أداب - ماجستير
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Item المجتمع المصري في عصر الولاة (20 - 254 هجرية / 641 - 868 ميلادية)(جامعة النيلين, 1976-08) محمد بهجت مختار عصفورItem تطور نظام العيون (الاستخبارات) منذ فجر الإسلام حتى العصر العباسي الاول(جامعة النيلين, 2004) أبو القاسم خليفة التهامي محمد أحمدAbstract This research studies the development of the Espionage System (Intelligence or Al - Ayoun) in the early Islamic ages. It shows the development that occurred in the Espionags System during the time of the prophet, (peace be upon him) then during the four guiding khalifas, (God bless them) and the time of both the Ummyads and the Abbassicls states. The Espionage System (Al - youn) started as a part of the Islamic military strategy, then it played an intelligence role on the economic, social, administrative and political security. The system changed from being a voluntary system to beconme a part of the formal administrative establishments of the state. This research is composed of an introducti_oi1, fivelchapters and a conclusion. The introduction explaining on the purposeifor choosing this topic, the significance of the research, it also includes the methodology of the research as well as mentioning the problem and the hypothesis of the research. The first chapter deals with Espionage system during the time of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) in Mekka and EL Madina, Where the prophet was the leader of that early Islamic state. The second chapter treats the Espionage System during the time of the four guiding khalifas, stating the develonment of the system during that blessed age. The third chapter treats the development of the Espionage System in the Ummyads period, the Arabic State witnessed a new development in the ruling policy and the administration . The fourth chapter handles the development of the system during the first Abbassid age, it also explains how the abbassids overthrew the Ummyads and made use of the Espionage System to watch and follow their enemies. The fifth chapter discusses the transference of the Espionage System from being a voluntary work to a formal one then a part of the formal institutions of the state. The conclusion of the research is a findings of the study, which is supported by bibliography.Item حروب الفتوحات الإسلامية واثرها غلى الإنفتاح الفكري في القرن الاول الهجري "كوردستان نموذجاً" دراسة تحليلية(جامعة النيلين, 2005) سازكار رضا إسماعيلAbstract . The research is- cotnposed ol' three chapters, an introduction and conclusion in addition to a list ofreferenees and an index. ' The first chapter in divided in to three topics in which I took up the origin ol’ conquests starting with a preface on the emergence oli Islamic mission; since Islamic conquests were the deception to wars during Islamic history, I also took up the concept ol’ \-var. its definition. its causes and types. After that I took up in deline the subject ol’ war in Islatnie, the beginning ol’ its imposition, its breakout causes, its literature with ample elucidation to the concept ol’_iihad as an Islamic significance. In the record chapter the philosophy of Islamic conquests was studied, the principlen and ideas lot" which Muslims fought, and the goal of lslatn which is the reform of mankind and letnd by noble sharia'.a in this trams I’ormation, with the liberation values which the l\/Iuslims accomplished because it is one ol’ the basic principles in Islam like justice, "freedom and equality, creation of peaeefitl coexistence by being aware ol’ it and potting it in to practice, with the other party through open-mindedness of every one to the other. The third chapter is the applied model and it is about the Kurds. The research took tip the Kurds‘ ancestry and their line; and the study of their areas with details on the course ol‘ Islamic conquests by presentation oI’a definitional frame work ol‘ the Kurds and their history; then the mode of the proceeding oli the conquests in Kurdish areas in detail; with reference to the most I’amous areas inhabited by the Kurds whether they were amajonty or a minonty; then the study of adoption of Islam by the Kurds and their in tellectual political and social condition after Islamic conquests. I The researcher concluded her research by a summary ol‘ results which represents the gist ofwhat she arrived at in her study tor this subject then a list 0l’t"efet"ei1ces and sources.Item عمرو بن العاص ودوره السياسي في الدولة الاسلامية (8 هـ - 629م) - (43 هـ - 664م)(جامعة النيلين, 2007) عفاف عبدالرحمن محمد عبدالرحمنThe beginning age of Islam was concerned and distinguished by special leader from the best men of the world of that time of all aspects such as war wisdom and clevemess. They were generation of sahaba who made the religious very clear and waded it through the ages and they came over the difficulties without separation in colour or race, land, language or culture. The respectable and best one of these men Amro Ibn Elaas was before Islam very good and in Islam was very good with awareness and he choosed Islam with desire. He appeared as a governor honest ambassador and better politician and he did the best and good treatment with in critical situation he took. The position of administration and financial and politician sine he had entered the Islam in eight of immigration prophet" Mohammed. The prophet began to make Amro closed to him. The prophet Mohammed prayer upon him dependent on him of serious impo1tance's such as the leader of Zat Alslasl battle and destroy of the Sowa status. In Khulfa Rashdeen he had good situations and attended all the wars of his age. He deferred Roman military and Egyptian. Extended his operation Arabic ocean till l\/lediterranean Sea in Islamic services till his death in forty three of immigration.Item الخليفة الفاطمي العاضد لدين الله و سقوط الدولة الفاطمية في مصر ( 555 - 067 هـ / 1160 - 1171م)(جامعة النيلين, 2005) ناصر طالب حسن عمروAbstract King Alaadid lidiean Alla, was the last king of Ftimia,s rule in Egypt . he had been installed a king when he was small, he make the kingdom suffer from interiors conflict of the prince of Egypt and the armies . The historical books don't care about this age and studies although it is a very important eara because it has large historical changing's, the study of Alaadid and the fall of the kingdom (555-567/1 160-1171) opened a way to a new look of Abasiea kingdom , shame‘s unity and Egypt. The method is followed in this research is the historical analysis , of the a whole historical actions which has important indications at the end of along age of Fatimiea kingdom , and the beginning of new age . This research falls into four chapters and conclusion . The first chapter discussed about Alaadid's age (555-567/1160-1171), which have a discussion about his "name, descriptions and his relationship with religious group and his step to the kingdom, and the advantages of his governing. The second chapter discusses king Alaadid and his relation ship with his ministry before the ministries conflict which happened (555-558/116O- 1163) and explains king's relationship with Rzaik,s family; ,here we find the king's plans and his controllence of the kingdom, the ignorance of Rizaik's son to father's recommendation cause Shower's mutineer. _ The third chapter discusses about king Alaadid Lidiean Allah and the Foreign countries interference in of ministry's conflict between Shower and Dirgam (558-564 & 1163 — 1169) discussed about the conflict which happened to the ministry's between Shower and Dirgam , and the effective of their relief for Noor eddiean Zinki and frinj to Egyptian people and Fatimeia kingdom in generalization, Shamian forces in Egypt and Alsham. .3 The fourth chapter discussed about Salaih Eddiean to the ministry, and his role in Fatimiea kingdom's ielt (564-567~/1169-1171) here we discussed about Serickoh in the ministry's which it was exchanged to Salah eddiean Alayoobi after a time who put in his mind and plane to fell Fatimiea's and abbasiea's kingdom , and forms the Ayoobian's kingdom in Egypt . Submitted By: Nasir Talib Amro. Supervisor: Pr0:- F isal 11/Iohammed MusaItem المماليك ودورهم في إنهاء الوجود الصليبي في بلاد الشام (648- 702هـ / 1249 – 1303م)(جامعة النيلين, 2017) مزمل حسن الصديق الطيبمستخلص البحث تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوع المماليك ودورهم في إنهاء الوجود الصليبي في بلاد الشام (648_702ه /1249_1303م) باعتبار أن هذه الفترة من الفترات المهمة في التاريخ الإسلامي , أمّا منهج الدراسة فهو المنهج التاريخي الوصفي التحليلي , وتظهر أهمية في أنها تعكس جانباً مهماً من تاريخ الجهاد الإسلامي ضد الصليبيين في عهد المماليك . إن الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو التعرف على دور المماليك في إنهاء الوجود الصليبي في بلاد الشام في الفترة من (648_702ه /1249_1303م) وقد شهدت هذه الفترة ظهور حكام أقوياء أمثال بيبرس ,وقلاوون ، والأشرف خليل ، والناصر محمد ، الذين كان لهم دور كبير في توحيد الجبهة الإسلامية ، وإحياء سنة الجهاد ضد الصليبيين والتي انتهت بإخراجهم من بلاد الشام بعد كفاح مرير . يحتوي هذا البحث على مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة فصول وخاتمة وقائمة المصادر والمراجع والفهرست ، يشتمل التمهيد على الأوضاع السياسية في بلاد الشام ، وأصل المماليك ، وكيفية انتقال الحكم إليهم من الأيوبيين ، وماهية الحروب الصليبية . والفصل الأوّل يتحدث عن جهاد السلطان بيبرس ضد الصليبيين وموقفه من الحملتين الصليبيتين البرتقالية والإنجليزية ، وحملته الأخيرة في بلاد الأناضول ، وكيفية وفاته . أمّا الفصل الثاني فهو يتناول التحالف الصليبي _المغولي أيّام السلطان قلاوون ,و اتفاقياته مع الفرنج ، ثم معارك التحرير ضد الصليبيين ، بدءا بعركة حمص ، وتحرير حصن المرقب ، وتحرير مدينة طرابلس الحصينة ، واستعداده لفتح مدينة عكا فحال الموت بينه وبين تحقيق حلمه وفي الفصل الثالث تناول الباحث انتصارات الملك الأشرف خليل، وخلفائه من بعده ضد الصليبيين والتي انتهت بإخراجهم من بلاد الشام نهائيا في عهد السلطان الناصر محمد بن قلاوون ، بعد أن مكثوا في بلاد الشام أكثر من مائتين عام . وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج أهمها : 1– إن قيام دولة المماليك جاء نتيجة لتفكك العالم الإسلامي , وبالتالي بروزهم كقوة جديدة مسيطرة على المنطقة . 2- إن أوضاع الصليبيين المتدهورة كانت عاملاً مهماً في القضاء عليهم Abstract This study is taking into account the Mamluks and their role in ending the exist ence of the Crusaders in the levant in the period from(648-702/1249-1303)because this era is an important one in the Islamic history , the study takes the historical descriptive and analytical me tlnod , important part of Islamic jehad against Crusaders The purpose of this study is to identify the role of the Mamluks in ending the Crusader presence in the levant in the period from (648-702 /1249-1303). This period witnessed the emergence of powerful rulers such as Al-zaher Baybars ، and Qallawun ، and Ashraf Khlil and Nasser Muhammad ,who played a major role in unifying the Islamic Front and reviving the Year of Jihad against the Crusaders ، which ended with their expulsion from the Levant after a bitter struggle . This research contains an introduction ، a preface ,three chapters ,a conclusion ، a list of sources ,references and a catalog .The preface includes the political situation in the Levant ,the Mamluks ,the rule of the Ayyubids ,and the Crusades . The first chapter talks about the jihad of Sultan against the Crusaders and position on the Orange and English ، and his last campaign in the country of Anatolia ، and how to die . The second chapter deals with the Crusader-Mongol alliance during the days of Sultan Qalawan ,his agreements with the Franks ,and then the battles of liberation against the Crusaders ، starting with the Battle of Homs ,liberating the fort of the watchtower ,liberating the fortified city of Tripoli and his willingness to open the city of Acre . The third chapter deals with the victories of King Ashraf Khalil and his allies after him against the Crusaders ,which ended with their expulsion from the Levant during the reign of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawan ، after they stayed in the Levant more than 200 years . The study arrived to the following: 1 – The Mamluks state comes due collapse of the Islamic work there fore they become the now power to the area bad 2- The stats Crusaders help in destring themItem قيام دولة المرابطين ودورها في نشر الإسلام في السودان الغربي (448-541هـ- 1056م- 1147م)(جامعة النيلين, 2017) صلاح آدم عيسى محمدالمستخلص جاءت هذه الدراسة عن قيام دولة المرابطين ودورها في نشر الإسلام في السودان الغربي، وكان موطن المرابطين في الصحراء الغربية، موطنهم الصحراء الكبرى والتي تحدها من الجنوب بلاد السودان حيث مملكة غانة الكبيرة، وفي الغرب المحيط الأطلسي، وفي الشرق نهر النيجر عندما يتلوي شمالاً إلي جهة تمبكتو، وفي الشمال منطقة سجلماسة التي يقال لها اليوم تافيلات، وفي هذه الصحراء كانت تعيش قبائل صنهاجة اللثام البربرية، ونسبة لأنحراف نظام الحكم عن نظام الشوري إلي الوراثي الذي سبب نزاعاً عنيفاً علي منصب ولاية العهد، وتنازعهم علي السلطة سببت تمزقاً داخلياً، ففقدت الدولة المرابطية وحدتها الأولي. وكذلك الضعف الفكري الذي أصاب فقهاء المرابطين وحجرهم علي أفكار الناس، ومحاولة إلزامهم بفروع مذهب الإمام مالك وحده، وعملوا علي منع بقية المذاهب السنية تعصباً لمذهبهم، بل قاموا بإحراق كتب الإمام الغزالي. ولأهمية هذه الدراسة ولإلقاء مزيداً من الضوء قسمت هذه الدراسة إلي مقدمة وثلاثة فصول وخاتمة تناول الفصل الأول نشأة دولة المرابطين، وقبائلهم، وأصولهم، وأماكن تواجدهم وأسلوبهم في الحياة حتى ظهور الأمير يحي بن إبراهيم الجدالي، ولقاءه بالفقيه أبي عمران الفاسي شيخ المذهب المالكي، والذي أختاره عبد الله بن ياسين الجزولي ليتوجه معه إلي بلاده ليعلمهم أمور دينهم. ثم تناولت الدراسة رحلة عبد الله بن ياسين في بلاد صنهاجة وتشدده في الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر، حتى نفر منه القوم، وأعرضوا عنه . فتوجه عبد الله بن ياسين إلي جزيرة نائية بناءً علي مشورة يحيي بن إبراهيم الجدالي، وفي تلك الجزيرة أسس رباطه المعروف، وأخذ الناس يقبلون عليه، حتى أجتمع له نحو ألف رجل اسماهم المرابطين، ودعاهم إلي الجهاد في سبيل الله، وبث الدين الإسلامي في بلاد صنهاجة. وحوت الفصل الثاني دورهم في نشر الإسلام في السودان الغربي، عبر عدة طرق ووسائل منها الدعاة والتجار والصوفية، ثم جهودهم في تطهير مملكة غانة الوثنية وتحويلها غلي الإسلام، ونتج عن تلك الجهود قيام الممالك الإسلامية في السودان الغربي وهي مملكتي مالي وصنغاي، وظهرت المدن التجارية مثل: تمبكتو وجني وكومي صالح وغيرها من مدن السودان الغربي التجارية. وتناولت في الفصل الثالث إنطلاقة المرابطين نحو المغرب الأقصي وتوحيدها تحت زعامتهم، ودور الزعيم أمير المسلمين يوسف بن تاشفين المؤسس الحقيقي لدولة المرابطين، ومؤسس مدينة مراكش في عام 454هـ, وجوازه إلي الأندلس أربع مرات للقاء النصاري، ترك يوسف لخلفه دولة مترامية الأطراف موطدة الأركان، أستمر حكم المرابطين في المغرب قرابة القرن من الزمان حتى ظهور المهدي بن تومرت مما تسبب في اضطراب أحوال الدولة وزوالها. Abstract This study was about the establishment of the Almoravid state and its dynasty in the spread of Islam in the western Sudan. It was the home of the Almoravids in Western Sahara, the Chinguit Desert or what is now called Mauritania. Which is bordered by the south of the country of Sudan, where the great city of Ghana, and in the West Atlantic Ocean, and in the east, the Niger River when it tails north to the direction of Timbuktu, and in the north Sigmassa area, which is said today Tafilat, and in this desert lived Sanhjp tribes barbarism, and the deviation of the system The ruling on the Shura regime to the genetics, which caused a violent dispute over the position of the state of the Covenant, and their struggle for power caused an internal rupture, and the Almoravid State lost its primary unity. As well as the intellectual weakness that struck the Almoravid jurists and their stone on the ideas of people, and the attempt to bind the branches of the doctrine of Imam Malik alone, and worked to prevent the rest of the Sunni sects fanaticism of their doctrine, but burned the books of Imam Ghazali. And the importance of this study and shed more light This study divided into an introduction and three chapters and conclusion Chapter I The emergence of the state Almoravidin, tribes and origins, and their places and their way of life until the emergence of Prince Yahya bin Ibrahim al-Jaddali, and his meeting with the jurisprudent Abu Amran Fassi Sheikh Maliki school, which I choose Abdullah bin to go with him to his country to teach them the things of their religion. Then the study dealt with the journey of Abdullah bin Yasin in the country of Sanhajah and stressed in the matter of the promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, so as to alienate the people, and offered him. Then he went to a remote island on the advice of Yahya bin Ibrahim al-Jadali, and on that island he established his well-known bond and took people to accept him until he met him about a thousand men called Almoravids, and called them to jihad in the name of allah, The second chapter examines their role in the spread of Islam in Western Sudan through a number of means, including preachers, merchants, and Sufis, and their efforts to purify the pagan kingdom of Ghana and transform them into Islam. These efforts resulted in the establishment of Islamic kingdoms in the western Sudan, Mali and Sangai. Timbuktu, Genie, Kumy Saleh and other commercial cities of Sudan. In the third chapter, the beginning of the Almoravids towards the Maghreb and unification under their leadership, and the leader of the Muslim Emir Yusuf ibn Tashifin, the true founder of the Almoravids, the founder of the city of Marrakesh in 454 AH, and his passport to Andalusia four times to meet the Nasari, The rule of the Almoravids in Morocco for nearly a century until the appearance of Mahdi Ben Tumert, which caused the disruption of state conditions and demise