PHD theses : Science
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Item VITAM B1; MODELS: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGAND BRIDGED DICOBALOXIMES(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2009) BAKHEIT M USTAFA MOHAMED SALIHItem structural &spectroscopic stuoies on antenna protein complexes sing atomic force &laser scanning microscop(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2003) Elsiddiq Tawer Kafi AburassABSTRACT ln this work we studied mainly the structure and liunctionality of aggregated antenna molecules of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Our goal was to understand some of thc nicchtinism ul'solar Hltllilllflll cimvcisiuii in the hiulugical systciils. lllc iicccssity ol'l|tc work arises from the vital importance of the photosynthetic phenomena for lite on the earth to occur and continue, and the essential role which the antenna complexes play in this process. State-of the-art technology in the tield of microscopy was used for this goal. Atomic force and laser scanning microscopes were used as main tools in this work. Methods for crystallizing the LH2 protein complex were developed, and the ring structure olithis antenna complex was resolved to nano-metcr scale. lilectric conductivity ot' the Lll2 was studied with Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS). With One-Photon Excitation (OPE) technique the dipole strength of the energy transfer between adjacent Ll'l2’s in the inter-molecular spaces was postulated, and the kinetics ofthe energy was modeled in the intra-molecular spaces for the B850 group. A model suggesting the existence of a metastable state, and traps of excitations within the system is postulated. Two-l’l1oton Excitation (TPE) technique was successfully applied to chloroplasts. The 3D structure ofsingle intact chloroplast complexes was obtainable with good contrast. mItem Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Based Catalysts and their Performance in Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil.(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2009-05) Zaki Eldin Awad Elgeed Ali AbdallaBeijing University of Chemical Technology Doctoral Dissertation Abstract Deep desulfurization of transportation fuels has become an important research subject due to the increasingly stringent regulations and fiiel specifications in many countries for environmental protection purpose. In this respect, a lot of research work has been done to reduce the sulfiir contents in fuel to ppm level, but the problem persists. To attain this target we used Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) method, which is considered one of the promising techniques used for desulfurization, owing to its attractive features such as mild reaction temperature and pressure, lower cost of operation and environmentally fiiendly. Thus, for ultra deep desulfurization of oil a series of ttmgsten based catalysts was designed using different strategies. The aim was to prepare efficient catalysts by simple method and relatively inexpensive and find the most suitable reaction conditions for oxidative desulfurization. Therefore following this conception, firstly Na;WO4/Al;O; promoted with different concentrations of phosphates (to enhance its catalytic activity towards oxidation desulfurization) was prepared by impregnation method. Analytical characterization results (XRD, XPS, and FT-IR) revealed that tungstate and phosphate were uniformly dispersed in alumina matrix and its structural properties were preserved. The experimental data showed that phosphate promoted Na;WO4/A120; catalyst was highly active for ODS, it reduced the sulfur of model oil containing DBT with 500 ppm S to a level of less than 2 ppm (corresponding to 99.7% sulfur removal) at 90 °C, H20;/S molar ratio =5, using 200 mg of catalyst, 25 ml model oil and 1 ml of acetic acid as phase transfer within 2 h. The catalyst was also found to be reusable and the experimental results showed that no significant decrease in its activity occurred for five runs. Na;WO4Pl.5/A1103 was applied in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of FCC diesel oil (with sulfur contents 4100 ppm) as well. The reaction was canied out at 80 °C, H20;/S molar ratio =20 using 500 mg of catalyst, 25 ml FCC diesel oil, 5 ml of glacial acetic acid as a phase transfer reagent and 5 h continuous stirring under reflux conditions, and the oxidized oil was extracted with Methanol and passed through (1 >< 25 cm) alumina colunm (10 g A1203). The results showed that the catalyst reduced the sulfiir contents of oil FCC diesel oil from 4100 ppm S to 320 ppm S (corresponding 92% sulfur removal). Beijing University of Chemical Technology Doctoral Dissertation Secondly, W/MCM-41 mesoporous catalyst with different tungsten amounts was prepared by wet impregnation method in acidic media. The catalyst was charactenzed by XRD, FT -IR, SEM, SEM/EDX, TEM, XPS and N; adsorption. The characterization results revealed that tungsten was introduced successfully into MCM-41 silica support without changing its morphology even at high loading contents. The catalytic oxidation activity of the synthesized materials was found to be significant and gradually increased with increasing W loading on MCM—4l support. This catalyst reduced the sulfur contents of model oil from 500 ppm S to 3.6 ppm S corresponding to 99.3% Sulfur removal at 80 °C, H202/S molar ratio =5, using 100 mg of catalyst, 25 ml model oil, and 0.15 ml of acetic acid as phase transfer within 1.5 h. The catalyst was also recycled and the results showed no significant decrease in catalyst activity for three runs. Polyoxometalates has been considered as efficient catalysts for oxidation and exhibit fast reversible multi-electron redox transfomiations under mild reaction conditions. So, in order to achieve the advantages of both: the mesoporous MCM-41 support and catalytic properties of monovacant lacunary Keggin-type Polyoxometalate encapsulated quaternary ammonium salt, MCM-41 supported (BU4N)4H3(PW1|O39) mesoporous material with different (Bu4N)4H3(PW"O39) loadings was prepared by impregnation method in ethanoilic acidic media under reflux conditions. The use of acidic media was to avoid the hydrolysis of Polyoxometalates, while the quatemary ammonium salt was anchored in catalyst structure to take advantage of its large lipophilic hydrocarbon part, which helped in hydrophobic distribution of the catalyst in oil, in favor of less mass transfer resistance and faster reaction rate, avoiding the use of extemal phase transfer reagent. Characterization results revealed that MCM-41 retained its mesoporous structure even at high (Bu4N)4H3(PW||O39) loadings. BET analysis showed that catalysts possessed high surface area (805 — 9l2 ml/g), and (Bu4N)4H3(PW11O39) was homogeneously dispersed on silica support and grafted on its surface through W—Si—O linkage. Wide angle XRD and “P CP—MAS NMR confinned the perpetuation of its lacunary Keggin unit during synthesis. The material was found to be more active for oxidative desulfurization of organosulfur compounds than NagWO4/PxAl;O; and W/MCM-41 catalysts and desulfurized almost 100% of DBT and thiophene under mild reaction conditions (60 °C, H202/S molar ratio = 4, 100 mg of catalyst, 25 ml model oil and 1 h). The catalyst was also reusable and its activity was not reduced even afler four Beijing University of Chemical Technology Doctoral Dissertation recycles runs. When the catalyst was applied for oxidative desulfurization of FCC diesel oil with 974 ppm S, a sulfur removal of 97.2% (27 ppm S) was achieved at 70 °C, H20;/S molar ratio = 20, using 200 mg of catalyst, 25 ml of FCC diesel oil and 3 h continuous stirring. The oxidized oil was separated by simple extraction with methanol. Finally, Polyoxometalates were attempted to incorporate into mesoporous silica framework by direct synthesis route using co-condensation sol-gel method in the presence of CTAB as surfactant. In this respect, novel Cetyltrimethylammonium encapsulated monovacant lacunary Keggin Polyoxometalates units (C19H4;N)4H3(PW,|O;w) incorporated SiO¢ with different (C|9H4;N)4H;(PW11O39) contents (6.3- 14.9%) was prepared and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman scattering spectroscopy, “P CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, XPS, XRF, N; adsorption/desorption, DSC and HRTEM. The characterization results revealed that (C19H4¢N)4H3(PW|1O39) was highly dispersed into silica matrix and its structure remained intact afier formation of the material. The material possessed high surface area (543-1009 ml/g), pore volume (0.40-1.19 cm’/g), and pore walls thickness (5.85-9.37 nm) with interconnected wonn-like mesostructure. Small angle XRD and N; adsorption/desorption results showed that the material retained its mesoporous structure for up to 14.9wt.% (C|9H4;N).4H3(PW"O39) loading, further increase in percentage resulted in the formation of disordered structure with abundant micropores. The resulting material (C191-l41N)4H;(PWnO;9)/SiO; was highly porous and showed high catalytic activity for oxidation desulfiuization of DBT and reduced its sulfur contents from 500 ppm S to 0.2 ppm (corresponding to 99.96% sulfur removal) at 60 °C, H202/S molar ratio = 4 using 100 mg of catalyst, 25 ml model oil and 1.5 h. So this thesis presents the development of tungsten based catalysts from conventional ‘alumina supported NalWO4 promoted with phosphate’ catalyst to the ‘mesoporous MCM-41 silica supported WO;, and(Bu4N)4H;;(PW"O3i;) catalysts and finally, ‘direct incorporation of (C19H4;N)4H3(PWnO;9) into mesoporous silica, in order to find the most suitable precursor and reaction conditions. Key Words: Tllngsten, catalyst, Mesoporous materials, Oxidative desulfizrization, Polyoxometalate, FCC Diesel oil. IIIItem SYNTHESIS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF BRANCHED CHAIN ALKYLGLYCOSIDES(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004) HIND HASSAN ABDALLA HASHIMABSTRACT Twenty branched chain alkylglycosides and their peracetylated derivatives have been synthesised and their structures elucidated and characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (‘H and UC), infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The head groups of these glycolipids are either B-glucose or B-maltose, while their tails are derived from branched chain alcohols (Guerbet alcohols) having 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 carbon atoms. Their thermotropic phase behaviour is investigated using optical polarising microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and small angle X- ray scattering. The glucoside compounds with shorter tails of 8 and 12 carbon atoms exhibit a smectic A phase only while the glucosides with longer tails of 16, 20 and 24 carbon atoms exhibit a columnar phase only. The smectic A phase is also exhibited by maltosides with 8, 12 and 16 carbon atoms in their tails. Thermotropic polymorphism (smectic A phase, cubic phase, and columnar phase) is observed for maltosides with longer tails of 20 and 24 carbon atoms. Moreover, the maltoside with 20 carbon atoms in its tail shows also two bicontinuous cubic phases (Im3m and Pn3m), a rare observation among a lkylglycoside c ompounds. A comparison 0 f the therrnotropic phase behaviour between the branched and straight chain alkylglycosides has been carried out. Compared to the straight chain alkylglycosides, the branched chain alkylglycosides have lower melting temperatures and a wider variety of liquid crystal phases. Lyotropic phase behaviour investigation by contact penetration with water shows a variety of phases for these glycolipids. All glucosides with 8, 12 and 16 carbon atoms in their tails exhibit micellar solution and fluid lamellar while those with 20 and 24 carbon atoms in their tails exhibit myelin texture. Maltoside compound that has the shortest tail shows lyotropic polymorphism behaviour (micellar solution, normal hexagonal, normal bicontinuous cubic and fluid lamellar phase). Maltosides with 12, 16, 20 and 24 carbon atoms in their tails exhibit (micellar solution and fluid lamellar), fluid lamellar, (fluid lamellar and myelin) and myelin texture, respectively. The phase behafiour of mixture systems have also been studied for maltoside compounds and explained qualitatively.Item The Possible Effect.of MineraliZation in Water Quality of Hofrat Enhas Area Southwestern Darfur-Sudan(Alneelain University, 2008) Zeinab Abd elrahman Adam Eltahir ElrabeiThis study aims at assessing the possible effect of mineralization in drinking water quality in Hofrat Enhas area, South Darfur State which situated between; lcngitudes: 24' 36 00' to 25' 36 00' E and latitudes 9' 06 0010 10" ad 00' N. Water samples were collected from different sources in wet and dry seasons, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer; induced couple plasma, and traditional titration techniques. Different computer software's were used to analyses and interpretate data such as _Aqua chem and PHREEQC and SPSS. From the analyses data sodium followed by calcium and magnesium were the main dominant cations, while bicarbonate followed by chloride and sulphide were the dominant anions in wet and dry seasons. The moderately established correlation between sodium and bicarbonate is due to the presence of thermonatrite (Na;CO3: I-I 20) and halite (Na Cl‘) in under saturated state.The moderate to strong correlation between magnesium, calcium and bicarbonate indicate of the presences of dolomite and carbonate rocks in the study area. The Partial correlation betweenlmajor cations and major anions showed that the water exhibits simple dissolution or mixing processes due to no dominancy of an anion and/or a cation. l Multi variant classifications of water samples in dry and wet seasons have resulted into three homogenous clusters (groups). Farther classification by Factor analysis indicates three components responsible of the variation with the data area in wet and dry seasons The main ground water facies in wet season are normal earth alkaline and normal earth alkaline withprevailing bicarbonate. While in the dry season is earth alkaline with increase portion of alkalis in water and the processes that control these facies are ion exchange and simple dissolution or mixing processes. I ' I-lydro-geochemical modeling based on thermodynamic calculations of ionic activities and saturation indices of groundwater samples has pointedto the presence of calcite, aragonite, malachite, magnetite, dolomite, fluoride, zincite, halite, magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite and tenorite. The above mentioned minerals have shown under saturated state and occur in the fractured zones in the study area. While minerals in oversaturated state include are magnetite, goethite, ferihydrite, hematite, maghhemite, cupric ferrite and cuppros ferrite. The suitability of the waters for irrigation purposes has been also studied using Willcox diagram. Most of water samples are suitable for irrigation purposes ' From correlate data witl1 W.H.O standard ,most of trace chemical constituents effect human health have shown higher levels than WHO drinking water standard this may be due to mineralization in the study area. _ Correlation between the mean concentrations of the different parameters in two seasons (wet, dry) in I-lofrat Enhas area shows that there are no significant differences between the mean concentrations of all the studied variables.Item IN VIVO DOSIMETRY FOR RADIOTHERAPY USE AND ACCURACY FOR PATIENT DOSE VERIFICATION METHODS(Alneelain University, 2005) Abdelrahman Mustafa GasmelbariRadiotherapy is an important curative treatment modality for various types of cancer, e.g., head and neck and prostate tumours. Also, it plays an important role in the palliation of malignant disease. The aim of curative radiotherapy is to eradicate tumour cells and to spare surrounding normal tissue. Using multiple beams of high energy x-rays, a homogeneous dose is delivered to an accurately localized target volume with minimal effects on surrounding normal tissues. Nowadays, conformal radiotherapy is often used: the three-dimensional dose distribution conforms as close as possible to the shape of the target volume, e.g. by beam shaping or beam intensity modulation. A prerequisite for conformal and total body irradiation (TBI) therapy is to monitor the treatment with in vivo dosimetry and portal imaging, to ensure a high precision in dose level and geometric set-up of each individual patient. In Chapter l, a brief introduction of radiotherapy and the aims of the thesis are described. The principles of in vivo dosimetry in photon beam radiotherapy are explained in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with the in vivo dosimetry study during conformal treatment of 368 patients with prostate cancer. In vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery to each patient prostate cancer patients to within 1~ 2.5%. In Chapter 4, in vivo dosimetry study during treatment of 109 patients with parotid‘ gland tumour is reported. In vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery to each patient with parotid gland tumour to within 1 4%. The third in vivo dosimetry, performed during the TBI treatments of 32 patients with different blood malignancies is presented in Chapter5. Although the number of patients is small, but in. vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery, so far, to each patient treated with'TBI to withini 3%. Conclusions, future work and recommendations are described in Chapter 6. This study shows that in vivo dosimetry grantees an accurate dose delivery for each individual prostate, parotid and total body irradiation patients to within acceptable accuracy, better than those reported in the literature.Item Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Monechma ciliatum (J acq.) Milne-Redhead Stem(Al Neelain University, 2007-08) Sawsan-Bushra Hassan OsmanMonechma ciliatum (Jacq.) Milne-Redhead is an annual plant of the Acanthaceae family and locally known as "black mahlab" growing in some African and Asian countries. It was chosen for this study becauseiof its uses as an old remedy and cosmetic agent in Sudanese folk medicine. In Gibal Alnuba (Southern Kurdofan) it is used for treatment of vomiting and diarrhea in children and further used in traditional Sudanese fragrances, lotion and cosmetics in wedding and childbirth rituals and ceremonies. Phytochemical screening was "carried out seperately on petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extracts of the plant stem which revealed the presence of fatty acids, volatile oils, sterols and triterpenes, basic alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, flavone aglycone, emodols, tannins, polyuronides, alkaloid salts, reducing compounds and saponins. Antimicrobial screening of the three extracts showed that the petroleum ether and the methanolic extracts were the most active and further were subjected to column chromatographic fiactionation and monitoring of their antibacterial activity H The petroleum ether extract was investigated by GC-MS technique and resulted in identification of 60.52% of the extract as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, fi'ee acids and esters of acyclic, alicyclic or aromatic nature as well as lignans. It was proposed that the activity may well be due to the high content of sterols (~ 30%) and phthalic acid esters (5.25%). The active column fiactions F4 and F5 of theimethanolic extract were further investigated by analytical and preparative TLC and aiforded seven compounds which were identified and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Three compounds were not previously described in the literature namely: ‘ F4-I characterized as: 4-(3',4'- methylenedioxy-6‘-methoxyphenyl)-5,6- methylenedioxy-2,3-naphthalide. F5-I characterized as: Tetrahydro-1-acetoxy-4-(3',4‘,5'-trimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-naphthalide. F5-IV characterized as: 8-(4,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-8'-(4‘,5'- dimethoxybenzyl)-7'-hydroxy-Y-butyrolactone. The other four known compounds were identified as: F4-II: B-Sitosteryl glucoside. ' F4-III: Mearnsetin. F5-II: Tetrahydro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -4- [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) methyl]-3-furanomethanol. F5-IH: Magnolin. Compound F6-I has been isolated fi'om column fraction F6 and identified as sucrose by comparison of its MS and Nl\/[R-spectra with those of authentic samples. It is noteworthy that the stem of M. ciliatum was not previously investigated and the results of chemical composition of the petroleum ether and methanol extracts were reported for the first time in the present thesis.Item In vitro Morphogenesis and Microtuber Induction in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(Al Neelain University, 2009-09) Khadiga Gaafar Abd Elaleem IbrahimEstablishment of an efficient tissue culture system is an important step for plant breeding programs. Initially tissue culture protocols have been established for four commercially important potato cultivars namely, Diamant, Almera, Alpha, and Agria. Seed tubers were incubated at 4'C under dark condition for sprouting and used for in vivo culture. Bud, node, stem segment, leaflet segment, and tuber segment explants were sterilized using sodium hypochlorite. Nodal explants were used for establishing sterile in vitro micoplants, rapid multiplication, and subsequent rooting, acclimatization, microtuber induction and indirect plantlets regeneration. For multiplication response for all cultivars and all hormones treatment regeneration percentage was ranging between 25% - 100%. For shoot number, Almera gave the maximum number of shoot (5.4:l:O.7lI shoot/explants) in MS media supplemented with 3.0 mg/l TDZ+0.1 mg/l NAA. For rhizogenesis of direct regenerated micrpoplants, it was observed that when MS media without auxin was used (control) 100, 90%, 50% and 50% Of the shoot produced root with root number average 4.0iO.9, 2.11 0.6, 1.0=t0.4 and 1.0i0.4 roots/shoot and root length 8.8il.3, 2.8=l=O.8, 3.7:!: 1.5 and 3.5=hl.4 from cultivar Almera, Diamant, Alpha and Agria respectively. When MS media supplemented with various auxin (NAA, IAA, and IBA) was used, it was observed that 100% root formation from all cultivars with high root number per shoot ( as compare to control) was obtained with maximum root number of 35.0i1.3 roots/ shoot by using IBA at 1.0 mg/1 for cultivar Almera, 19.9i2.4 roots/ shoot by using IBA at 0.5mg/l for cultivar Diamant, 5.5:+: 0.9 roots/ shoot by using (IBA2.0 or IAAl.5) for cultivar Alpha, and 5.0:*:l.5a roots/shoot by using IBA 2.0mg/l for cultivar Agria. The best acclimatization response (95%) was obtained in sterilized soil, 50% clay: 50%. Microtuberizations was carried with Diamant and Almera. Highest number of microtubers/jar (6.0:l:0.5microtubers/jar) was yielded by Almera in MS media fortified with sucrose 8% without hormone, at dark On the other hand maximum microtuber weight, was given by Almera cultivar in MS media supported with 60 g/l sucrose without hormone which is (1250.3il3.0 mg/tuber) in dark. For callus induction, the effect of explants explained that, among all explants the tuber segment was found to be most effective for callusing degree in all cultivars. , highest degree of callus (6.0:k0.0) was induced by Diamant on 2, 4-D at 3.0 mg/l, To evaluate the effect of growth regulators on callus induction from tuber segments explants, different of growth regulators were used. When MS media supplemented with IAA, IBA, and Kin used there was no callus induced in all cultivars. Highest callus degree (6:t0.0) was induced for Diamant on media supplemented with 3.0 mg/1 2, 4-D and2.0 mg/l 2, 4-D in combination with BAP at 2.0 mg/l. For cultivar Agria the higher callus degree recorded (6.0:k0.0a) was obtained on MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2, 4-D in combination with (either 2.0 mg/l or 5 mg/1 BAP) or BAP at 5.0 mg/l in combination with 2, 4-D at (1.5mg/1 or 3 mg/1). For Almera higher degree of callus (6.0i0.ll and 5.8i0.l“) was obtained by using 2.0 mg/l of BAP in combination with 2,4-D at three levels (l.0,l.5 and 2 mg/1 2,4-D ) , 2,4-D at 2.0 mg/l in combination with BAP at 2.0 and5.0 mg/l and 2,4- D at (1.5 and 1.0 mg/l), in combination with BAP at 5.0 mg/l. Higher degree of callus (5.3=t:0.2”)for Alpha was obtained on MS media supplemented with 1.5mg/l and 2.0mg/l 2,4-D in combination with 5.0mg/l and 2.0 mgl BAP respectively. Callus was induced with all types of media with variation among cultivars, it wasl/2 B5 and MB with degrees of callus (4.6i0.2 and 4.3:k0.2) respectively for Diamant. For Agria higher callus degree was induced by l/2 B5 with degree of callus (4.0:k0.2). Lowest callus degree was obtained by Alpha there was no significantly different between media for callus induction with all using media. The Almera cultivar induced same callus degree with 1/2MS, l/2 B5 and B5 treatments. Regeneration of indirect microplant, explained that TDZ and BAP alone and in combination with auxin mainly (IBA) produced shoot with wide variation between the three cultivars, TDZ 5.0mg/1 and BAP 4.0 mg/l in the cultivars Diama.nt induced highest number of shoot (3.4=t:0.9 and 2.9i0.6“ shoot/callus). The highest root number was achieved by Alpha (42.5=t:3.4 root/ plant) with 100% rooting in half MS media fortified with 2.0 mg/l IBA and (38.8=t:l.6 root/plant) obtained in half MS media supplemented 1.5 mg/1 IBA. For the same cultivar maximum root length was obtained by half MS media without growth regulators, with average length (8.3:l:l.0 cm). For acclimatization of indirect regeneration rooted plantlets, 95% survival rate was obtained when sterilized soil, clay: sand (1: 1 v/v) was used tmder greenhouse conditions.Item WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT RED SEA STAT(Neelain University, 2002) ABDALLA ELTOM MOHAMED ELSHEIKHABSTRACT This Ph.D. thesis integrates geological. remote sensing. geophysical, climatological and hydrogeological studies, to investigate the hydrogeological situation in the central Red Sea State. This area is considered to be one ofthe most gro\ving areas in Sudan, in which the two main ports ol“Sudan are situated. Port- Sudan and Sawakin. The geological studies are concerned with the rock types, of both basement and sedimentary origin, and their related structures such as faults, fractures and joints which affect the amount and quality ofground\vater. The geological studies. done by use feld measurements, rock sample analysis and mapping. For remote sensing studies the land-sat TM and MSS were used to detect target areas for \vater exploitation projects. by determining the geological setting, topographical features and drainage pattern. lt is evident that these integrated study techniques are useful reconnaissance method for \vater resources studies. The geophysical investigation method applied in this study is the electromagnetic method (EM). which gave good results in determining sediments thickness and the basement conliguration at the target areas. including the Lower, Middle and Upper Gates of Khor Arbaat and at the proposed dam sides at Khor Mog and Khor Salalab. The climatological and hydrological studies included the collection ofdata on elements. precipitation, evaporation, humidity. temperature and stream runoff, which effect the \vater budget. From these studies the total annual precipitation in the study area is found to be ofabout 900 million cubic metres. where the average annual precipitation in the study area is about I20 mm. Most ofthis amount of \vater lost by evaporation which is calculated in average to be of M00 mm/year. Other loss ofthis amount of \vater is found to be due to surface runoff. the groundwater storage in fractures and weathering zones or in Alluvial sediments. ' The hydrogcological studies were done only in the Alluvial sediments ofthe Khor due to the lack ofthe boreholes in the other lithological units for pumping test. The variation in hydraulic conductivity and storage capacity is due to the heterogeneity ofscdiment types, which is range from 2.60xl0'3 m/s to 2.35xl0'1 m/s in Khor Arbaat, from 6.52xl0'4 m/s to 3.06.\l0" m/s in Khor Saloum and ofabout 2.70xlO'3 m/s in average in the Coastal Area. The water level fluctuated due to the recharge and discharge in the basin, the water table rises during the summer and winter rains in the study area, \vhere it reached the lo\vest value in the dry period during June and .luly. The storage capacity of Khor Arbaat calculated to be of about 22 million cubic meters, the annual recharge by the flood is ofabout l2 million cubic meters. The groundwater recharge as underground flow at the Upper-Gate is of about 365 x103 m3/year. The total annual discharge as underground flow at the Lower-Gate is 455xl03m]/year. the discharge due to pumping from Khor Arbaat basin ofabout 4.5x IO“ m3/year in average. The total needs for potable water estimated by Water Authority at Port- Sudan to\vn is 60.000 mi/day. The available water supply is 30.000 ma/day from Khor Arbaat (l5.000 ml/day from surface-\vater and 15.000 m3/day from groundwater). Additional \vater supply can be possible: where of about 30,000 m3/day can pump liom the groundwater resources in Khor Arbaat instead of l5.000 ,/_ m3/day. Of about 30.000 m3/day can pump from Khor Saloum in case that the groundwater resources 01' Khor Saloum used only lbr domestic purposes. By surface- water harvesting can safe considerable a mount of potable \vater for human needs. using local l-lafirs and earth dams. From the \vater chemistry the ions of Na“, Cl", SO4'2 are the dominant ions. The amount of these ions in water and the total salinity increases toward the Sea. which indicate the mixing of Sea water at the coastal area. From the rock geochemical analysis recognised that the source of salinity is mainly due to the transportation ol'chemical ions by the \vind from the Sea Coast to the recharge areas, and not due to the rock weathering in the drainage basins. ' . According, to the TDS values in water, water resources can be classified in to ls‘. Class water type of TDS< 1000 ppm. Used as drinking water, 2"“ Class water type ofTDS value from I000 to I500 ppm. use for agricultural purposes and 3'“ Class water type of TDS > I500 ppm. use for other purposes such as flushing. cooling. etc.Item bIOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOG ICAL STUDIES ON AFTATOXICOSIS IN GOATS(Neelain University, 2007) ammar asmail mohammed ahmedABSTRACT A concise information on various mycotoxins with particular emphasis on the toxicity of aflatoxins in different species of animals and humans was presented. Evaluation of the possible toxicities of sodium selenite and Nigella sativa seed as well as their uses as hepatorenal protectives against afiatoxicosis and other diseases were also described. In the goats fed with diets containing aflatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 23Oppb for 3 months, the liver was enlarged and pale yellow, the renal corticomedullary junction was congested with varying degrees of hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium. On microscopy, there was fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes and the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules, bile ductule proliferation, glomerular alterations and lymphocytic infiltration in portal tract, cardiac muscle fibres and the intestinal lamina propria. Development of the lesions were accompanied by increases in the activities of serum aspartate arninotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea. However, the concentrations of bilirubin and calcium did not change, but those of phosphorus tended to decrease. Although no significant changes in erythrocytic series were observed, the values of WBC were found to increase. The goats receiving daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite showed inappetence, diarrhea, salivation, dyspnoea and recumbency prior to death between days I and I3. In the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite, the signs of toxicity were less marked and death occurred between days I2 and 22. The main pathological changes were haemorrhages and congestion in the compound stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and catarrhal enteritis with erosions of the intestinal mucosa of the goats that had received sodium selenite at 20 mg/kg body weight. Pulmonary oedema and emphysema, hydroperitoneum, hydropericardium and severe renal damage were observed in the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite. In these goats, there were increases in the concentrations of serum triglycerides, cholesterol and decreases in the level of calcium prior to death. Leucopenia was observed in goats which had received oral doses 5mg/kg body weight /day. In the goats which had received daily oral doses of Nigella sativa seed at 20 or 5mg/kg body weight/day for 60 days showed neither pathological changes nor alterations in haematology or serobiochemical parameters. In the goats fed the mixture of afiatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus sodium selenite at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes was reduced with no evidence of bile duct hyperplasia. However, the renal lesions were persistent as indicated by serum urea elevation. No significant changes in haematological values were observed. In the goats fed the mixture of aflatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus N. sativa seed at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, the liver showed varying degrees of fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes but neither bile duct hyperplasia nor portal fibroplasia was observed. The renal lesions persisted but the activity of serum AST and concentrations of total protein and bilimbin did not change. The concentration of calcium tended to increase and that of phosphorus tended to decrease. The haematological values of RBC and PCV and those of WBC were increased. In the goats receiving daily oral doses of the mixture of sodium selenite plus N. sativa seed (2mg/kg +2mg/kg body weight) showed no clinical manifestations, pathological or haematological changes. Mild nephrotoxicity was observed when compared with that associated with dosing with 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite.