PHD theses : Engineering

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A New Algorithm for Blind Source Separation Using Parallel Processing
(Neelain University, 2006) Ibrahim Elimam Abdalla
ABSTRACT In this dissertation the digital ﬁlters were used to solve the Convolutive Blind Source Separation within the parallel computing context, A revision of the strategy of tackling BSS and CBSS problems via parallel computing was proposed. In this dissertation a convolutive Blind Source Separation algorithm was developed within the context of parallel computing. The algorithm ﬁnds the demixing system by simultaneously jointly diagonalizeing a set of time-lagged correlation matrices by using parallel form of Jacobi plane transformations. The parallel computing approach was applied on some existing BSS and CBSS algorithms. As an example of the iterative CBSS algorithms Lambert and Bell work was selected and modiﬁed so as to apply parallel computing approach. Very good results were obtained compared with Lambert and Bell results. A very important improvement is that the developed equalizing system converges very fast. As an example of the diagonalization algorithms the JADE algorithm was modiﬁed to apply parallel computing approach. The results of the simulations showed that applying parallel computing approach on this type of algorithms is easier if done on shared memory systems.
A New Algorithm for Blind Source Separation Using Parallel Processing
(Al Neelain University, 2006-11) Ibrahim Elimam Abdalla
In this dissertation the digital ﬁlters were used to solve the Convolutive Blind Source Separation within the parallel computing context, A revision of the strategy of tackling BSS and CBSS problems via parallel computing was proposed. In this dissertation a convolutive Blind Source Separation algorithm was developed within the context of parallel computing. The algorithm ﬁnds the demixing system by simultaneously jointly diagonalizeing a set of time-lagged correlation matrices by using parallel form of Jacobi plane transformations. The parallel computing approach was applied on some existing BSS and CBSS algorithms. As an example of the iterative CBSS algorithms Lambert and Bell work was selected and modiﬁed so as to apply parallel computing approach. Very good results were obtained compared with Lambert and Bell results. A very important improvement is that the developed equalizing system converges very fast. As an example of the diagonalization algorithms the JADE algorithm was modiﬁed to apply parallel computing approach. The results of the simulations showed that applying parallel computing approach on this type of algorithms is easier if done on shared memory systems.
RESIDUAL SERVICE TIME BASED ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CLASS MULTI-SERVER PRIORITY . QUEUING SYSTEMS
(Neelain University, 2007) Amin Babiker A/Nabi Mustafa
ABSTRACT In this research, Multi-Class Multi-Server Priority Queuing Systems. service times for all priority classes are assumed to be identically and exponentially distributed. This assumption led to the possibility of extending the analysis of non- preemptive priority queuing systems to the multiple servers case (similarly to multiple communication channels). ' The extension is based on the developed fomiula for the residual service time R. This on its part, was achieved by utilizing the analysis of M/M/m systems in which the service times are identically and exponentially distributed, combining this with the analysis of non-preemptive queuing systems for single server systems based on M/G/l system. Making all necessary modiﬁcations for the system to ﬁt the multiple servers case, the necessary mathematical analysis and derivations were given. The Preemptive Priority queues with Multiple Servers and Multiple priority classes were treated in the same manner. Here the assumption that the service times - for all priority classes — are identically and exponentially distributed _is put forward. Again, a formula for the residual service time is developed and utilized in calculating the average customer waiting time and other related parameters. In the light of this assumption the author presents the relations necessary to derive an expression for the mean residual service time which is then used in developing a mathematical model for the analysis of preemptive priority queues with multiple servers and multiple priority classes. The research includes some comparative studies between the proposed model (multi-class multi-servers priority queuing systems) and some prior related works.
THE USE OF PROTEIN ISOLATES IN THE MANUFACTOR OF SAUSAGE, ICE CREAM AND BREAD
(Al Neelain University, 2011) Abdel Rahman Sirelkhatim Mohammed Eltayeb
The Bambara groundnuts used in the study were purchased from a local market at Neyala at western Sudan. The seeds is transported to the Laboratory of International Food Research Center, Egypt to make all chemical analytical. Pigeon pea and Vigna unguiculata obtained from Bahri market were millet from Food Research Center in Shambat. The chemical compositions were carried out in the Food Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Gezira. Proximate analysis in terms % of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash , fiber and carbohydrate, the results showed that the moisture 6.8, 8.5 and 8.0%, protein 17.7, 19.8 and 21%, fat 6.6, 2.1 and 1.7%, ash 4.2, 3.0 and 3.2, fiber 3.5, 3.1 and 3.2 for the Bambara groundnut, Vigna unguiculata and pigeon pea respectively. The chemical composition of the three sample sausage (A, B and C), moisture (61.7, 63 and 64), protein (18.4, 22.1 and 25.0), fat (2.2, 3.08 and 4.37) and ash (1.38, 2.3 and 2.23). but the three samples of ice cream (A, B and C), fat (4.25, 5.4 and 7.7), protein (2.49, 3.37 and 4.46), total solid (31.82, 32.1 and 33.12) and ash (0.39, 0.53 and 0.61). Bread for four samples (control, 16, 19 and 21%) moisture (35.59, 35.14, 34.93 and 34.83) protein (8.4, 10.12, 11.92 and 13.39), fat (11.11, 11.31, 11.43 and 11.52), fiber (1.31, 1.48, 1.63 and 1.8)and ash (1.76, 1.98, 2.1 and 2.28). Protein solubility of Bambara groundnut reduced as the pH increased until it reached at pH (4) followed by progressive increase in solubility with further increase in pH. A protein isolate flour from Bambara groundnut, pigeon pea seeds was evaluated for its functional properties. The water retention capacity (WRC) of the samples (368.5, 350 and 250.3). The fat absorption capacity (FAC) is (169.9, 185 and 130). The emulsion capacity EC at neutral pH (76, 72 and 77). The results of foaming capacity at neutral pH is 90, 103 and 118. Gelling of protein depends on protein concentration, pH balance viscous gel formation did not occur at below a concentration 16% at neutral pH. The result of anti-nutritional factor and amino acid is determined for Bambara groundnut and used as a replacement for wheat flour of various ratio because is highly in water retention capacity. The effects of the various replacement ratios on the wheat flour rheological properties were studied. The results recorded by the farrinograph and extensograph. The Vigna unguiculata is used to produce sausage because the protein isolate is highly fat absorption capacity but the ice cream made by pigeon pea protein isolate flour because is highly in foaming properties. All this product containing various ratios for protein isolate flour were made and subjected to sensory evaluation by taste panels.
AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE COLLEGE EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON DRINKS PACKED IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
(Al Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWAD
The idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S 2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. أهم إسباب إختيار مادة هذا البحططث هطو تطدعيم فكطرة التطوجه نحطو البححططاث التطططبيقيه المرتبطه بحقضايا المجتمع و المنعكسه علي حياتنا اليوميه و شجع فكرة البحث خبر أذيع في يونيو 2006 من هيئطة الذاعطة البريطانيطة بحطأنه قطد تطم سطحب أربحطع ماركطات مطن الميطاه الغازيطة مطن السواق البريطانية لكتشاف وجود مواد كيماويه ضاره وعزى ذلك إلى سوء التخزين. 14 واضعين فى العتبار الفرق الشاسع لما هو متبع فى السططودان لمثططل هططذه السططلع بحالنسططبه لظططروف العرض و التخزين مقارنه مما فى تلك البلد. تم إختيططار و دراسططة ثلث عينططات مططن المشططروبحات الشططائعة السططتهلك إثنيططن مططن الميططاه الغططازيه )بحنكهططة الليمططون و التفططاح ( و واحططده مططن الميططاه المعطططدنيه. كطططل العينطططات معبطططأة فطططى قطططوارير بحلسطططتيكه مطططن مطططادة ال Polyethylene Terephthalate PET ( (. كما درست عينتان من نفس المشروبحات الغازيه معبأة فططى قططوارير زجاجيه للمقارنه. تم أخذ العينات من محل تجارى وسط الخرطوم بحعيد إستلمها من الموزع. تم إيداع نسخ من العينات في الثلجه و وضططعت الخططرى خارجهططا تحططت نفططس ظططروف محططل شرائها متعرضة لدرجات الحرارة العاليه و أشعة الشمس المباشرة حيث تكطون طريقطة التخزيططن في مراكز البيع المختلفه. لقد وضعت هذه العينات ما بحين 6 – 8 أشهر ثم تم تحليلها في معامل متخصصه بحواسطة جهاز Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer ( GC-MS .( وبحعد دراسة و مقارنة النتائج إستخلصنا اللتى :- - عططدم وجططود ) acetaldyhyde ( و أوليقميططرات ) olygomers ( مططن ال ) PET ( لذا أثبت أن درجة ثباته عاليه. - وجود مضافات البلمره بحنسب أعلى فى عينططات التخزيططن المفتططوح ) open air ( يشططير لتأثرها بحظروف التخزين المتبعه. - ظهططور مططواد إضططافيه فططى محتويططات تعبئططة الزجططاج فططى العينططه S 2 )نكهططة الليمططون ( يشططيرللماده البططوليميريه المبطنططه لغطططاء الزجططاج, رغططم أن محتوياتهططا مططن دفعططه مختلفططه different batch . (( - عدم ظهور مواد إضافيه فى العينه الزجاجيه S 3 )نكهطة التفططاح ( مططن المرجطح أن يكطون بحسبب عدم وجود بحطانه بحلستيكيه فى الغطاء مما يعضد الملحظه السابحقه. وعليه يمكن إجمال توصيات الدراسة فى اللتى :- - بحالنسبه للتعبئة البلستيكيه للمياه و المشروبحات الغازيه يفضل اللتزام بحمادة ال PET لرتفاع درجة المان فيها. - تفادى إستخدام مواد بحوليميرية أخرى للغطية أو بحطانتها - اللتزام بحظروف تخزين ملئمه تطابحق شروط تخزين المواد الغذائيه الخرى. - الرجوع للزجاج. 15 - نوصى بحدراسة سوائل أخرى مثل زيوت الطعام و غيرها لمعرفططة تططأثير ظططروف تخزيططن أخرى عليها ) كالتبريد الشديد (.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SOME LEGUME PROTEIN ISOLATES AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, SAUSAGE AND ICE CREAM
(Neelain University, 2011) Abdel Rahman Sirelkhatim Mohammed Eltayeb
ABSTRACT The Bambara groundnuts used in this study were purchased from a local market at Neyala, western Sudan. The chemical analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of International Food Research Center, Dokki,( Egypt. Pigeon pea and black-eyed peas were obtained from Khartoum North (Bahri market), milled and their chemical compositions were_carri__ed_ out at the Food A_naly§§ Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Gezira. Proximate analysis in terms of % of protein, fat, ash, crude fiber and total carbohydrates (CHO)in dry matter basis were 12.90, 1.02, 0.62, 0.86 and 84.60% for wheat ﬂour, 85.97, 0.0, 3.37, 0.02 and 10.64 for the Bambara protein isolate. 17.70, 6.58, 4.22, 3.5 and 68.0% for Bambara groundnut ﬂour respectively. Chemical composition of the pan bread supplemented with different levels of (0.0, 5.0, 9.5 and 12.25%) Bambara protein isolate, the results obtained indicated that all the chemical composition (except moisture and carbohydrate) of the pan bread were higher than the control product made from wheat flour. Breads from wheat flours containing various blends ratios of (5, 9.5, 12.25%) protein isolate ﬂour resulted in an increase in the protein content in the blends of composite ﬂour from 13.04 for the control to about (15.71, 18.55, 20.81%) respectively. Moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates were 11.0, 22.0, 1.7, 4.2, 2.5 and 58.6 in pigeon pea .0.0, 85, 0.0, 0.03, 2.3 and 12.7 in pigeon pea protein isolate ﬂour, respectively. Chemical composition of the sausage fortified with different levels of (0.0, 1.5 and 3.0%) of pigeon pea protein isolate was increased with the increase of pigeon pea protein isolate flour added, protein content was increased from 18.4% of the control to (19.7 and 21.0%). Proximate analysis is 10, 19.8,10.5, 2, 3.1 and 54.6% of black-eyed pea ﬂour, 0.0, 83.6, 0.0, 0.0, 1 and 15.4% of black- eyed pea protein isolate flour, ‘respectively, but the chemical composition of lll
Effect of Ground Water Quantities and Some Tillage Practices on Soil Reclamation
(Al Neelain University, 2011) Salah Eldin Abdel Rahman Salih
This study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, University of Al Neelain inside Sondos Agricultural Project during the summer seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experimental site lies in Jebel Awlia area, 50 km south of Khartoum. The site lies in the semi-arid zone and its soil is believed to be salt affected. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of irrigation water amount and tillage practices on salt leaching down the profile. Two irrigation water quantities were used. Namely: crop water requirement (CWR) + 10% and CWR + 20% leaching fraction (L.F.) from CWR and four tillage treatments, disc plow, chisel plow disc harrow and minimum tillage. Soil samples were taken from depths: 0 – 30cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 – 90 cm. Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench] cultivar Abu Sabein was grown as an indicator crop. The experimental design followed was the completely randomized block design. The treatments were replicated three times. The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc four tillage treatments, disc plow, chisel plow disc harrow and minimum tillage. Soil samples were taken from depths: 0 – 30cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 – 90 cm. Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench] cultivar Abu Sabein was grown as an indicator crop. The experimental design followed was the completely randomized block design. The treatments were replicated three times. The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc plow. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc plow. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – 90cm than 0 –30cm. Whereas, CWR+20L.F. has superiority over CWR+10%L.F. No significant difference was found due to the tillage treatments. Electrical conductivity (ECe) showed a higher values in the depth 60 – 90cm but no significant difference for irrigation water quantities and tillage treatments. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) gave higher values in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – 90cm over 0 – 30cm, whereas, CWR+10%L.F. gave a higher value over CWR+20%L.F. while for tillage treatments chisel plow and disc harrow gave higher values over disc plow and minimum tillage. As for plant height, stem diameter and fresh weight yield, CWR+20%L.F. resulted in higher values over CWR+10%L.F. Chisel plow was found to be superior than the other tillage treatments. As for leaves/plant and leaves: stem ratio no significant difference was found with respect to irrigation water quantities and tillage during the two seasons. As for dry weight, there was no significant difference due to water quantities but chisel plow resulted in higher values than the other three tillage treatments. Crude protein% and ash% were not significantly affected by irrigation water quantity and tillage, but crude fiber% was found to be higher in chisel plow treatment than the other tillage treatments. CWR+10%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher values of water use efficiency than the other combination of treatments. than the other tillage treatments. As for leaves/plant and leaves: stem ratio no significant difference was found with respect to irrigation water quantities and tillage during the two seasons. As for dry weight, there was no significant difference due to water quantities but chisel plow resulted in higher values than the other three tillage treatments. Crude protein% and ash% were not significantly affected by irrigation water quantity and tillage, but crude fiber% was found to be higher in chisel plow treatment than the other tillage treatments. CWR+10%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher values of water use efficiency than the other combination of treatments. Cost analysis for tillage treatments during the two seasons showed higher profit for chisel plow followed by disc harrow then disc plow and minimum tillage. CWR + 20%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher profit than the other combination of treatments.
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS
(Al Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWAD
The idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. - The explained of absence of such additional compounds in sample S3G ( apple flavored) means the absence of stopper lining plastic in the glass sample . The recommendations are :- - It was adviced to stick to PET usage as beverage container, because it proved to be more safe for this purpose. - To avoid usage of any other polymer material for stoppers or covers. - Storage of beverages should be in standard condition, like other food products . - It was recommend to go back to glass. - Further investigations in the same field with different liquids ( e.g. edible oil ) to check the effect of other storage condition ( e.g. freezing )
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON DRINKS PACKED IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
(Al-Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWAD
Abstract The idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. - The explained of absence of such additional compounds in sample S3G ( apple flavored) means the absence of stopper lining plastic in the glass sample . The recommendations are :- - It was adviced to stick to PET usage as beverage container, because it proved to be more safe for this purpose. - To avoid usage of any other polymer material for stoppers or covers. - Storage of beverages should be in standard condition, like other food products . - It was recommend to go back to glass. - Further investigations in the same field with different liquids ( e.g. edible oil ) to check the effect of other storage condition ( e.g. freezing ) الملخص من أهم إسباب إختيار مادة هذا البحث هو تدعيم فكرة التوجه نحو الأبحاث التطبيقيه المرتبطه بقضايا المجتمع و المنعكسه علي حياتنا اليوميه و شجع فكرة البحث خبر أذيع في يونيو 2006 من هيئة الإذاعة البريطانية بأنه قد تم سحب أربع ماركات من المياه الغازية من الأسواق البريطانية لإكتشاف وجود مواد كيماويه ضاره وعزى ذلك إلى سوء التخزين. واضعين فى الإعتبار الفرق الشاسع لما هو متبع فى السودان لمثل هذه السلع بالنسبه لظروف العرض و التخزين مقارنه مما فى تلك البلاد. تم إختيار و دراسة ثلاث عينات من المشروبات الشائعة الإستهلاك إثنين من المياه الغازيه (بنكهة الليمون و التفاح ) و واحده من المياه المعدنيه. كل العينات معبأة فى قوارير بلاستيكه من مادة ال Polyethylene Terephthalate PET ) ). كما درست عينتان من نفس المشروبات الغازيه معبأة فى قوارير زجاجيه للمقارنه. تم أخذ العينات من محل تجارى وسط الخرطوم بعيد إستلامها من الموزع. تم إيداع نسخ من العينات في الثلاجه و وضعت الأخرى خارجها تحت نفس ظروف محل شرائها متعرضة لدرجات الحرارة العاليه و أشعة الشمس المباشرة حيث تكون طريقة التخزين في مراكز البيع المختلفه. لقد وضعت هذه العينات ما بين 6 – 8 أشهر ثم تم تحليلها في معامل متخصصه بواسطة جهاز Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer ( GC-MS ). وبعد دراسة و مقارنة النتائج إستخلصنا اللآتى :- - عدم وجود ( acetaldyhyde) و أوليقميرات ( olygomers ) من ال ( PET ) لذا أثبت أن درجة ثباته عاليه. - وجود مضافات البلمره بنسب أعلى فى عينات التخزين المفتوح ( open air ) يشير لتأثرها بظروف التخزين المتبعه. - ظهور مواد إضافيه فى محتويات تعبئة الزجاج فى العينه S2 (نكهة الليمون ) يشيرللماده البوليميريه المبطنه لغطاء الزجاج, رغم أن محتوياتها من دفعه مختلفه different batch )) . - عدم ظهور مواد إضافيه فى العينه الزجاجيه S3 (نكهة التفاح ) من المرجح أن يكون بسبب عدم وجود بطانه بلاستيكيه فى الغطاء مما يعضد الملاحظه السابقه. وعليه يمكن إجمال توصيات الدراسة فى اللآتى :- - بالنسبه للتعبئة البلاستيكيه للمياه و المشروبات الغازيه يفضل الإلتزام بمادة ال PET لإرتفاع درجة الأمان فيها. - تفادى إستخدام مواد بوليميرية أخرى للأغطية أو بطانتها - الإلتزام بظروف تخزين ملائمه تطابق شروط تخزين المواد الغذائيه الأخرى. - الرجوع للزجاج. - نوصى بدراسة سوائل أخرى مثل زيوت الطعام و غيرها لمعرفة تأثير ظروف تخزين أخرى عليها ( كالتبريد الشديد ).
Studies on the Effect of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Experimental Animals
(Neelain University, 2011) Yassir Salaheldin Khalil Osman
Abstract The study was planned to evaluate the effect of two different electromagnetic fields (EMF) on experimental animals at different exposure levels. In the ﬁrst experiment, the mice were exposed to isothermal non-ionizing EMF, represented by the man-made visible light (artiﬁcial visible light of intensity of 77 mW/cmz on the area of 72.5 cmz and frequency of EM radiation within (3.9x1Ol4 Hz and 7.5x10'4 Hz W/cmz) 8 hours per day for 3, 6 and 12 days respectively . In the second experiment, mice were exposed to lmT magnetic ﬁeld (MF) (12 hours/day) for 15, 30 or 60 days. The present used strengths were chosen because they are almost similar to the level of human exposure. The first experiment showed that exposure of mice to visible light caused time-dependent dramatic histological alterations of the testis and pituitary glands. Exposure caused severe degenerative effects on the testes histological architecture, size and reduction in the seminiferous tubules‘ diameters. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) clariﬁed that the degenerative effects were evident in all germ and Sertoli cells. In the pituitary glands, visible light caused degenerative effects in the gonad trope cells, mild to moderate hemorrhage after 3 and 6 days of treatment, and severe hemorrhage and shrinkage of most pituitary gland secretary cells after 12 days. Serum biochemical analysis of testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and the hypothalamus Gonad tropic releasing hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the pituitary gland regulation of testicular testosterone through the FSH and LH hormones were allfound to be time-dependent and signiﬁcantly decreased by exposure particularly after 12 days. Visible light did not affect the serum total protein levels, aspartate aminotrausferase (AST) activity, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity or growth hormone (GI-I) levels. DNA ploidy analysis revealed no carcinogenic effect on the pituitary glands, however it revealed signiﬁcant down regulation of the proliferative activity of the cells after 12 days. On the other hand, the results of experiment (2) showed no histopathological effects of type of magnetic field on any organ of the mice. The results indicate that man-made visible light but not static magnetic ﬁeld may affect the endocrine homeostasis of mice by exerting histopathological changes in the pituitary glands cells that may subsequently cause a harmful effect on the testis through reducing the gonad tropic hormones activities that regulates testicular spermato genesis and integrity
Jamming on ground based radar
(Al Neelain University, 2014-05) Mahmoud Yahia Hussein
Electronic warfare (EW) is of great importance to both military and civil goals. It contains three general domains : Electronic support (ES) Electronic Attack (EA) involves measures taken to defeat enemy's electronic assets, and ﬁnally Electronic protection (EP) against enemy's electronic attack. The two latest ‘domains are considered as essential ones that seem to be always in competition. Electronic counter measures and electronic counter-counter measures are the two latest domains are considered as essential ones that seem to be always in competition. Similarly, Radars without electronic counter-counter measures are inefﬁcient in spreading in the sensitive zones. In this research, the radar jamming is an example of electronic counter measures. Radar jamming is considered as the interference among the frequency of radio signals depending on radar work through the saturation of receiver with noise and false information. In addition, we used in this study barrage jamming technique to jam x-band radar ﬁequency. To accomplish this goal it's proposed to design a circuit using ATmegal6 Microcontroller, two X- Band motion detectors, LCD and Digi's X-CTU soﬁware. In this design one of the x-band motion detector module is considered as a radar and the second x-band motion detector as jarnmer circuit which uses Doppler ﬁequency principle and generates 10.5 GHZ frequency. When the jammer circuit is activated against radar operation (x-band module) and compared the frequencies of x-band radar before and aﬁer activate the jammer, It's found the reading of X-band radar frequencies are affected. It's noted if the jammer module is near from radar module the effect will increase and vice versa. Finally, from the results obtained out of this research it can be deduced that the radar operation could be successfully jammed by using the jamming barrage technique.
Optimizing Reception Performance of UWB Signals in Multipath Fading Channels Using MMSE Adaptive Algorithms
(Al Neelain University, 2015) Nadir Mohamed Abd Elaziz Ibrahim
This thesis demonstrates the basics UWB technology , and explain s why it is a better candidate compared to most of the existing technologies in short - range high - speed communications, and then discusses the UWB transceiver system architecture, and shows the transmission characteristics and the Pulse shapes used for UWB communications. Followed by showing the UWB channel models used for the UWB Signals’ propagation, and specifically focusing on the IEEE 802.15.3a multipath channel model based on Sale h - Valenzuela channel models as one of most recent important and realistic Multi - path channel models in the wireless Communications today. Moreover, the thesis studies the utilization of a new UWB pulse shape which is the 6 th derivative Gaussian pulse and its performance using two major multiple access schemes used in UWB Communications; Direct - Sequence UWB (DS - UWB) and Time - Hopping UWB using Pulse - Position - Modulation technique (TH - PPM UWB), along with their data modulation methods. Finally, this thesis dem onstrates the design and operation characteristics of also two major reception techniques used in wireless communications generally and in UWB communications specifically; the Rake - receiver, and the Minimum - Mean Square - Error Receiver (MMSE receiver), more explicitly the thesis concerns about the MMSE receiver because its algorithm uses Adaptive filtering scheme with is very important and helpful for detecting the UWB signals in the Multi - path Fading channels suggested in the thesis. The thesi s mostly foc uses on comparing between the performance of the DS - UWB and TH - PPM UWB as two different transmission schemes over the UWB Multi - path fading channel utilizing the Rake - receiver technique, and the MMSE - receiver algorithm with adaptive filtering technique uti lizing t he newly introduced UWB pulse shape ( Gaussian 6 th derivative pulse ); unlike most of the published literature which used the 2 nd derivative Gaussian pulse. The simulation tool which will be used in the thesis is MATLAB 201 3 . a and MATLAB 201 3 . b with the help of S IMULINK Libraries to show the better detection performance of MMSE receiver utilizing a daptive algorithms for UWB signals in IEEE 802.15.3 multipath channel model which is recommended for sensitive communications applications due to the compl exity of the sys tem .
Irrigation System for Green Houses Using Mamdani Fuzzy Control
(جامعة النيلين, 2015) Ali Hamouda Ali Saeed
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all the people whose help and support made this thesis possible. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor,Dr.AlTahir M.H. and my co-supervisor Dr.Mawia M., who encouraged me to start anew after an unfortunate and abrupt change of the initial project. I am also very grateful for the financial support and guidance he has provided. A special thanks to Dr. Al Duma, and Dr. M. Abdul Basit., who give me sensors and Data. I would also like to thank my committee members,Mr. M.Abaker and Mr.TajEldain who helped me to find my way around the electrical work. Many thanks to the staff at Sudan University Forestry College and El-Neelain University engineering college whose support and advice smoothed the progress of thisThesis. I express my deep thanks to my family father mother brother’s and to my wife Muza and my children Amal and Mohamed, for their never ending support.
Cognitive Cooperative Collision Avoidance System Based on Reliable Message Dissemination
(Al Neelain University, 2015) Mohammed Abaker Hussian Adam
A Cognitive Cooperative Collision Avoidance (CCCA) system , is infrastructure less distributed control system based real time communication system. This system can assist drivers at normal situations , also can totally control the vehicle danger situations. This system is cognitive because it can predict all types of crash scenarios before thy happen, and set parameters of the control algorithm to follow future collision free trajectory . This research covers two fields of research , the first one is in the area of control ,and the second is in area of communication .This system has been developed by adding a real time communication system (wireless vehicle-to-vehicle communication system) to to achive a new control algorithm . This research has proposed a new predictive control to avoid various collisions , based decision maker algorithm , which has autonomous braking and steering functions. Also this resach has proposed a Reliable Contention Free Message Dissemination Protocol (RCF). This protocols can address the problems of hidden vehicles and reliability. This protocol had maximized the reliability by minimizing the number of hidden vehicles, also had minimized the waiting time to transmit and average delay. Simulation have show that this protocol is it possible to achive 99% or mor of reliably, by reducing the number of hidden vehicles . Moreover the waiting time to transmit is reduced , so it improve connectivity and the network throughput . When introduce CCCA in lane change crash scenario , the probability of crash decrease to (0.001 to 0.01) , and the average percentage of accidents can be reduced to minimum than 8% . ن النظام المدرك لتفادي التصادم بين السيارات , هو نظام تحكم موزع بدون بنية تحتية وهذا النظام مبنية علي نظام التصال بين السيارات في الزمن الحقيقي هذا النظام يعمل في مستويين , في حالة اوضاع الطريق طبيعية فانه يقوم بمساعدة السائق , اما في حالة الوضاع الخطرة في الطريق فان النظام يتدخل آليا , وذالك بتحديد بارمترات لنظام التحكم حتى يمكنه من تحديد مسار . مستقبلي آمن للسيارة , ومنه يقوم بعملية التوجية , ليمكن السيارة من تتبع المسار او التوقف التام حسب الحالة هذا البحث يخدم مجالين مختلفتين , الولى هي مجال التحكم والثانية مجال التصالت وذالك من اجل الحصول على . نظام هجين يتكامل فيها غواريثميات التحكم بعمليات التصالت وهذا النظام يعتمد على توقع الحادث قبل حدوثه وذالك لقليل من اثر القصور الناجم من تأخر استجابة السائق او المنظومة الميكانيكية للسيارة نفسها , وكما تحتوى هذا النظام على غواريثمية اتخاذ القرار والتي وظيفتها توجيه . السيارة او التوقف آليا وكذالك هذا البحث يقدم غواريثمية توزيع الرسائل عالية الوثوقية و خالية من التنازع في قناه الرسال الواحدة , هذه الغواريثمية قامت برفع وثوقية توزيع الرسائل في الشبكة وذالك عن طريق تقليل عدد السيارات المخفية وكذالك . بتقليل زمن النتظار قبل الرسال , وهذه التحسينات انعكس إيجابا على تجويد التراسل بين السيارات في الشبكة وباستخدام هذا النظام في طريق متوقع فية حدوث حوادث , فان احتمال حدوث حادث بعد استخدام النظام سوف ينخفض لقيمة بين ( 0.01 و 0.001 )% , ومتوسط نسبة الحوادث انخفض الى اقل من % 8
Performance Improvements of the UMTS Systems for Messages Transfer
(Al Neelain University, 2016) Tarig Shawgi Abdelrahman
The main target of this study is to increase throughput of the subscribers messages received at the base station. Two channels were used for messages transfer after distribution of network offered load between them, they are random access channel and dedicated channel. Two algorithms were designed to calculate messages throughput at the base station for messages transmission over random access channel or dedicated channel individually, the proposed model algorithm was designed to calculate the messages throughput at the base station for messages transmission over the two channels after distributing the offered load between them. 100 values for distribution percentages and 10 values of the offered load per 1.33 msec were used. In the first case random access channel carry request for transmission over dedicated channel, in the proposed model it carry both requests for transmission over dedicated channel or over itself. The results obtained from the proposed model algorithm were in the form of table and many graphs. The table explains messages throughputs received at the base station for 100 distribution percentage values and 10 offered load values. Also the table explains the optimum distribution percentage value at 3 the given network offered load to obtain maximum message throughput at the base station. The graphs illustrates that the proposed model throughput is higher than throughputs of transmission over random access channel or dedicated channel individually. As seen from the results graphs, for all G values, total throughput is very sensitive for X values near 0 and one.
Cleaner Production in Tanning Processing (Case Study: Afrotan Tannery)
(Al Neelain University, 2016) Alfatih Awad Mohamed Yasseen
Afrotan tannery was established in 1983, in Albagair Area- AlGazira State - Sudan. It tans about 20000 hide per day. It has four units of wastewater treatment. The wastewater of soaking, deliming, fleshing (washing water) and cleaning processes is treated in general waste water treatment unit. The wastewater of un hairing and liming processes is treated in liming recovery unit. The wastewater of tanning processes is treated in chromium recovery unit. The sludge precipitated in sedimentation tanks of these units is treated in sludge treatment and dewatering unit. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the methods of treatment and recycling applied in these four units and to assess the environmental impact for these units. The analysis was carried out by using the standards methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, Edition 20, (1998). The results showed that, the general wastewater treatment unit receives 1000 m3/day of wastewater. 300 m3/day of this quantity is precipitated as sludge in sedimentation tanks. 700 m3/day is the amount of treated water. 280 m3/day of this treated water is reused in production line and the remaining (420 m3/day) is ditched in land. The removal rates of deliming process substances and chlorides are very low. The removal of deliming process substances in biological oxidation tank increases the treatment cost. The study recommended that waste water of deliming process should be separated, treated and recycled directly. The liming recovery unit receives 300 m3/day of spent liming liquor. 140 m3/day of the quantity is floated and precipitated as sludge. 60 VIII m3/day of this sludge is directly burred in landfills contaminating the soil with sulphide. 160 m3/day of the quantity is the amount of treated liming liquor which is mixed with fresh makeup solution and recycled. The study recommended that further studies to reduce organic loads should be conducted and all sludge should be sent to the sludge treatment unit. The results showed that the chromium recovery unit receives 40 m3/day of spent chromium liquor. Just 1.2 m3 /day of the quantity is recovered and converted to basic chromium sulphate which is reusable. The remaining 38.8 m3/day is supernatant which is sent to general waste water treatment unit and the chromium is precipitated with sludge in sedimentation tanks. For proper chrome treatment, it is recommended that chrome recovery method must be replaced by the direct chrome recycling method. The sludge treatment unit receives 380m3/day of slurry sludge. After treatment and dewatering, 80m3/day of sludge is burred in landfills which it contains chrome, sulphides, chloride and others. The study recommended that sludge should not burred in landfills and also further studies should be conducted to utilize this sludge as fertilizer or in any other purposes. The results showed that there is no contamination by tannery wastewater in the tannery drinking water wells. The study recommended that periodic tests for tannery drinking water must be regularly run and the samples should be taken directly from the well.
Technical Risks Associated With Some Sudanese Telecommunications Networks And Proposed Solutions
(Neelain University, 2016) Mohammed Tahseen Eid Al Agha
Abstract As today’s business world is dynamic and constantly changing, a plenty of surprises and risks taken into consideration appear suddenly, leading to block the implementation of engineering projects or may cause a total collapse. The dissertation focuses on three main issues: 1) technical risks associated with telecom transmission media. 2) multiple criteria and decision making, 3) cost and schedule risks associated with telecom network. This research highlights the use of the advantages ‘of performing qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques as a methodology to provide better information to support critical decisions. These methodologies help to evaluate and estimate the size of contingency reserves for the time and cost that would be appropriate for stakeholders. The technique used in the risk assessment is focused on ﬁve main issues: 1) Root cause analysis method which is a serious method of problem solving. 2) Expected monetary value which is a simple calculation of a value such as expected cost target. 3) Decision tree analysis that is a pOWCl’ﬁll utility for choosing an option from alternatives. 4) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to make decision in complex problems. 5) Simulation models such as sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in order to meet sufficient results in cost estimation and schedules. In the ﬁrst scenario, a complete risk register is constructed involving risk identiﬁcation, risk triggering, risk severity, risk analysis, risk response, and risk monitoring. The second scenario represents decision making in telecom companies to select the best suitable and appropriate transmission lines types. _Six criteria were identiﬁed such as Installation cost, capacity, Security, immunity to noise, issue of latency, and distance for getting the best type of transmission lines among the three alternatives options such as ﬁber optic, VSAT, and microwaves under consideration. The third scenario shows a simulation- based approach of assessing the risk and uncertainty involved in estimating the expected eamings of a mobile communication company according to trafﬁc intensity principle. The procedure involves using of sensitivity analysis modeling, and spreadsheet soﬁware, such as Excel, is a common tool for perfonning this model. This method shows the inﬂuence of ﬁve main factors influencing the effectiveness of trunking theory. This leads stakeholders to avoid the risks associated to cost by taking attention to the ﬁve parameters related to mobile traffic intensity such as number of users, number of calls, call duration, initial cost of call duration, and price of call duration. The research also provides some of the obstacles faced by telecommunications companies such as the problem of increase network capacity, in order to support many new users. To complete this task, Monte Carlo simulation is applied. Monte Carlo is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. The pr0ject’s problem is divided into four jobs; Hardware Installation, Software Conﬁgurations, Electrical wiring, and Civil Works. Based on prior experience or other expert knowledge, risk manger can determine the best case, most-likely, and worst-case estimates for each of these activities.
Technical Risks Associated With Some Sudanese Telecommunications Networks And Proposed Solutions
(Al Neelain University, 2016) Mohammed Tahseen Eid Al Agha
As today‘s business world is dynamic and constantly changing, a p lenty of surprises and risks taken into consideration appear suddenly, leading to block the implementation of engineering pro jects or may cause a total collapse. The dissertation focuses on three main issues: 1) technical risks associated with telecom transmission media. 2) multiple criteria and decision making, 3) cost and schedule risks associated with telecom network. This re search highlights the use of the advantages of performing qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques as a methodology to provide better information to support critical decisions. These methodologies help to evaluate and estimate the size of contingen cy reserves for the time and cost that would be appropriate for sta keholders. The technique used in the risk assessment is focused on five main issues: 1) Root cause analysis method which is a serious method of problem solving . 2) Expected monetary value w hich is a simple calculation of a value such as expected cost target. 3) Decision tree analysis that is a powerful utility for choosing an option from alternatives. 4) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to make decision in complex problems. 5) Sim ulation models such as sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in order to meet sufficient results in cost estimation and schedules. In the first scenario, a complete risk register is constructed involving risk identification, risk triggering, risk severity, risk analysis, risk response, and risk monitoring. The second scenario represent s decision making in telecom companies to select the best suitable and appropriate transmission lines types . Six criteria were identified such as Installation cost, capacity, Security, immunity to noise, issue of latency, and distance for getting the best type of transmission lines among the three alternatives options such as fiber optic, VSAT, and microwaves under consideration. The third scenario shows a simulation - based approach of assessing the risk and uncertainty involved in estimating the expected earnings of a mobile communication company according to traffic intensity principle. The procedure involves using of sensitivity analysis modeling, and spreadsheet sof tware, such as Excel, is a common tool for performing this model. This met hod shows the influence of five main factors influencing the effectiveness of trunking theory. This leads stakeholders to avoid the risks associated to cost by taking attention to th e five parameters related to mobile traffic intensity such as number of users, number of calls, call duration, initial cost of call duration, and price of call duration. The research also provides some of the obstacles faced by teleco mmunications companies such as the problem of increase network capacity, in order to support many new users. To complete this task, Monte Carlo simulation is applied. Monte Carlo is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative ana lysis and decision making . The project‘s problem is divided into four jobs; Hardware Installation, Software Configurations, Electrical wiring, and Civil Works. Based on prior experience or other expert knowledge, risk manger can determine the best case, mo st - likely, and worst - case estimates for each of these activities
خوارزمية لتشكيل الشبكات الحركية تطبيقاً على شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية
(جامعة النيلين, 2016) خالد خليل محمد شرف
المستخلص إن من أهم التحديات التي تواجه ضمان جودة الخدمة هو استمرارية عمل الشبكة بكفاءة وفاعلية وتقليل الآثار السالبة لحدوث أي من الأعطال التي يمكن أن تحدث، إن الشبكات الحركية تعتبر الداعمة لتحقيق ضمان جودة الخدمة، وذلك بسبب معالجة الأعطال التي يمكن أن تحدث دون اللجوء لوقف عمل الشبكة بشكل تام، وبالتالي لا يتم وقف الأنظمة العاملة على الشبكة، واحدة من تطبيقات الشبكات الحركية، هي شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية والتي تواجه عدد من التحديات مثل عملية نشر الأجهزة واستهلاك الطاقة وهيكلية الشبكة الحركية ودرجة الموثوقية ومراقبة وتوجيه الشبكات، إن هيكلية شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية اذا ما قارناها بالشبكات التقليدية فان هيكلية وبنية شبكات الاستشعار اللاسلكية تختلف في الكثير من الامور، تتكون شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية من العديد من أجهزة استشعار محدودة الطاقة، والتي يمكن نشرها في منطقة جغرافية واسعة، يعتبر التشكيل الحركي لشبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية، حيث يتم تعيين الوظائف تلقائيا للنقاط في أي وقت من عمل الشبكة أو معالجة حدوث العطل لأحد الاجهزة، استناداً الى معايير مثل الطاقة المتبقية و التغيرات على هيكلية الشبكة، من أجل الطوبوغرافية التي تسيطر عليها إعادة تشكيل الشبكة، ان قوة الاشارة المستقبلة جنبا الى جنب مع مستوى البطارية للنقطة تستخدم كمؤشر للتغيرات الحادثة على هيكلية الشبكة والطاقة المتبقية للنقاط، بناءً على هذه النقطتين اقترحنا خوارزمية لتشكيل شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية معتمدةً على تقسيم المساحة الجغرافية الى عدد من الشبكات الفرعية، أيضا تقسيم الشبكة الفرعية الى عدد من المستويات ومن ثم تتم عملية ربط الشبكة على مرحلتين، الأولى ربط المحطة الرئيسية مع النقاط المجاورة من الشبكات الفرعية، والثانية اختيار أفضل نقطة مجاورة للمحطة الرئيسية في كل شبكة فرعية لتكون كموجه للنقاط في المستوى الثاني للشبكة الفرعية وكذلك لباقي المستويات، مما يتيح حصر ومعالجة التغيير على مستوى الشبكة الفرعية، أيضا المرونة في اتساع الشبكة. تم اختبار أداء الخوارزمية عبر واجهة المستخدم الرسومية التي يدعمها برنامج المحاكاة الماتلاب، وقد أظهرت النتائج كفاءة الأداء. Abstract One of the most important challenges facing ensure quality of service is the continuity of the network operates efficiently and effectively and reduce the negative effects of the occurrence of any malfunctions that could occur, The dynamic networks are considered supportive to ensure quality of service, Due to address the breakdowns that can occur without resorting to stop the work of the network completely, and thus does not stop working on network systems, one of the dynamic networking applications, Is wireless sensor network that facing a number of challenges, such as the deployment of devices, energy consumption , dynamic structure of the network, degree of network reliability and control and guidance networks, If we compare the traditional networks with wireless sensor network infrastructure, the structure of wireless sensor networks differ in many things, wireless sensor network consists of several sensors limited energy, And that can be deployed in a wide geographic area, is a dynamic reconfiguration of a wireless sensor, Where the jobs are assigned automatically to the points at any time of the work or a malfunction of one of the devices, Based on criteria such as residual energy and structural changes on the network, in order to topographical controlled by the network reconfiguration, The received signal strength along with the battery level of a point used as an indicator of changes in the incident on the network structure and the power of the remaining of the points, Based on these points we have proposed an algorithm to form a wireless sensor network based on the division of the geographical area to a number of subnets, subnet also divided into a number of levels and then be linked to the network on a two-stage process, First, connect the base station with neighboring points of subnets, and the second choice of the best neighboring point of the base station in each subnet to serve as a router to the points in the second level in the sub network as well as to the rest of the levels, This technique allowing inventory and address change on the subnet level, and also scalability of the network. The performance of the algorithm is tested through the graphical user interface supported by Matlab simulator, and the results showed the efficiency of performance.
Technical Risks Associated With Some Sudanese Telecommunications Networks And Proposed Solutions
(Neelain University, 2016) Mohammed Tahseen Eid Al Agha
Abstract As today’s business world is dynamic and constantly changing, a plenty of surprises and risks taken into consideration appear suddenly, leading to block the implementation of engineering projects or may cause a total collapse. The dissertation focuses on three main issues: 1) technical risks associated with telecom transmission media. 2) multiple criteria and decision making, 3) cost and schedule risks associated with telecom network. This research highlights the use of the advantages ‘of performing qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques as a methodology to provide better information to support critical decisions. These methodologies help to evaluate and estimate the size of contingency reserves for the time and cost that would be appropriate for stakeholders. The technique used in the risk assessment is focused on ﬁve main issues: 1) Root cause analysis method which is a serious method of problem solving. 2) Expected monetary value which is a simple calculation of a value such as expected cost target. 3) Decision tree analysis that is a pOWCl’ﬁll utility for choosing an option from alternatives. 4) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to make decision in complex problems. 5) Simulation models such as sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in order to meet sufficient results in cost estimation and schedules. In the ﬁrst scenario, a complete risk register is constructed involving risk identiﬁcation, risk triggering, risk severity, risk analysis, risk response, and risk monitoring. The second scenario represents decision making in telecom companies to select the best suitable and appropriate transmission lines types. _Six criteria were identiﬁed such as Installation cost, capacity, Security, immunity to noise, issue of latency, and distance for getting the best type of transmission lines among the three alternatives options such as ﬁber optic, VSAT, and microwaves under consideration. The third scenario shows a simulation- based approach of assessing the risk and uncertainty involved in estimating the expected eamings of a mobile communication company according to trafﬁc intensity principle. The procedure involves using of sensitivity analysis modeling, and spreadsheet soﬁware, such as Excel, is a common tool for perfonning this model. This method shows the inﬂuence of ﬁve main factors influencing the effectiveness of trunking theory. This leads stakeholders to avoid the risks associated to cost by taking attention to the ﬁve parameters related to mobile traffic intensity such as number of users, number of calls, call duration, initial cost of call duration, and price of call duration. The research also provides some of the obstacles faced by telecommunications companies such as the problem of increase network capacity, in order to support many new users. To complete this task, Monte Carlo simulation is applied. Monte Carlo is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. The pr0ject’s problem is divided into four jobs; Hardware Installation, Software Conﬁgurations, Electrical wiring, and Civil Works. Based on prior experience or other expert knowledge, risk manger can determine the best case, most-likely, and worst-case estimates for each of these activities.