علوم - دكتوراة
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Item PRODUCTION OF CAUSTIC SODA FROM NATURAL TRONA(2017) Isam Ibrahim Mohammed AhmedAbstract: The aim of this study is the production of Sodium hydroxide from local raw materials. The Altrona was the Utron Oasis. The sodium carbonate reacts with Calcium hydroxide to produce Sodium hydroxide and insoluble Calcium carbonate. Altrona is found in Atrun oasis in western Darfur. The samples were punched from Omdurman market and were analysed to determine the percentage of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. Then it was dissolved in water, filtered and the filterate was evaporated to dryness and transvered to the furnace to convert the sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate and again the sample was analysed. The percentage of sodium carbonate was found to be 78.1%. The sodium carbonate was dissolved in a suitable amount of water the calcium hydroxide solution was added gradually covering a range of time of half an hour _one and half an hour. Calcium carbonate precipitate was formed and Sodium hydroxide also formed as solution. The solution was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness الملخص: الهدف من الدراسة هو انتاج هيدروكسيد الصوديوم من مواد محلية العطرون من وادي العطرون. تتفاعل كربونات الصوديوم مع الحجر الجيري لتنتج هيدروكسيد الصوديوم وكربونات الكالسيوم. يوجد العطرون في وادي العطرون شمال غرب دارفور. استجلبت عينة منه من سوق امدرمان تم تحليل العينة وتحديد نسبة كربونات الصوديوم بها ووجدت 19%. تم اذابة العينة في الماء ثم رشحت وبخر منها الماء ووضعت في الفرن ليتم تحويل كل الكربونات الهيدروجينية الى كربونات صوديوم. وكان نقاء العينة 78.01%. تم تسخين محلول الكربونات مع التحريك المستمر واضيف اليه محلول الحجر الجيري على مراحل في مده من نصف ساعة الى ساعة ونصف تكون محلول هيدروكسيد الصوديوم وراسب من كربونات الكالسيوم الذي تم ترشيحه.Item Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions using Zeolite(LTA) Synthesized from Sudanese Clay(AL-Neelain University, 2014) Mukhtar Arbab Ismail MohamedAbstract This study was carried out to synthesize zeolite LTA from Sudanese clay, from the banks of the Blue Nile in Bahary province. The clay was purified and analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Fluorence (XRF) methods. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the starting material (clay) is montmorillonite . Also those results showed that four types of zeolite were successfully synthesized (Vauxite, Alunite zeolite A and zeolite LTA) .The controlled conditions used were (440, 550, 650 and 750 oC and 1h) for the clay calcination, 100oC and 2h for the reaction, 12h for formation of zeolite crystals and 5 M NaOH for the alkali concentration. The differences in zeolite types is due to different temperatures of calcination of the clay. The results indicated that zeolite LTA was the best synthesized sample. To determine the most effective zeolite sample, the samples have been tested for the removal of lead ion (10 mg/l) from aqueous solution. The concentration of lead was measured before and after treatment using Inductively Coupled Plasma. The analysis showed that zeolite LTA was the best in the removal of lead with 99.42%, followed by zeolite A 81.22%, Alunite 73.14% and Vauxite 63.14%. On this basis zeolite LTA was chosen as the best sample for use in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The factors affecting the removal of ions such as dose of zeolite LTA, time, initial concentration as well as pH were studied. The results showed that zeolite LTA is very effective for removal of tested ions(Pb2+ , Zn2+, Cu2+ , Ni2+) from aqueous solutions, and the removal percent at the first 30min. was high . It was found that the effectiveness of zeolite LTA continued for two hours and then the zeolite was saturated and lost the ability to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The results indicated that, with the increase of pH (from 1 to 5) the efficiency of zeolite in removal of those ions increased. The percentage of the elimination efficiency of zeolite ranged from 72.2% to 99.42% for Pb2+, iv from 35.28% to 98.93% for Zn2+, from 85.6% to 94.97% for Cu2+ and from 12.45% to 73.14% for Ni2. Zeolite LTA was activated after losing its ability to remove the adsorded heavy metal ions with sodium chloride solution (1M), and then it was tested for effectiveness in removal of heavy metals ions. It was found that zeolite LTA after regeneration well removed the heavy metals ions, but in less degree than the fresh zeolite LTA shortly before activation. To compare the effectiveness of synthesized zeolite LTA, before and after activation and montmorillonite, their ability was tested with solution of the Pb2+ (10mg/l) for 30min. It was found that zeolite LTA is the best sample in the removal of Pb2+ with the rate of 99.42%, followed by regenerated zeolite LTA with rate of 98.92% and finally montmorillonite with the rate of 55.44%.Item H- point Standard Addition Method for Simultaneous Determination of two binary mixtures of Zinc (II) with Cobalt (II) and Aluminum (III)(AL-Neelain University, 2017) EshragaAbdElmajed BashirAbstract The H–point standard addition method has been applied for simultaneous determination of two binary mixtures of zinc(II) with cobalt(II) and aluminum(III). This method based on resolving the overlapping spectra of Co(II), Zn(II) and Zn(II), Al(III) complexes . Using Xylenol orange (XO) as chromogenic reagent . The reagent reacts with Co(II), Zn(II) and Al(III) forming intensely red colored complexes. Simultaneous determination of these ions without separation at selected wavelengths 552, 584 nm for Co (II), Zn (II) and 520, 580 nm for Zn (II), Al (III) at pH 4.4 was performed. The molar absorptivites for Co(II), Zn(II) and Al(III) were 1.43 X 104, 1.45 X 104 and 1.52 X 104L/mol.cm respectively . Beer's law was obeyed in the linear range 5.0X10-6 – 5.0X10-5 mol/L for Co(II) and Zn(II), and 1.0X10-5 – 1.0X10-4 mol/L for Al(III). The results of applying suggested method showed that Co(II), Zn(II) and Al (III) ions can be determined simultaneously with concentration ratios of 1:20 to 20:1 of cobalt to zinc as well as for zinc to aluminum . The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was Found 3.89% for Co(II), 4.54% for Zn(II) also 2.48% for Zn(II), and 4.41% for aluminum. Interference effect of cations and anions was studied for determined simultaneously cobalt(II), zinc(II) and zinc(II), aluminum(III). The results for most of the cations and anion showed no significant interference at weight ratios greater than 1000 , Ni(II), Pb(II) and Al(III) ions show positive effect in the determination of cobalt(II), zinc(II) in binary mixture and Ni(II), Pb(II) and Co(II) ions also show positive effect in the determination of zinc(II), aluminum(III) couple by increase of the absorption signal. The proposed method was applied with great precision and accuracy to synthetic mixtures, tap water sample, green tea sample and biscuits sample , the samples were spiked by mixture of cobalt , zinc and mixture of zinc, aluminum and determination of cobalt in vitamin B12 tablets. ملخص البحث طريقةH-point للاضافات القياسية طبقت لتقدير مخاليط ثنائية للخارصين (II) معالكوبالت (II)والالومنيوم (III) تزامنياً .هذه الطريقة تعتمد على حل التداخل الطيفى لمعقدات الكوبالت (II)،الخارصين (II) والخارصين (II) ،الألومنيوم (III). أستعمل في هذه الطريقة كاشف لوني هو الزيلنول البرتقالي ، يتفاعل هذا الكاشف مع الكوبالت (II)، الخارصين (II) والالومنيوم(III) مكوناً معقدات حمراء داكنة.التحديد التزامنى لهذه الايونات تم بدون فصلها عند الاطوال الموجيةالمختارة 552،584 نانومتر لكل من الكوبالت (II)، الخارصين (II) وعند 520 ،580 نانومتر لكل من الخارصين (II)، الالومنيوم (III) وعند اس هيدروجينى 4.4.وجدت قيم الامتصاصية المولارية هي 1.43 X 104 ، 1.45 X 104 و1.52 X 104لتر/مول. سم لكل من الكوبالت (II) ، الخارصين (II) و الالومنيوم (III) على التوالى . تم تطبيق قانون بيير في النطاق الخطى X10-65.0 إلى .0X10-55 مول/ لتر لكل من الكوبالت (II) و الخارصين (II) و 1.0X10-5 إلى 1.0X10-4 مول / لتر للالومنيوم (III). أظهرت النتائج عند تطبيق الطريقة المقترحة أن ايونات الكوبالت (II) ،الخارصين (II) والالومنيوم (III) يمكن تحديدها تزامنياً بنسب تركيز1: 20 و20: 1 كوبالت (II) إلى خارصين (II) وأيضاً خارصين (II) إلى الالومنيوم(III) . وجدان النسبة المئويةللإنحراف المعياري النسبى للكوبالت (II) هو 3.89 %،للخارصين (II) 4.54% وأيضاً للخارصين 2.48% ، اللالومنيوم 4.41 %. درس تأثير تداخل الايونات الموجبة والسالبة على تحديد كل من الكوبالت والخارصين ، الخارصين والالومنيوم تزامنياً وأظهرت النتائج أن معظم الكتيونات والانيونات ليس لديها تداخل هام عند نسب وزنية أكبر من 1000 ويوجد تأثير موجب لايونات النيكل (II) ، الرصاص (II) والالومنيوم (III) في تحديد الكوبالت ، الخارصين في خليط ثنائىولايونات النيكل (II) ، الرصاص (II) والكوبالت (II) في تحديد زوج الخارصين ، الالومنيوم بزيادةاشارة الامتصاص . ثم تطبيق الطريقة المقترحة بمقدار عالي من المصداقية على مخاليط ثنائية مصنعة ، عينة ماء حنفية ، عينة شاي أخضر و عينة بسكويت ، تم تطعيم العينات بخليط من الكوبالت ،الخارصين و خليط من الخارصين ،الالومنيوم كما تم تحديد الكوبالت في عينة اقراص فيتامين B12 .