PHD theses : Science

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    The Bio-physiological Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF- EMR) Emitted From Cellular Phone Towers on Young and Adult Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus).
    (Al-Neelain University, 2019-05) Aisha Mohammed Osman Salih
    The general objectives of the present study was to evaluate the security of living nearby cell phone towers which emit Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF EMR). Accordingly, experiments were designed to monitor radiation influence on vital glands regarding the basic metabolism and reproduction of animals. In vivo experiments were carried out in several axis concerned morphological effects, histological changes and physiological defects on the thyroid as well as fertility functions . Beside the target glands histology and functions, were as well concerning the effects on blood parameters. A total of 96 male and female wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four groups according to the sex and age. The rats were exposed to RF EMR emitted by cell tower base station in Khartoum State. The rats were further divided into 4 subgroups, as follow: G0: Control. G1: rats were exposed to 57nw/m2 RF EMR, G2: rats were exposed to 37nw/m2 RF EMR, G3: rats were exposed to10nw/m2 RFEMR for 8 weeks for young and4 weeks for adult. Considering the morphological effects, the skin showed hair loss in 83.3% of young male rats exposed to 57 n w/m² and 50% of young female rats exposed to 37 n w/m². The RF EMR exposure led to eye cataract in 16.67% of young male rats exposed to 57 n w/m², adult male rats exposed to 37 n w/m² and led to total damage of eye in 16.67% of adult female rats exposed to 37 n w/m² RF EMR. All groups of treated rats exhibited a retardation in growth of body weight in comparison with control. Histopathological examination of thyroid glands among groups of young and adult males and females rats exposed to RF EMR showed various changes. Most of thyroid follicles enlarged indicating hypothyroidism specially in the young and adult of both sexes exposed to 10nw/m2 RF EMR. In addition, they exhibited hyperplasia and vacuolization of some follicular cells. A Compact tumor was detected in the thyroid of one young male exposed to 57nw/m2 RF EMR. The gland vascularization characterized by blood dilated vessels the adult male and female rats exposed to RF EMR ranged from 10 n w/m2 to 57nw/m2. Walls of Some follicles disrupted and fused to neighboring follicles were confined to G2 of adult male exposed to37nw/m2. Severe necrosis of follicles observed in G1 of young females rats exposed to 57nw/m². Testes of adult and young male rats showed various changes and different stages of damages in both seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissues. These changes varied with force of the RF EMR and the age of the treated rats. The testes of young and adult male rats exposed to higher power of RF EMR (57nw/m2) showed that most of seminiferous tubules exhibited necrosis in the germinal epithelial cells of seminiferous tubules, degeneration of spermatogonia cells, shrinkage and empty tubules with oligo spermia or no sperms all led to polymorphism of seminiferous tubules. Testes capsules, as well, were became thick and fibrous and blood vesicle dilated .Similar changes were demonstrated in the testes of young rats exposed to 37nw/m2 RF EMR with additional damages such as deceleration of spermatogenesis and edema. Testes of adult male rats exposed to 37 n w/m² RF EMR showed beside edema and absent of sperm in the lumen of tubules, showed vacuolization of leyding cells, deformity and necrosis of spermatid cells. Testes of young male rats exposed even to 10 n w/m2 RF EMR were not safe of the above damages. The fibrosis of tunica albuginea and the interstitial tissues were accompanied with hemorrhages. Another histopathological effects to testes of rats exposed to RF-EMR range from 10 n w/m2 to 57nw/m2, were varicoceles in all exposed male groups which defined as abnormally dilated vein. Histopathological changes in the ovaries of both young and adult female rats that exposed to RF EMR emitted from cell phone in all groups exposed to RF EMR i.e. 57nw/m², 37nw/m² and 10 nw/m² powers concerned the reduction of in numbers of primary follicles in young female rats exposed to low and high power RF EMR but the fibrosis and destruction of interstitial stroma cells were detected in young female exposed to 57nw/m2 and in adult female exposed to10 nw/m2. Dilated blood vessels were in young and adult which exposed to 37nw/m2 and to 57nw/m2. Degenerating of corpora luteal cells was observed in of young and of adult females. The common histological change was ovarian luteal cysts. This was detected in young and adult female or only adult females varied due to the strength of the radiation. The results of hormones showed a significant increase of the mean TSH level and a significant decrease of the mean T4 and T3 levels in all groups of the young male and female rats exposed to RF EMR. However, the mean levels of TSH and T4and of adult male rats exposed to RF EMR showed non-significant increase level and significant increase in the mean levels of T3 when compared with control. In contrast, in adult female rats showed significant decrease of the mean serum level of TSH and a significant increase of the mean serum level of T3. Furthermore, the result of this study detected a significance fluctuation in the serum levels of PRL hormone in the different groups varied with sex and age as well as the power of RF- EMR. On the other hand, the present study showed there was a significant reduction in the mean level of FSH in all groups of young male and female rats exposed to RF- EMR than the control. LH concentration showed significant reduction in all groups of young male and adult female rats exposed to RF- EMR while a significance increase in the mean level of LH was detected in all groups of young female and adult male rats exposed to RF- EMR. The higher power of RF EMR revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) on the testes weight and semen reduction in all groups of young and adult male rats exposed to RF EMR. The result of hematological parameters of Wistar Albino rats which exposed to RF EMF revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) in all groups. In the current study, the blood smears in all groups of exposed rats to RF EMR showed various changes that occur in the shapes and sizes of red blood cells. All these above findings are threatening announce to the hazards magnitude of RF EMR which emitted from cell phone towers to organisms especially human living close to those towers.