كلية الاداب
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Item التنمية الزراعية بولاية نهر النيل : دراسة حالة على محافظة شندي(جامعة النيلين, 2006) أسامة محي الدين خليل الريحAbstract Development in my time and place is a humanitarian duty; Therefore, this study is for the achievement of the agricultural development in Shandi Province in the River Nile State. This research targets to know the agricultural factors in the area from its natural aspects, and the agricultural areas, it also targets to review the problems that face the agricultural development in the area and the attempt to deduct the possible solutions. On the light of the above two target, the researcher attempts to draw an agricultural investment map of the area, in which be tries to get rid of the problems that face the agriculture and accompany all unutilized arable lands, for the aim of creating sustainable complementary development in the area, which raise the land productivity and provide he required crops for Khartoum area, and also bring in an economical income for the farmer in the area, a matter which encourage him to practice the agricultural work. This study comprises seven chapters. The first Chapter treats the research methodology, the plan the discussion methodology of the research elements. The Second Chapter deals with the geography of the study area of the nature and the population which the agriculture depends on. In the fourth Chapter, the researcher review the agricultural activity in the area, the working schemes in the area, their production and the factors of the production. The Fifth Chapter in preparation of drawing a map that avoids these problems. treats tlieiproblems which face the agriculture in the study area In he Sixth Chapter. Then the lay down of he solutions on the light of the reached results in Chapter seven. The researcher performed this study by using the inductive scientific methodology, and analyzed the collected data from the primary sources depending on the statistical methodology. Then the researcher reached the following results:- 1 - The greatest generating schemes in Shendi area are: Kaboshiya scheme and Kondiko agricultural scheme, but Aljihad agricultural scheme stopped. The greater agricultural land area is about 14600 square feddans, and the agricultural land under construction which is occupied by schemes of more than 1000 feddans in area reach about 67500 square feddans. There are schemes for individuals which are 1528 forms and occupy on area of about 35390 square feddans, that means they are greater in area tan the working and stopping governmental schemes, and its greater in area than the cooperative and investment greater schemes in the area. These operating schemes and under construction differ in its developmental trends. There are fluctuations in the planted areas by increase of decrease in the different seasons, that means there is fluctuation in the development trend, in the agricultural schemes in the area. Ilutthe general cause of the total area witnessed a general decrease in the lat ten years. 2 - There are human and natural problems face the agriculture. The physical problems are represented in the sand creeping but the "Miscate" tree planted for combating the desertification had crept into the agriclilttlral land, and blocked the water camels in some areas, a matter which formed a burden on the farmer and the state. Also the diffusion of the agricultural bugs along the planted areas at the River Banks has a negative impart on the produced crops quantities and on the material return. The combating of these bugs by hands aggravates the problem and provides the suitable enviromnent for its growth in the coming seasons. The problem of the decrease of the soil productivity is a joint problem between the physical factor and the human factor. The soil exclusion resents from the non-age of agricultural rotation twice or three times annually. The researcher found that the farmers can't differentiate between the agricultural rotation and the annual agricultural seasons. The human problem envisaged in: The meatiness of the financing which depends on the poor farmer, who decreases the fertilizers quantities and the pesticides, and the endorsement of the seeds from the producer instead of the use of the improved seeds. This results in weak production. Also the weak use of the agricultural mechanics or due to the few numbers of machines, on the inability of the fanner to vent them. Also from the problems then defects of the migration due to the engineering difficulties, pasture growth, miskate trees at some parts of the governmental agricultural schemes, the maintenance needs of the pumps and the original spear ports. The result ‘is administering of the planted area. 3 - The demisting of the planted areas in the oven due to the abandomnent of the land lords to their private farms due to social and economical reasons. e.g. this problem has no clear features presently due to the family agreement factor. But the problem appears in the population abandonment of practicing the agriculture and their migration to outside the province or to Shendi towns or to the rest of the state towns. The researcher see that there are demographical changes in the study area represented in the migration of the population from outside the state In a tribal groups to inside the state, specially Shendi province, and their entrance in disputes with the native population on the usage of the rural and residential land. Although, the agricultural land is hereditary.’ There are few farmers who have documents that confirm their ownership. These lands are subject to be but between the disputers, and hence the agricultural productivity can be diminish in the future. 4 — An agricultural investment map drawed for the study area in which physical features of the area, with putting into consideration the a commercial targets in the following: a - The actual existing agricultural schemes, which the researcher recommends their presentation with the improvement of the agricultural environment. b- The forestry belts domain: It is divided into two parts: Around the mobile sand dunes. It is compared of wood trees which can be used for the production of wood. The second part is around the fixed sand dugs in which the fruit trees shall be planted for the purpose of protection of the environment, and the possibility of planting the sdil by trees and achievement of an economical retum from the agriculture. c- The wheat domain: Wheat is planted in the flat clay plains by the side of the Wadi Blhawad and Wadi Alawateep, and the immigration shall be by the use of seeds which been these features, and with the use of a tripartite rotation in which the animal will be introduced. i d- The Drua and Animal husbandry domain: The researcher suggests that the animals farms shall be south of the province where the slight soil layer allows he grow of pasture and the dura plantation shall be at the area of the alluvial east of Wadi Alawateep and S. of the main root and the immigration shall be by spraying from the wells. This site is distinguished by its nearness to the consumption areas of extemal and intemal towns, and the easy contact via the surface transport seems and the railways. e- The Honti culture Domeain: The researcher recommends to be in a criminal from around the towns at the old alluvial sediments and at the maderas areas of the mode men recommendations conceming the easing of the physical and human difficulties which face the agriculture in the area for the target of its development and the increase of the land productivity with parting into account the sustainable development which sustains the resources for the coming generation.