadian and Sudanese Constitution. Moreover we adopted the analytical method for the purpose of analyzing the legal texts related to the position of appointment and dismissal of the judge in both the Chadian and Sudanese constitutions and this explains the advantages and disadvantages of these texts. The study concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations. The most important of these results was: That the Sudanese judicial system is more independent in the administrative and financial system and that the Chadian regime is more stable than the Sudanese system in appointment and dismissal. The most important recommendations were: That the Supreme Council of the Judiciary and the National Commission for the Judicial Service are faced with the defense of the judiciary and the judges from any outside influence, and that they are responsible for disciplining the judges and imposing the necessary punishment even if it comes to dismissal. And that the Chadian regime should follow the Sudanese regime in the independence of the Supreme Judicial Council administratively and financially.
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    الرقابة القضائية على دستورية القوانين
    (2012) الصادق الصديق محمد منصور
    ملخص البحث تبدو أهمية هذا البحث في أن الرقابة القضائية على دستورية القوانين تمثل الركيزة الأساسية لرفع الضرر عن أفراد الشعب جراء ما يصبهم من تطبيق نص قانوني ولائحة مخالفة للدستور قد يسلبهم الحقوق والحريات التي كفلها لهم الدستور. وكان السبب الرئيسي لاختيار موضوع الرقابة على دستورية القوانين هو البحث في كيفية قضاء المحاكم عند ما يدفع إليها نزاع ويدفع أحد طرفي الخصوم بعدم دستورية نص قانوني أو لائحة قد يسلبه حقوقه المكفولة بالدستور في كيفية حمايتها بشكل منظم تحت حماية القانون. وقد واجهت في هذا البحث عدة صعوبة منها غياب الدراسات الدستورية بصفة عامة في مجال الرقابة القضائية على دستورية القوانين وبصفة خاصة في القانون السوداني أي بقلة المراجع فيها. والهدف من وراء هذا البحث هو التعريف بالرقابة والدور التي ساهمت به في استقرار الأحكام والمعني بها قدم من جانب المحاكم. اتبعت في هذا البحث المنهج الموضوعي والمقارن . وقد تناولت هذا الموضوع في عدة فصول منها الفصل التمهيدي وبها ثلاثة مباحث الأول يتكلم عن تعريف ونشأة الرقابة القضائية والثاني عن التطور التاريخي والثالث عن التطور السياسي والفصل الثاني عن الرقابة القضائية وتحدثت فيه عن الأساس الفلسفي والعوامل التي قامت عليها الرقابة وموقف الدول منها والفصل الثاني تحدثت فيه عن المحكمة الدستورية وتناولت فيها الرقابة قبل إنشائها والرقابة في ظلها وأضرار القول بإنفرادها والإيقاف الوجوبي وتطبيقات عنها وتحدثت عن الفصل الثالث عن السلطات العامة وعلاقات السلطات مع بعضها البعض من حيث الرقابة المتبادلة بينهما وغيرها. وقد توصل الباحث إلى عدة نتائج وتوصيات أهمها : 1. الحقوق والحريات الأساسية حق مكفول للإنسان منذ حياته وإلى مماته. 2. مفهوم الرقابة القضائية يجعل القاضي على علم تام بالستور وما نص عليه من حقوق وحريات للأشخاص حتى لا يتعرض حكمه إلى النقض. 3. أن يحدد الدستور وبشكل دقيق الحقوق والحريات الأساسية التي يتمتع بها الإقرار والتي يجب أن لا تنتهك. Abstract Importance of this research seem to be judicial control over the constitutionality of laws is the essential foundation to raise the damage for the people by what Asbhm from the application of legal text and a list of violation of the Constitution may take away the rights and freedoms guaranteed to them by the Constitution. The main reason to choose the subject of control over the constitutionality of laws is to look at how to spend the courts when it pays a pay dispute and the parties to the opponents declared unconstitutional a statute or regulation would also deny rights guaranteed by the Constitution in how to protect them in an orderly fashion under the protection of the law. Has faced in this research, including the difficulty of the absence of several Constitutional Studies in general in the field of judicial control over the constitutionality of laws, particularly in Sudanese law, any lack of references in it. The aim behind this research is to introduce censorship and the role that contributed to the stability of its terms and on their feet by the courts. Followed in this research approach Almowodaa and Comparative Law.Have addressed this topic in several chapters including the introductory chapter with three Detectives first talk about the definition and the emergence of judicial control and the second on the historical development and the third for political development and the second chapter for judicial oversight and the philosophical basis and the factors upon which the position of countries, including the second chapter n the Constitutional Court dealt with the control Before its creation, control and damage to her and say Banfradha suspension mandatory and applications, and Chapter III for the public authorities in terms of reciprocal control between them and others. The researcher reached several conclusions and recommendations: 1. Fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed right of man to his life and since his death. 2. The concept of judicial review makes the judge is fully aware of what Balstor stipulated the rights and freedoms of the people so as not to subject to his veto. 3.To determine accurately the Constitution and the fundamental rights and freedoms enjoyed by the approval and that must not be violated.