كلية الهندسة

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STUDY AND DESIGN OF I)lREC'l‘ MEMORY ~ ACCESS CON'I‘R()LLER
(Al-Neelain University, 2003 - 03) nahal mohammed raheem shannan
Abstract The problem oftime consuming in data transfer in computer-based systems is of great importance, especially in systems that need last response. Computer engineers think ofa device that decreases this time consumption as much as possible, they ﬁnd that the direct memory access concept is one olithe best ways this problem could he solved. The direct memory access controller is a device that allows data to ﬂow directly between thc memory and peripheral devices. thus decreasing the time consumption.
Catalytic Refor ming of Heavy Naphtha of Heavy Naphtha of khar toum Refinery
(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2004) Al samani Ahmed Mahmoud Salih
Engineering Specifications of Aggregates in Khartoum State for Concrete Mix and Road Design
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-07) Farida Mohamed Abdalla
A New Algorithm for Blind Source Separation Using Parallel Processing
(Neelain University, 2006) Ibrahim Elimam Abdalla
ABSTRACT In this dissertation the digital ﬁlters were used to solve the Convolutive Blind Source Separation within the parallel computing context, A revision of the strategy of tackling BSS and CBSS problems via parallel computing was proposed. In this dissertation a convolutive Blind Source Separation algorithm was developed within the context of parallel computing. The algorithm ﬁnds the demixing system by simultaneously jointly diagonalizeing a set of time-lagged correlation matrices by using parallel form of Jacobi plane transformations. The parallel computing approach was applied on some existing BSS and CBSS algorithms. As an example of the iterative CBSS algorithms Lambert and Bell work was selected and modiﬁed so as to apply parallel computing approach. Very good results were obtained compared with Lambert and Bell results. A very important improvement is that the developed equalizing system converges very fast. As an example of the diagonalization algorithms the JADE algorithm was modiﬁed to apply parallel computing approach. The results of the simulations showed that applying parallel computing approach on this type of algorithms is easier if done on shared memory systems.
A New Algorithm for Blind Source Separation Using Parallel Processing
(Al Neelain University, 2006-11) Ibrahim Elimam Abdalla
In this dissertation the digital ﬁlters were used to solve the Convolutive Blind Source Separation within the parallel computing context, A revision of the strategy of tackling BSS and CBSS problems via parallel computing was proposed. In this dissertation a convolutive Blind Source Separation algorithm was developed within the context of parallel computing. The algorithm ﬁnds the demixing system by simultaneously jointly diagonalizeing a set of time-lagged correlation matrices by using parallel form of Jacobi plane transformations. The parallel computing approach was applied on some existing BSS and CBSS algorithms. As an example of the iterative CBSS algorithms Lambert and Bell work was selected and modiﬁed so as to apply parallel computing approach. Very good results were obtained compared with Lambert and Bell results. A very important improvement is that the developed equalizing system converges very fast. As an example of the diagonalization algorithms the JADE algorithm was modiﬁed to apply parallel computing approach. The results of the simulations showed that applying parallel computing approach on this type of algorithms is easier if done on shared memory systems.
RESIDUAL SERVICE TIME BASED ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CLASS MULTI-SERVER PRIORITY . QUEUING SYSTEMS
(Neelain University, 2007) Amin Babiker A/Nabi Mustafa
ABSTRACT In this research, Multi-Class Multi-Server Priority Queuing Systems. service times for all priority classes are assumed to be identically and exponentially distributed. This assumption led to the possibility of extending the analysis of non- preemptive priority queuing systems to the multiple servers case (similarly to multiple communication channels). ' The extension is based on the developed fomiula for the residual service time R. This on its part, was achieved by utilizing the analysis of M/M/m systems in which the service times are identically and exponentially distributed, combining this with the analysis of non-preemptive queuing systems for single server systems based on M/G/l system. Making all necessary modiﬁcations for the system to ﬁt the multiple servers case, the necessary mathematical analysis and derivations were given. The Preemptive Priority queues with Multiple Servers and Multiple priority classes were treated in the same manner. Here the assumption that the service times - for all priority classes — are identically and exponentially distributed _is put forward. Again, a formula for the residual service time is developed and utilized in calculating the average customer waiting time and other related parameters. In the light of this assumption the author presents the relations necessary to derive an expression for the mean residual service time which is then used in developing a mathematical model for the analysis of preemptive priority queues with multiple servers and multiple priority classes. The research includes some comparative studies between the proposed model (multi-class multi-servers priority queuing systems) and some prior related works.
Neuro Fuzzy Concepts and Design (Case Study)
(Neelain University, 2008) Amir Ahmed Mohammed Hassan
Abstract This research presents a comparison between desired and actual trajectory used to adaptive control to robot manipulators which can be used in soldering square shape. In this thesis, the path trajectory obtained using the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANF IS) is called the actual path trajectory. ANFIS has two essential parameters; the ﬁrst parameter is the number of fuzzy set, and the second parameter is the number of training. The training data of manipulator used in ANFIS is calculated by forward kinematics for two links worked in two dimensions. The desired path trajectory of manipulator is obtained by inverse kinematics method. Many comparisons can be made between desired and actual path trajectory. The execution of comparisons requires various values for both number of membership function and number of training. Finally, the suitable path trajectory selected by comparison between coirelation coefficients for both desired and actual path trajectory, the difference between desired and actual path trajectory is observed. And all the data used in comparisons are computed by MATLAB and Excel. Results obtained are of good value at number of training equal 75, and number of fuzzy set equal 9.
Neuro Fuzzy Concepts and Design (Case Study)
(Neelain University, 2008) Amir Ahmed Mohammed Hassan
Abstract This research presents a comparison between desired and actual trajectory used to adaptive control to robot manipulators which can be used in soldering square shape. In this thesis, the path trajectory obtained using the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is called the actual path trajectory. ANFIS has two essential parameters; the ﬁrst parameter is the number of fuzzy set, and the second parameter is the number of training. The training data of manipulator used in ANFIS is calculated by forward kinematics for two links worked in two dimensions. The desired path trajectory of manipulator is obtained by inverse kinematics method. Many comparisons can be made between desired and actual path trajectory. The execution of comparisons requires various values for both number of membership function and number of training. Finally, the suitable path trajectory selected by comparison between correlation coefficients for both desired and actual path trajectory, the difference between desired and actual path trajectory is observed. And all the data used in comparisons are computed by MATLAB and Excel. Results obtained are of good value at number of training equal 75, and number of fuzzy set equal 9.
تطوير وتصميم شبكة عصبية اصطناعية للتحكم الصوتي فينظومة التحكم
(جامعة النيلين, 2008) داليا محمود ادم محمود
Abstract This thesis has two main goals, the ﬁrst goal is development and design artiﬁcial neural network architecture for speciﬁc application which is voice control, in addition to increase network generalization when it deals with new cases, this because human sound is not constant and vary each time he utterances the same word according to his health and emotional state. To achieve this goal, number of feed forward back propagation neural networks was built, and three types of transfer function was used which are Log sigmoid, Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid and Pure Liner to test performance for each of them, the experiences explained that Log sigmoid is much suitable for this application. Also this work follow effective manner in choosing numbers of layer and hidden nodes depending on trail and error but with speciﬁc strategy. The second goal is using the designed neural network to work as commands recognizer in voice control system, this system is a pressure control system which controls on petroleum pipelines and consist of pump, tank and electronic valve. Three experiments was applied to design this system, the designing on ﬁrst experience depend on using isolated commands (Open, Close) and training neural network to recognize it, and then measured performance of the recognizer. The neural network here used log sigmoid for activate layer output and contain two hidden layer, number of nodes in them are 120 and 50 nodes. This design achieve performance ratio 98.5714%. The second designing using commands from two part (Open pump ,Close pump, Open Valve , Close valve ), the neural network used here has 70 nodes and one hidden layer between input and output layer. This design achieve perfonnance ratio 96.67%.The recognizer in last designing used phonemes of command to recognize it, this for make the system more general. The neural network used here has one hidden layer contain 100 nodes. This design achieve performance ratio only 23.3%. The three experiences were designed using MATLAB program, it used also for write preprocessing program which was use to extract word features.
تعويض انظمة التحكم العكسية الخطية : دراسة حالة
(جامعة النيلين, 2008-05) محمد حسن جبارة
Abstract This thesis discusses a case study tor a compensator design tor an antenna position control system. Root locus technique was used interactively in the design process utilizing Matlab and its tools. Ditlierent types of series compensators were used and a suitable PID controller has been implemented " PID compensator is able to achieve both the transient- state and steady - state accuracy for the system, which are crucial to position control systems. The design was subjected to evaluation tests and the results were good.
Neuro Fuzzy Concepts and» Design (Case Study)
(Alneelain University, 2008-07) Amir Ahmed Mohammcdl Hassan
This research presents a comparison between desired and actual trajectory used to adaptive control to robot manipulators which can be used in soldering square shape. In this thesis, the path trajectory obtained using the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is called the actual path trajectory. ANFIS has two essential parameters; the ﬁrst parameter is the number of fuzzy set, and the second parameter is the number of training. The training data of manipulator used in ANFIS is calculated by forward kinematics for two links worked in two dimensions. The desired path trajectory of manipulator is obtained by inverse kinematics method. Many comparisons can be made between desired and actual path trajectory. The execution of comparisons requires various values for both number of membership function and number of training. Finally, the suitable path trajectory selected by comparison between correlation coefﬁcients for both desired and actual path trajectory, the difference between desired and actual path trajectory is observed. And all the data used in comparisons are computed by MATLAB and Excel. Results obtained are of good value at number of training equal 75, and number of fuzzy set equal 9
Decision in NEC Based on GIS, SPSS And Information System
(Al Neelain University, 2010-04) Rashid Babiker Alhassan
Abstract The study mechanism design database of the National Electricity absorb all the technical information fro m the production, transmission and distribution of electricity and using geographic information systems (GIS) to accommodate the evidence of spatial passenger terminal, transformers, poles and houses for customers was the work done by the program of the (ArcGis9.1) spatial resolution . A search of four chapters, with Chapter One Introduction to Research with an explanation of the problem make a search in addition to the objective of the thesis and also address the usual style of research and finally a summary of the chapters of the research . Chapter II covered the concept of technical information within the National Electricity Corporation, and then deal with software that works within such Al SCADA and program automated meter reading (AMR). Chapter also touched on the importance of linkage between programs and the benefits of them . Chapter III of the study area has been identified with the design of a consolidated database to link all the programs in one base. And then linking them and the work of geographical and other interface in the form of screens and a unilateral plan for the stations was done by designing a plan that aims to link all the programs a unified database and then linked by a statistical analysis program SPSS. Contributing to the operations forecasts and statistical analysis . Chapter IV thesis presented the summary and provide some recommendations for the future
study of ann model and xinanjiang model for flood forecasting in the guanyinqiao catchment
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2010-05) Mohmed Abdallah Mohmed Abdalhi
Abstract Abstract Hydrological modeling of water resources systems has contributed to a great deal of analysis-type knowledge. The understanding of spatial and temporal events has led to a higher degree of conﬁdence in the design of most water resources projects. This research study seeks on how to apply the Artiﬁcial Neural Network rainfall runoff model and Xinanjiang rainfall-runoff model in humid and semi humid catchments of Guanyin Qiao, determines the optimum parameters of the two models used, forecast the real time of peak ﬂood event and evaluate the models acceptability in the catchment. The study area is Guanyin Qiao catchment in Longyan area located at the Western region of Fu Jian province in China, with the total catchment area of 324 Kmz. The daily data from 1992 — 200lwere used and its sets were divided into two groups of data sets, which includes, calibration set and validation set for the two models. The manual calibration processes of the two models were successful and obtained the optimum parameters used in validation processes. The average relative errors for the ANN model and Xinanjiang model were 18.45% and 6,44% respectively, this means that, the average relative errors for the two models have not exceeded the acceptable relative error values, because each ﬂood simulation or forecasting result is acceptable only if the percentage of the peak relative error between simulated and observed ﬂood is less than or equal to 20%. The only one drawback of this study is that, the ANN model is able to make good forecasts in the short lead times of performance, but with increase in the lead times the results deteriorates rapidly. The manual calibration of Xinanjiang model is good for simple model but in long period of year’s calibration and complex model, it’s tedious and affects the accuracy of the parameters. Based on the overall results and the comparative study, the research proved that, the ANN rainfall-runoff model and Xinanjiang rainfall- runoff model applied in this study is more efficient and qualiﬁed to be applied in the Guanyin Qiao catchment and can be categorize in grade B base on the Chinese Standards classiﬁcation (2000). Keywords: ANN model, Xinanjiang model, Flood forecasting, Guanyinqiao Catchment.
THE USE OF PROTEIN ISOLATES IN THE MANUFACTOR OF SAUSAGE, ICE CREAM AND BREAD
(Al Neelain University, 2011) Abdel Rahman Sirelkhatim Mohammed Eltayeb
The Bambara groundnuts used in the study were purchased from a local market at Neyala at western Sudan. The seeds is transported to the Laboratory of International Food Research Center, Egypt to make all chemical analytical. Pigeon pea and Vigna unguiculata obtained from Bahri market were millet from Food Research Center in Shambat. The chemical compositions were carried out in the Food Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Gezira. Proximate analysis in terms % of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash , fiber and carbohydrate, the results showed that the moisture 6.8, 8.5 and 8.0%, protein 17.7, 19.8 and 21%, fat 6.6, 2.1 and 1.7%, ash 4.2, 3.0 and 3.2, fiber 3.5, 3.1 and 3.2 for the Bambara groundnut, Vigna unguiculata and pigeon pea respectively. The chemical composition of the three sample sausage (A, B and C), moisture (61.7, 63 and 64), protein (18.4, 22.1 and 25.0), fat (2.2, 3.08 and 4.37) and ash (1.38, 2.3 and 2.23). but the three samples of ice cream (A, B and C), fat (4.25, 5.4 and 7.7), protein (2.49, 3.37 and 4.46), total solid (31.82, 32.1 and 33.12) and ash (0.39, 0.53 and 0.61). Bread for four samples (control, 16, 19 and 21%) moisture (35.59, 35.14, 34.93 and 34.83) protein (8.4, 10.12, 11.92 and 13.39), fat (11.11, 11.31, 11.43 and 11.52), fiber (1.31, 1.48, 1.63 and 1.8)and ash (1.76, 1.98, 2.1 and 2.28). Protein solubility of Bambara groundnut reduced as the pH increased until it reached at pH (4) followed by progressive increase in solubility with further increase in pH. A protein isolate flour from Bambara groundnut, pigeon pea seeds was evaluated for its functional properties. The water retention capacity (WRC) of the samples (368.5, 350 and 250.3). The fat absorption capacity (FAC) is (169.9, 185 and 130). The emulsion capacity EC at neutral pH (76, 72 and 77). The results of foaming capacity at neutral pH is 90, 103 and 118. Gelling of protein depends on protein concentration, pH balance viscous gel formation did not occur at below a concentration 16% at neutral pH. The result of anti-nutritional factor and amino acid is determined for Bambara groundnut and used as a replacement for wheat flour of various ratio because is highly in water retention capacity. The effects of the various replacement ratios on the wheat flour rheological properties were studied. The results recorded by the farrinograph and extensograph. The Vigna unguiculata is used to produce sausage because the protein isolate is highly fat absorption capacity but the ice cream made by pigeon pea protein isolate flour because is highly in foaming properties. All this product containing various ratios for protein isolate flour were made and subjected to sensory evaluation by taste panels.
AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE COLLEGE EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON DRINKS PACKED IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
(Al Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWAD
The idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S 2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. أهم إسباب إختيار مادة هذا البحططث هطو تطدعيم فكطرة التطوجه نحطو البححططاث التطططبيقيه المرتبطه بحقضايا المجتمع و المنعكسه علي حياتنا اليوميه و شجع فكرة البحث خبر أذيع في يونيو 2006 من هيئطة الذاعطة البريطانيطة بحطأنه قطد تطم سطحب أربحطع ماركطات مطن الميطاه الغازيطة مطن السواق البريطانية لكتشاف وجود مواد كيماويه ضاره وعزى ذلك إلى سوء التخزين. 14 واضعين فى العتبار الفرق الشاسع لما هو متبع فى السططودان لمثططل هططذه السططلع بحالنسططبه لظططروف العرض و التخزين مقارنه مما فى تلك البلد. تم إختيططار و دراسططة ثلث عينططات مططن المشططروبحات الشططائعة السططتهلك إثنيططن مططن الميططاه الغططازيه )بحنكهططة الليمططون و التفططاح ( و واحططده مططن الميططاه المعطططدنيه. كطططل العينطططات معبطططأة فطططى قطططوارير بحلسطططتيكه مطططن مطططادة ال Polyethylene Terephthalate PET ( (. كما درست عينتان من نفس المشروبحات الغازيه معبأة فططى قططوارير زجاجيه للمقارنه. تم أخذ العينات من محل تجارى وسط الخرطوم بحعيد إستلمها من الموزع. تم إيداع نسخ من العينات في الثلجه و وضططعت الخططرى خارجهططا تحططت نفططس ظططروف محططل شرائها متعرضة لدرجات الحرارة العاليه و أشعة الشمس المباشرة حيث تكطون طريقطة التخزيططن في مراكز البيع المختلفه. لقد وضعت هذه العينات ما بحين 6 – 8 أشهر ثم تم تحليلها في معامل متخصصه بحواسطة جهاز Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer ( GC-MS .( وبحعد دراسة و مقارنة النتائج إستخلصنا اللتى :- - عططدم وجططود ) acetaldyhyde ( و أوليقميططرات ) olygomers ( مططن ال ) PET ( لذا أثبت أن درجة ثباته عاليه. - وجود مضافات البلمره بحنسب أعلى فى عينططات التخزيططن المفتططوح ) open air ( يشططير لتأثرها بحظروف التخزين المتبعه. - ظهططور مططواد إضططافيه فططى محتويططات تعبئططة الزجططاج فططى العينططه S 2 )نكهططة الليمططون ( يشططيرللماده البططوليميريه المبطنططه لغطططاء الزجططاج, رغططم أن محتوياتهططا مططن دفعططه مختلفططه different batch . (( - عدم ظهور مواد إضافيه فى العينه الزجاجيه S 3 )نكهطة التفططاح ( مططن المرجطح أن يكطون بحسبب عدم وجود بحطانه بحلستيكيه فى الغطاء مما يعضد الملحظه السابحقه. وعليه يمكن إجمال توصيات الدراسة فى اللتى :- - بحالنسبه للتعبئة البلستيكيه للمياه و المشروبحات الغازيه يفضل اللتزام بحمادة ال PET لرتفاع درجة المان فيها. - تفادى إستخدام مواد بحوليميرية أخرى للغطية أو بحطانتها - اللتزام بحظروف تخزين ملئمه تطابحق شروط تخزين المواد الغذائيه الخرى. - الرجوع للزجاج. 15 - نوصى بحدراسة سوائل أخرى مثل زيوت الطعام و غيرها لمعرفططة تططأثير ظططروف تخزيططن أخرى عليها ) كالتبريد الشديد (.
Republic of the Sudan El Neelain University College of Graduate Studies Computer Control of Three Phase Induction Motor
(Al Neelain University, 2011) Mohamed Mohyeldin Khalil Alraiah
الهدف من هذا البحث هو تصميم نظام تحكم لمحرك الحث ثيلثيي الطووار باستعمال التقنية الرقمية. نظام التحكم يستعمل في التحكم في السرعة من السرعات المنخفضة جدا الي السرعة المقننة مع عزم ثيابت. محرك الحث ثيلثيي الطووار له متانة عالية, موثيوقية, كلفة منخفضة وكفاءة عالية مما جعله يستعمل في العديد من التطبيقات الصناعية. فعلى الرغم من انه من المحركات ذات السرعة الثابتة حيث يدور فقط بسرعته المقننة عند توصيله بمصدر الطاقة ال ان التطور الكبير في الكترونيات القدرة في السنوات الخييرة جعلت التحكم في سرعته ممكنا. عملية التحكم في السرعة والعزم تتم عن طوريق التحكم في التردد والجهد المسلطان على لفائف العضو الثابت في المحرك حيث يتم ذلك بواسطة استعمال تقنية تضمين عرض النبضة ) PWM .( اشارة ال ) PWM ( يمكن انتاجها عن طوريق الحاسب الشخصي عبر منفذ التوازي, لذلك فان دوائر التحكم المعقدة يمكن استبدالها ببرنامج حاسوب الذي يسمح لخصائص التحكم ان تغير بسهولة, يقلل تكلفة التصنيع, يزيد الموثيوقية ويحسن الصيانة والخدمات. Abstract The aim of this research is to design a control system for a three phase induction motor by using digital technique. The control system is v used to control the speed from very low speed until the rated speed at a constant torque. The three phase induction motor has high robustness, reliability, low cost and high efficiency that mad it used in many industrial application. Although induction motor regards as a constant speed motor that it can only run at its rated speed when its connected to the main power supply, the developments in power electronics over the last years has made speed control possible. The speed and torque control can be done by controlling the frequency and amplitude of the applied stator voltage which can be implemented by the pulse-width-modulation (PWM) technique. The PWM control signals can be generated by the personal computer through the parallel port, so the complex control circuits' hardware can be replaced by computer software which allows control characteristics to be easily changed, reduce manufacturing cost, increase reliability and improve maintenance and servicing الهدف من هذا البحث هو تصميم نظام تحكم لمحرك الحث ثلاثي الاطوار باستعمال التقنية الرقمية. نظام التحكم يستعمل في التحكم في السرعة من السرعات المنخفضة جدا الي السرعة المقننة مع عزم ثابت. محرك الحث ثلاثي الاطوار له متانة عالية, موثوقية, كلفة منخفضة وكفاءة عالية مما جعله يستعمل في العديد من التطبيقات الصناعية. فعلى الرغم من انه من المحركات ذات السرعة الثابتة حيث يدور فقط بسرعته المقننة عند توصيله بمصدر الطاقة الا ان التطور الكبير في الكترونيات القدرة في السنوات الاخيرة جعلت التحكم في سرعته ممكنا. عملية التحكم في السرعة والعزم تتم عن طريق التحكم في التردد والجهد المسلطان على لفائف العضو الثابت في المحرك حيث يتم ذلك بواسطة استعمال تقنية تضمين عرض النبضة (PWM). اشارة ال (PWM) يمكن انتاجها عن طريق الحاسب الشخصي عبر منفذ التوازي, لذلك فان دوائر التحكم المعقدة يمكن استبدالها ببرنامج حاسوب الذي يسمح لخصائص التحكم ان تغير بسهولة, يقلل تكلفة التصنيع, يزيد الموثوقية ويحسن الصيانة والخدمات
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SOME LEGUME PROTEIN ISOLATES AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, SAUSAGE AND ICE CREAM
(Neelain University, 2011) Abdel Rahman Sirelkhatim Mohammed Eltayeb
ABSTRACT The Bambara groundnuts used in this study were purchased from a local market at Neyala, western Sudan. The chemical analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of International Food Research Center, Dokki,( Egypt. Pigeon pea and black-eyed peas were obtained from Khartoum North (Bahri market), milled and their chemical compositions were_carri__ed_ out at the Food A_naly§§ Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Gezira. Proximate analysis in terms of % of protein, fat, ash, crude fiber and total carbohydrates (CHO)in dry matter basis were 12.90, 1.02, 0.62, 0.86 and 84.60% for wheat ﬂour, 85.97, 0.0, 3.37, 0.02 and 10.64 for the Bambara protein isolate. 17.70, 6.58, 4.22, 3.5 and 68.0% for Bambara groundnut ﬂour respectively. Chemical composition of the pan bread supplemented with different levels of (0.0, 5.0, 9.5 and 12.25%) Bambara protein isolate, the results obtained indicated that all the chemical composition (except moisture and carbohydrate) of the pan bread were higher than the control product made from wheat flour. Breads from wheat flours containing various blends ratios of (5, 9.5, 12.25%) protein isolate ﬂour resulted in an increase in the protein content in the blends of composite ﬂour from 13.04 for the control to about (15.71, 18.55, 20.81%) respectively. Moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates were 11.0, 22.0, 1.7, 4.2, 2.5 and 58.6 in pigeon pea .0.0, 85, 0.0, 0.03, 2.3 and 12.7 in pigeon pea protein isolate ﬂour, respectively. Chemical composition of the sausage fortified with different levels of (0.0, 1.5 and 3.0%) of pigeon pea protein isolate was increased with the increase of pigeon pea protein isolate flour added, protein content was increased from 18.4% of the control to (19.7 and 21.0%). Proximate analysis is 10, 19.8,10.5, 2, 3.1 and 54.6% of black-eyed pea ﬂour, 0.0, 83.6, 0.0, 0.0, 1 and 15.4% of black- eyed pea protein isolate flour, ‘respectively, but the chemical composition of lll
Effect of Ground Water Quantities and Some Tillage Practices on Soil Reclamation
(Al Neelain University, 2011) Salah Eldin Abdel Rahman Salih
This study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, University of Al Neelain inside Sondos Agricultural Project during the summer seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experimental site lies in Jebel Awlia area, 50 km south of Khartoum. The site lies in the semi-arid zone and its soil is believed to be salt affected. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of irrigation water amount and tillage practices on salt leaching down the profile. Two irrigation water quantities were used. Namely: crop water requirement (CWR) + 10% and CWR + 20% leaching fraction (L.F.) from CWR and four tillage treatments, disc plow, chisel plow disc harrow and minimum tillage. Soil samples were taken from depths: 0 – 30cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 – 90 cm. Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench] cultivar Abu Sabein was grown as an indicator crop. The experimental design followed was the completely randomized block design. The treatments were replicated three times. The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc four tillage treatments, disc plow, chisel plow disc harrow and minimum tillage. Soil samples were taken from depths: 0 – 30cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 – 90 cm. Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench] cultivar Abu Sabein was grown as an indicator crop. The experimental design followed was the completely randomized block design. The treatments were replicated three times. The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc plow. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc plow. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – 90cm than 0 –30cm. Whereas, CWR+20L.F. has superiority over CWR+10%L.F. No significant difference was found due to the tillage treatments. Electrical conductivity (ECe) showed a higher values in the depth 60 – 90cm but no significant difference for irrigation water quantities and tillage treatments. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) gave higher values in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – 90cm over 0 – 30cm, whereas, CWR+10%L.F. gave a higher value over CWR+20%L.F. while for tillage treatments chisel plow and disc harrow gave higher values over disc plow and minimum tillage. As for plant height, stem diameter and fresh weight yield, CWR+20%L.F. resulted in higher values over CWR+10%L.F. Chisel plow was found to be superior than the other tillage treatments. As for leaves/plant and leaves: stem ratio no significant difference was found with respect to irrigation water quantities and tillage during the two seasons. As for dry weight, there was no significant difference due to water quantities but chisel plow resulted in higher values than the other three tillage treatments. Crude protein% and ash% were not significantly affected by irrigation water quantity and tillage, but crude fiber% was found to be higher in chisel plow treatment than the other tillage treatments. CWR+10%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher values of water use efficiency than the other combination of treatments. than the other tillage treatments. As for leaves/plant and leaves: stem ratio no significant difference was found with respect to irrigation water quantities and tillage during the two seasons. As for dry weight, there was no significant difference due to water quantities but chisel plow resulted in higher values than the other three tillage treatments. Crude protein% and ash% were not significantly affected by irrigation water quantity and tillage, but crude fiber% was found to be higher in chisel plow treatment than the other tillage treatments. CWR+10%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher values of water use efficiency than the other combination of treatments. Cost analysis for tillage treatments during the two seasons showed higher profit for chisel plow followed by disc harrow then disc plow and minimum tillage. CWR + 20%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher profit than the other combination of treatments.
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS
(Al Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWAD
The idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. - The explained of absence of such additional compounds in sample S3G ( apple flavored) means the absence of stopper lining plastic in the glass sample . The recommendations are :- - It was adviced to stick to PET usage as beverage container, because it proved to be more safe for this purpose. - To avoid usage of any other polymer material for stoppers or covers. - Storage of beverages should be in standard condition, like other food products . - It was recommend to go back to glass. - Further investigations in the same field with different liquids ( e.g. edible oil ) to check the effect of other storage condition ( e.g. freezing )
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON DRINKS PACKED IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
(Al-Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWAD
Abstract The idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. - The explained of absence of such additional compounds in sample S3G ( apple flavored) means the absence of stopper lining plastic in the glass sample . The recommendations are :- - It was adviced to stick to PET usage as beverage container, because it proved to be more safe for this purpose. - To avoid usage of any other polymer material for stoppers or covers. - Storage of beverages should be in standard condition, like other food products . - It was recommend to go back to glass. - Further investigations in the same field with different liquids ( e.g. edible oil ) to check the effect of other storage condition ( e.g. freezing ) الملخص من أهم إسباب إختيار مادة هذا البحث هو تدعيم فكرة التوجه نحو الأبحاث التطبيقيه المرتبطه بقضايا المجتمع و المنعكسه علي حياتنا اليوميه و شجع فكرة البحث خبر أذيع في يونيو 2006 من هيئة الإذاعة البريطانية بأنه قد تم سحب أربع ماركات من المياه الغازية من الأسواق البريطانية لإكتشاف وجود مواد كيماويه ضاره وعزى ذلك إلى سوء التخزين. واضعين فى الإعتبار الفرق الشاسع لما هو متبع فى السودان لمثل هذه السلع بالنسبه لظروف العرض و التخزين مقارنه مما فى تلك البلاد. تم إختيار و دراسة ثلاث عينات من المشروبات الشائعة الإستهلاك إثنين من المياه الغازيه (بنكهة الليمون و التفاح ) و واحده من المياه المعدنيه. كل العينات معبأة فى قوارير بلاستيكه من مادة ال Polyethylene Terephthalate PET ) ). كما درست عينتان من نفس المشروبات الغازيه معبأة فى قوارير زجاجيه للمقارنه. تم أخذ العينات من محل تجارى وسط الخرطوم بعيد إستلامها من الموزع. تم إيداع نسخ من العينات في الثلاجه و وضعت الأخرى خارجها تحت نفس ظروف محل شرائها متعرضة لدرجات الحرارة العاليه و أشعة الشمس المباشرة حيث تكون طريقة التخزين في مراكز البيع المختلفه. لقد وضعت هذه العينات ما بين 6 – 8 أشهر ثم تم تحليلها في معامل متخصصه بواسطة جهاز Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer ( GC-MS ). وبعد دراسة و مقارنة النتائج إستخلصنا اللآتى :- - عدم وجود ( acetaldyhyde) و أوليقميرات ( olygomers ) من ال ( PET ) لذا أثبت أن درجة ثباته عاليه. - وجود مضافات البلمره بنسب أعلى فى عينات التخزين المفتوح ( open air ) يشير لتأثرها بظروف التخزين المتبعه. - ظهور مواد إضافيه فى محتويات تعبئة الزجاج فى العينه S2 (نكهة الليمون ) يشيرللماده البوليميريه المبطنه لغطاء الزجاج, رغم أن محتوياتها من دفعه مختلفه different batch )) . - عدم ظهور مواد إضافيه فى العينه الزجاجيه S3 (نكهة التفاح ) من المرجح أن يكون بسبب عدم وجود بطانه بلاستيكيه فى الغطاء مما يعضد الملاحظه السابقه. وعليه يمكن إجمال توصيات الدراسة فى اللآتى :- - بالنسبه للتعبئة البلاستيكيه للمياه و المشروبات الغازيه يفضل الإلتزام بمادة ال PET لإرتفاع درجة الأمان فيها. - تفادى إستخدام مواد بوليميرية أخرى للأغطية أو بطانتها - الإلتزام بظروف تخزين ملائمه تطابق شروط تخزين المواد الغذائيه الأخرى. - الرجوع للزجاج. - نوصى بدراسة سوائل أخرى مثل زيوت الطعام و غيرها لمعرفة تأثير ظروف تخزين أخرى عليها ( كالتبريد الشديد ).