PHD theses : Science
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Item bIOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOG ICAL STUDIES ON AFTATOXICOSIS IN GOATS(Neelain University, 2007) ammar asmail mohammed ahmedABSTRACT A concise information on various mycotoxins with particular emphasis on the toxicity of aflatoxins in different species of animals and humans was presented. Evaluation of the possible toxicities of sodium selenite and Nigella sativa seed as well as their uses as hepatorenal protectives against afiatoxicosis and other diseases were also described. In the goats fed with diets containing aflatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 23Oppb for 3 months, the liver was enlarged and pale yellow, the renal corticomedullary junction was congested with varying degrees of hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium. On microscopy, there was fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes and the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules, bile ductule proliferation, glomerular alterations and lymphocytic infiltration in portal tract, cardiac muscle fibres and the intestinal lamina propria. Development of the lesions were accompanied by increases in the activities of serum aspartate arninotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea. However, the concentrations of bilirubin and calcium did not change, but those of phosphorus tended to decrease. Although no significant changes in erythrocytic series were observed, the values of WBC were found to increase. The goats receiving daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite showed inappetence, diarrhea, salivation, dyspnoea and recumbency prior to death between days I and I3. In the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite, the signs of toxicity were less marked and death occurred between days I2 and 22. The main pathological changes were haemorrhages and congestion in the compound stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and catarrhal enteritis with erosions of the intestinal mucosa of the goats that had received sodium selenite at 20 mg/kg body weight. Pulmonary oedema and emphysema, hydroperitoneum, hydropericardium and severe renal damage were observed in the goats that had received daily oral doses of 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite. In these goats, there were increases in the concentrations of serum triglycerides, cholesterol and decreases in the level of calcium prior to death. Leucopenia was observed in goats which had received oral doses 5mg/kg body weight /day. In the goats which had received daily oral doses of Nigella sativa seed at 20 or 5mg/kg body weight/day for 60 days showed neither pathological changes nor alterations in haematology or serobiochemical parameters. In the goats fed the mixture of afiatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus sodium selenite at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes was reduced with no evidence of bile duct hyperplasia. However, the renal lesions were persistent as indicated by serum urea elevation. No significant changes in haematological values were observed. In the goats fed the mixture of aflatoxin Bl at 62.5 or 230ppb plus N. sativa seed at 2 or Sppm for 3 months, the liver showed varying degrees of fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes but neither bile duct hyperplasia nor portal fibroplasia was observed. The renal lesions persisted but the activity of serum AST and concentrations of total protein and bilimbin did not change. The concentration of calcium tended to increase and that of phosphorus tended to decrease. The haematological values of RBC and PCV and those of WBC were increased. In the goats receiving daily oral doses of the mixture of sodium selenite plus N. sativa seed (2mg/kg +2mg/kg body weight) showed no clinical manifestations, pathological or haematological changes. Mild nephrotoxicity was observed when compared with that associated with dosing with 5mg/kg body weight of sodium selenite.