كلية الدراسات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية
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Item الدولة الفلسطنية في فكر الاحزاب الاسرائلية(جامعة النيلين, 2005) خالد محمد عبد ربه الجزارItem THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON TRADE BALANCE IN SUDAN(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2001-12) AHMED ABD ALLAH IBRAHIM AHMED3 Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON TRADE BALANCE IN SUDAN By AHMED ABD ALLAH IBRAHIM AHMED December 2001 Chairman: Professor Mohammad Bin Yusoff, Ph.D. Faculty: Economics and Management One of the primary economic objectives of most developing countries is to improve their trade balance. Economists have suggested that trade deficit can be reduced through currency devaluation. This study attempts to determine the efiects of devaluation on the trade balance of Sudan and the pass-through effects on Sudan's major export prices by employing Vector Error Conection Model (VECM). The results from the study suggest that the elasticities of import demand with respect to the price ratio of imports relative to domestic price and domestic income are high, while that of the real effective exchange rate is low. The elasticities of export demand with respect to price ratio of exports relative to foreign price, foreign income and real effective exchange rate are high. ln particular, the export demand for cotton and gum arabic are elastic with respect to the exchange rate and the foreign price. Abstrak lesis yang lelah dikcmukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai mcmenuhi keperluan unluk ijalah Doktor Falsafah KESAN PERVBAHAN KADAR PERTUKARAN KEATAS IMBANGAN DAGANGAN DI SUDAN Oleh AHMED ABD ALLAII IBRAIIIM AHMED December 2001 Pcngerusi: Profesor Mohammed Bin Yusoff, Ph.D. Fakulti: Ekonomi dan Pengurusan Salah satu ohjehif penting bagi negara membangun ialah mempcrbaiki imbangan pembayaran. Ahli ekonomi mencadangkan pcnunman nilai matawang sebagai satu cara untuk maksud lcrscbut. Kajian ini cuba melihat kesan devaluasi kc atas imbangan pembayaran di Sudan, dan juga kcsan “pass through" dengan menggunakan modcl VECM. Keputusan ujian mcnunjukkan keanjalan yang tinggi di antara pennintaan import dan nisbah harga impon 1 harga tempalan. Keanjalannya dengan kadar peltukaran efektif adalah rendah. Keanjalan pennimaan ekspon terhadap nisbah harga export : harga aoing, : pendapalan dunia dan kadar pertukaran efektif adalah tinggi. Khususnya, pennintaan eksport bagi gum arabik dan kapas adalah anjal terhadap kadar pcmlkaran dan harga dunia. Bagi imbangan dagangan, kita mendapati ianya adalah anjal terhadap pembahan dalam pcnnimaan domcstik, pendapatan dunia dan kadar pertukaran efektif. Hasil lambah keanjalan bagi eksport dan import adalah lebih besar dari satu yang menunjukkan syarat Marshall-Lcmer dapat dipcnuhi. Ini bermakna, devaluasi boleh mcmbaiki imbangan perdagangan. kajian juga menunjukkan terdapatnya perhubungan 1 6 jangka panjang yang signifikan di antara kadar penukaran efektif dan imbangan ‘ ' perdagangan yang bennakna dcvaluasi boleh memperbaiki imbangan perdagangan dalam » jangka panjang. > - ~ Keputusan bagi “pass through" bagi harga import kapas adalah sempuma, yang menyarankan Sudan adalah "price taker“ di pasaran antarabangsa. Dcngan itu devaluasi ‘ akan meningkalkan lagi pennintaan bagi eksport kapas dalam tcmpoh jangka panjang I "Pass through" bagi gum arabik adalah tidak scmpuma yang merunjukkan Sudan adalah "price maker" dalam pasaran amarabangsa dan dcvaluasi tidak mungkin membawa apa- apa kesan yang positif.Item Resources Utilization in Traditional Rain-Fed Agriculture in Sudan A Case Study of Shiekan Rural Area North Kordofan State(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2001-04) Abdelle Moneim Hamad Elseed Mohammedd NoorAbstract This study is solely on traditional Rain-fedagriculture, taking Shiekan rural area ofNor1hern Kordofan state as a case study . The major theme ofthe present study is to examine the economic rationale of traditional farmers in the utilization ofresources at their disposal and the influence of technical and luunan factors on the decision of farmers in Shiekan rural area . The present study focussed on identifying the production decisions that farmers make; and identity factors which influence these decisions and determine the extend to which decisions change over the agriculture season . The production decisions include the following : (l) crops planted, area planted and allocation ofarea to crops; (2) planting dates for various crops; (3)methods ofplanting, rotations followed and varieties grown; (4) utilization ofinputs other than labor, and labor utilization . Endogenous and Exogenous factors influencing these decisions are carried out mainly to determine the profitability and viability of resources utilization in traditional agriculture and its sustainability . The study adopted descriptive, comparative and an analytical methodological approach to describe, compare and analyze the farming system in the study area . Tabular analysis, labor and land profiles are used to describe the system and provide a better understanding ofthe production process . Representative sample of I00 household farmers was selected and interviewed during the I998/9‘) season . Six mouths ofrcsidenee were devoted to gathering systematic data through questionnaire . The study revealed that, land ownership is still a diflicult problem in the area; the distribution oflandtendsto be distorted in favor ofa minority ofOmda, Shiekh and their relatives . The principal effect of the land tenure system has been increased fragmentation, deterioration and destruction of land . The main crops found to be planted in the area are millct_ groundnuts, sesame and sorghum . Although productivity ofmillet and sesame is declining and productivity of groundnuts and sorghum is increasing, farmers concentrate on the cultivation oi‘ millet and sesame paradoxically . The use of tractor and animal traction have increased cultivated area and productivity but it intensified desertification and reduced land fertility . An important draw-backofthe agricultural system in Shiekan rural area is its neglect oflivestock . Under price liberalization, a poor farmer sells his production early at low price to meet his needs . llence there is no saving to be reinvested in traditional agriculture . To rectify these imbalances in the farming systems the study recommended the following : a) There is a need to improvement in teclmology, flexibility and security in the land tenure system . b) Substitution ofmillet and sesame by the most prolitablc crops of groundnuts and sorghum . c) Research on introduction of new teclmical packages for small farmers should start at the farm level, and work backward to the research stations . d) There must be essential improvements and input which are needed to improve an existing farming situation and to provide them in the form ofintegrated package .Item factors affeecting among sudanese women an urban comminity acase study of eldim town(1999 - 05) Asia mohammed sharifeAbstract This study is an attempt to investigate some of the factors affecting fertility in a Sudanese urban setting. Fertility is one ofthe factors responsible for the pattern of population change that is believed to be taking place in Sudan. The slight decline in fertility levels had been taken as a main concern. This decline has been noticeable in the urban areas. The core issue is concentrated on analysing factors affecting fertility among women in the urban communities in Sudan, taking El Dueim town as a case stutlv Bougaarts‘s model for the proximate determinants of fertility is used as the analytical framework. Marriage pattern, contraception and post-partum infecundity are analysed as the main proximate determinants that affect fertility directly. Respondent’s education, occupation and type of residence are analysed as the main socio-economic variables that affect the proximate determinants directly and fertility level indirectly. ldeal family size, sex preference and desirability for additional child are analysed as indicators of cultural attitudes that affect fertility behaviour. A siimple of S I0 ever-married women aged 15-49 years was selected from l7 out of the 28 neighbourhoods in the town. The sample was selected randomly using stratified cluster sampling procedure. The I993 census’ Primary Enumeration Areas for El Dueim town formed the sampling frame. The data was collected by face to face interview using a designed questionnaire The levels and patterns of fertility are analysed in relation to demographic and socio- economic characteristics of the respondents. The Total Fertility Rate is reported as 6.5 children per a woman and adjusted to 5.2 children. The completed fertility for women aged 45-49 years on average is 7 livbirths. Fertility is found to be differentiated largely by socio-econoinic and demographic factors. Education, occupation and type of residence have a considerable effect on the proximate determinants of fertility. Ever-use _ knowledge and current use of contraceptives are found to be more common among the women who are educated, engaged in gainful jobs and reside in the town centre& government houses. Post- partum infecundity periods are longer among the uneducated, unemployed and those who reside in fourth class neighbourhood. The long period of infecundity is considered as the main mean to delay birth among this group. The effective use of contraceptive is the main mean to delay birth, which compensate the short periodol" post-partuin infecundity among the former group Th»: average ideal family size was found to be high among women under the age of 20 and those above 40 years. among the uneducated, unemployed and those who reside in the fourth class residences. However, preference for a male child was found to he more common than for a female child with no significant ditTerence among dillerent socio-economic groups.Item POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN SUDAN: AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD DATA (2000)(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-08) Ali Elgeilani Fad-Allah ElhajAbstract This study attempted to analyze the trends of poverty and income inequality in Sudan across socio-economic groups and overtime, with special emphasis on a set of interrelated factors that contribute to poverty and affect human capabilities The study examined the following main contentions: Firstly, during the period 1990 '- 2000 poverty and income inequality have increased substantially This period also witnessed the worsening position of the poor. Secondly, a reduction in poverty as well as in its depth and severity is significantly associated with access to social services. Thirdly, economic growth is important in poverty reduction. It is found that, for urban and rural areas the absolute poverty line was SD 928998 and SD. 655356 per household per year with a household size of 7 07 and 7.63 persons respectively. It is also found that, for urban and rural areas, the absolute poverty line was SD. 742410 and SD. 535107 per household per year with per-adult household size of 5.65 and 6 23 persons respectively. The subjective poverty lines based on perceived minmum income for total sample, urban, and rural areas were SD. 6454149, SD. 761781.5 and SD. 5862507 per household per year respectively On the other hand a subjective poverty line based on the perceived adequacy of consumption was estimated at SD. 5902794 per household per year, where average household size was 7 36 persons Therefore, the subjective and objective poverty lines were approximately the same. During the period 1990-2000 all poverty measures have increased at high rates. In 1990, 77.5 percent ofthe households were poor, whereas in 2000 it is found that 88 percent of the total households surveyed fall on or below the poverty line The depth and severity rates of poverty were 60% and 48.4% respectively The incidence, depth and severity indices of poverty varied substantially across regions and across rural and urban areas. Across all regions all rural poverty measures were higher than the urban poverty measures. The policy implication of this result is that poverty alleviation strategy should favor the rural areas and anti-poverty policies should be directed towards the regions with the highest values of all poverty measures. Also it is found that a reduction in poverty as well as in its depth and severity is significantly associated with access to social services The growth elasticity ol‘ poverty is found to be statistically significant but small. Thus, although growth is important in poverty reduction, its role in this respect should not be overestimated One possible explanation to this finding is that poverty in Sudan has reached alarmed proportion and that alleviation of which requires influential pro-poor policies It is found that income inequality has become more severe, where the Gini Coefficient increased from 61% in 1990 to 73 2% in 2000. Also the data revealed that the income inequality has grown more rapidly in urban than in rural areas.Item دور الاستعمار في ازمه التكامل القومى في افريقيا (دراسه حاله جنوب السودان)(جامعه النيلين, 2005) اشتياق عبدالله محمد حسنItem دور الادلة الاثرية فى حسم ازمات الحدود السياسية دراسة حالة (ازمة الحدود السودانية المصرية)(جامعة النيلين, 2007-07) نورالدائم سيداحمد محمدItem أثر الصراعات في دار فور علي دول الجوار(جامعة النيلين, 2008) رهام حسين سليمان دهبItem دور الاستعمار في ازمه التكامل القومى في افريقيا (دراسه حاله جنوب السودان)(جامعه النيلين, 2005) اشتياق عبدالله محمد حسنItem دور محاسبة التكاليف في تسعير المنتجات الدوائية 0دراسة حالة شركة وفرافما)(جامعة النيلين, 2005) بابكر محمد عثمان مالكt Abstract The research tackles the role oticost accounting, in pricing the drugs in the Sudan. The problem oli the reseztrcli is relleeted in showing that most ol‘ the drug llictories used the trutlitionzil cost system \\itltout considering the use olicost in pricin~__'. lhe importztnce oti the reseureh stems lrom the impo1'tz'tnce olithe industrial sector and the drugs industr} in purtieultu". Tliet'el'orc, it is tiecessttry to stud)" the industrial production cost 8; its eliliects on prices, rutionztli/ing decisions & distril)utin~__' dru-__is products. lhe reseztreh aimed to stud)‘ the role ol‘ cost in decision making reluted to drugs prices & methods otidistrihuting direct & indirect cost & the role oticost system in the drttgs industriul luctories. lo solve the p|'ohlent ol‘ the research. the rescurcl1ertztln:tli2.ing the decision ol drt1t_._'sprieing. lhe reseatrch used the lollo\\ in\__= Ll|3l\|'tt.lCllC.\'I (lC(ltlCll\'€, inductive, unul_\'ticul descriptive‘ & liistoricul. ll he rese;u'eh hypotheses hus heen \;tlid;tted & itnportzmt results & recommendations has heen conducted. l he most importztnt results tire: l-l)e\elopmencnt requires using modern cost systems & developing the trztdilionztl one to meet the grou ing needs otthe :1dminist|*t1tion. lltu i\Iost itnportttttt rcconttnctttltttinns ztru: I-Cost ztcctwtttttittg s) stem in tltc tl1"ttg.\ imltt_\t1'i;tl l1tctu1"ic.\‘ shuttlt . 1 1 hc It I lturc slmttttl lvc ttvoid tltc upcrt1tiu|t_\ ml‘ input rupctitiott & to rcuch tn the