كلية علوم المختبرات الطبية
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Item The Effect of Prednisolone on Total Proteins and Albumin and Liver Histology in Waster Rats(Al-Neelain University, 2019) Saria Alamin AhmedABSTRACT Introduction: Recently in Sudan and African countries synthetic steroids such as Prednisolone were abused as cosmetics, in order to gain weight and whiten of the skin. Prednisolone is corticosteroid used to treat inflammatory diseases and also as immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, abused of Prednisolone might be harmful and has many adverse effects. Aim: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of low and high dose of Prednisolone on biosynthetic liver function of proteins and body weight in Wistar Rats. Methodology: Prednisolone was purchased from pharmacy, Eighteen male Wister Rats (98-146g) weighting. Then classified randomly into three groups; group one received daily distell water, group two and group three received 10 and 30 µg/ kg/ day, respectively via oral route, to achieve the objective of these study the weight and weigh gain of rats was recorded on day 0, 13th, 20th and day 30th of the treatment. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and the Livers were cut into small pieces for histopathological examination, the level of total protein and albumin were measured by chemical analyzer. Results: Administration of various dose of Prednisolone for 30 days showed significant increased body weight in group treated with low dose (14.8 ± 8.318), whereas group treated with high dose revealed significant decrease (-6.5 ± 28.06) than control group (-2.5 ± 9.57). In addition there are significant increased mean of total proteins level of groups treated with high dose (7.76 ± 0.251 u/L) in comparison with control group (6.96 ± 0.251 u/L) where as group treated with low dose reveled in significant change (6.52 ± 0.249 u/L). In contrast albumin insignificantly change of group treated with high dose and low dose (3.58 ± 0.44, 2.94 ± 0.351) respectively compared with control group (3.26 ± 0.279 u/L). Conclusion: Rats received low dose of Prednisolone for 30 days had significantly gained weight, while high dose of Prednisolone for the same period reduced weight. Moreover, administration of Prednisolone increased total protein level, whereas insignificant difference in albumin is noted. Thus indicates that, Prednisolone increase globulin level. الخلاصة مقدمة: في الآونة الأخيرة في السودان والدول الإفريقية تم تعاطي المنشطات الاصطناعية مثل بريدنيزولون كمستحضرات تجميل ، من أجل زيادة الوزن وتبييض الجلد. بريدنيزولون هو كورتيكوستيرويد يستخدم لعلاج الأمراض الالتهابية وأيضاً كأدوية مثبطة للمناعة. لذا ، فإن إساءة استعمال بريدنيزولون قد تكون ضارة ولها العديد من التأثيرات الضارة. الهدف: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير جرعة منخفضة وعالية من بريدنيزولون على وظيفة الكبد الحيوي من البروتينات ووزن الجسم في فئران التجارب. المنهجية: تم شراء بريدنيزولون من الصيدلية ، وثمانية وثم ذكور الجرذان (98-146 جم). ثم تصنف بشكل عشوائي إلى ثلاث مجموعات ؛ مجموعة واحدة تلقى اليومي المياه المقطرة، تلقت المجموعة الثانية والمجموعة الثالثة 10 و 30 ميكروغرام / كغ / يوم على التوالي من طريق الفم، لتحقيق الهدف من هذه الدراسة وزنه ووزن ربح من الفئران تم تسجيلها في اليوم 0، 13، 20 و 30 يوم من العلاج. تم جمع عينات الدم للتحليل البيوكيميائي وتم تقسيم الكبد إلى قطع صغيرة لفحص الأنسجة ، وتم قياس مستوى البروتين الكلي والألبومين بواسطة محلل كيميائي. النتائج: إدارة جرعة مختلفة من بريدنيزولون لمدة 30 يوما وأظهرت كبير زيادة وزن الجسم في المجموعة التي تلقت العلاج بجرعة منخفضة (14.8 ± 8.318)، في حين أن المجموعة التي تلقت العلاج مع جرعة عالية كشفت انخفاضا كبيرا (-6.5 ± 28.06) من المجموعة الضابطة (-2.5 ± 9.57). بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، هناك متوسط معنوي كبير لمستوى البروتينات الكلي للمجموعات المعالجة بجرعة عالية (7.76 ± 0.251 ش / لتر) بالمقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة (6.96 ± 0.251 ش / لتر) حيث تم علاج المجموعة بجرعة منخفضة عند حدوث تغير كبير ( 6.52 ± 0.249 ش / ل). على النقيض من الزلال تغير بشكل هام من مجموعة تعامل بجرعة عالية ومنخفضة الجرعة (3.58 ± 0.44 ، 2.94 ± 0.351) على التوالي مقارنة مع مجموعة التحكم (3.26 ± 0.279 ش / ل). الخلاصة: إن الجرذان التي تلقت جرعة منخفضة من بريدنيزولون لمدة 30 يوماً قد اكتسبت وزناً معنوياً ، في حين أن الجرعة العالية من بريدنيزولون لنفس الفترة قللت من الوزن. علاوة على ذلك ، زاد إعطاء بريدنيزولون مستوى البروتين الكلي ، في حين لوحظ وجود اختلاف طفيف في الألبومين. وهكذا يشير إلى أن ، بريدنيزولون زيادة مستوى الجلوبيولين.Item Evaluation of lipid profile, and trace elements among Kidney Stone patients in Khartoum State.(AL-Neelain University, 2014) Rufayda Omar MusaKidney stones, one of the most painfiil of the urologic disorders, are not a product of modem life and it is one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract, most kidney stones pass out of the body without any intervention by a physician. Stones that cause lasting symptoms or other complications may be treated by various techniques. In this study it is was estimated the lipid profile and some of trace elements in patients and control groups to correlate between the distribution lipid profile level and trace elements in the serum with kidney stone formation in Sudanese's patient. This study was conducted during the period fiom May to September 2014 in Khartoum State. Sixty blood samples were collected fiom the patients at Urology unit; Alribat Hospital, Military Hospital and Ibn Sina Hospital along with forty blood samples as a control. Biochemical analysis of serum samples was can-ied out for the patients and the control group to estimate the Total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerides (TAG), High-density lipoproteins (HDL and Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and some trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn) concentrations. The results showed that there is relationship between TC, LDL and HDL concentration and kidney stone disease, while TAG has no effect. It was found that there is a statistical significant difference in Zn and Mn concentration between the two groups but not in Mg and Cu concentration. It was noticed that gender has a pronounced effect in disease development; male were found to have high incidence of kidney stone in comparison with the female. Moreover the incidence of kidney stone disease was found to be higher in the patients above 40 years old. There was a significant relationship between the high consumption of carbohydrates, margarine and sugar and the incidence of kidney stone formation It was concluded that there is a link between dyslipidemia and kidney stone risk that is dependent of other food intake. Specific alterations in the patient lipid profiles may portend unique aberrations in urine physicochemistry and stone risk, our study suggested that increase of Zn and decrease of Mn associated with increased risk factor of kidney stone disease.Item Association of some non genetic factors with eNOS gene polymorphism in diabetic septic foot Sudanese patients(AL-Neelain University, 2014) AMMAR AHMED MOHAMED MUSADiabetic septic foot [DSF] is a common disabling problem and frequently leads to amputation of the leg. It is also considered as one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries like Sudan. The number of cases and the problems associated with DSF infections have dramatically increased in recent years. In this study some non genetic factors and eNOS gene polymorphism of DSF Sudanese patients has been investigated across different origin groups. A group of 74 DSF- diabetic (case) and 80 non-DSF diabetic (control) were collected included the demographic data indicated that most affected DSF patients are males (83.80% ) ranged between from 45-60 years old that originate from westem and northem Sudan, The socio- economic status is not different between case and control groups, however, a significant association between smoking and incidence of DSF was observed (p=0.0l), and most DSF patients(39.60%) fall in class fom according to Wagner’s classification. The frequencies of eNOS gene polymorphism (Glu298Asp) showed no significant differences (p.value= 0.8) in the DSF and non DSF groups (p.value= 0.9). Based on our results, we can conclude that there are some non genetic factors that may affect the developing of DSF and eNOS gene polymorphism may not contribute to it although it's statistically not significant.Item P.falciparum Immune Evasion Mechanisms: Possible Roles For Allelic Polymorphism and Antigenic Variation In Sudanese Isolates.(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2011-07) Habab Merghani Yassin BabikerAbstract Genetic diversity within P. falciparum and the continuous variability of the parasite antigens, makes malaria an important global threat and it the reason behind failure to produce an effective vaccine against malaria. Objectives: This study aimed to determine and characterize Plasmodium falciparum genotypic variations and to detect probable genetic diversity of genotypically identical Pfalciparum isolates in Sudan and to determine whether there is any association between the presence of specific MSP-1 antibodies and the carriage of multiple P. falcinarum infections. Study design: It was cross-sectional, hospital-based and experimental study that was carried out in four localities, Kasab Rural hospital, Eddouiem, Gazira and Khartoum. One hundred and eighty six P. fulciparum infected patients were enrolled in the study. Methods: Nested polymerase chain reaction was carried out to genotyped study isolates using P. falciparum merozoite surface protein (PIMSP-1) gene specific primers. Genetic diversity of all isolates was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using thirteen arbitrary oligonucleotide primers. RAPD was also used to study the polymorphism of different isolates before and after in vitra cultures. ELISA test was performed to determine the prevalence of lgG antibodies against four rMSP-1 fragments (C-terminus, WELL, K1 DI & K1 Dll). Results: The |gG seroprevalence was 85.2, 23.8, 23.9 81 35.2 % to MSP-1,5, WELL, K1 DI & K1 Dll respectively. There was a gradual increase in overall antibody prevalence reaching a peak in adolescence and decrease thereafter. The difference was only age»specific for the C-terminal fragment. The three reported families of msp-Ialleles (K1, MADZO and R033) were observed among the studied isolates. The predominant allele was of Klvariant while R033 was less frequent. The majority of the patients had multiple parasite clones and multiplicity of infection (MOI) was found to be 1.82, this MOI was found to be higher in Kasab, Eddouiem and Khartoum and was significantly associated with age and having malaria symptoms, but not with parasitemia and fiequency of infections. Patients with multiple infections had higher prevalence of antibodies to all antigen fragments studied, compared to those with single infection, but this was only significant for MSP-119. RAPD primers recognized marked polymorphism and difierent profiles among isolates with a .laccard’s Similarity Coefficient ra.nged from 0.25 to 0.80. Different MSP-1 alleles showed different RAPD banding patterns, no certain genotype was found to be unique a certain banding pattem. Forty nine isolates were successfully in vitra cultured. RAPD analysis revealed that only 29 isolates showed different banding patterns before and after in vitro culture Conclusion: P. falciparum isolates fi'om different parts of Sudan were genetically diverse and most of the infections were mixed with a high level of multiplicity of infection (MOI). This MOI extend the duration of the infection and delay the acquisition of protective immunity, making it difiicult to produce effective vaccines against these parasites and this is in turn increase the burden of the disease and poverty. Further longitudinal large size studies, including protein analysis and mono-clonal antibodies to identify functional antibodies are needed to evaluate the impact of this polymorphism on the immune response and in tum help in developing effective vaccine against malariaItem OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICIIL NURSING Awareness and uses of Family planning among married women in Reproductive age in Alsalama Almadina Alkhairia Khartoum State (2014)(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2014) Wafa Mohammed Hassan Abd El gadirAbstract Family planning ls the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other uses techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility management ll‘ This research was conducted in Alsalama Almadina Alkairia —Khartoum state (2014), overall objective to assess the awareness and uses of family planning among married women in reproductive age. Methods: the study is a community based descriptive cross- sectional design through interviewing one hundred twenty women in the reproductive age live at Alsalam Almadina Alkairia Khartoum state. Results: the study showed that about (3.3%) of study population their age is less than 20 years (Table 4- 1). (18.3%) of study population were llliterate (Table 4-2). only (9.2%) of study population were employees and the rest were house wives. (Table 4-3). (98.3%) of study population heard about family planning, figure (4-l). The majority (91.3%) received information from midwifcs, Tablc(4-5 ) .( 100%) of study population know about the benefit of family planning well , figure ( 4-2 ) . Awareness about names of selected family planning methods showed is very high as all of the parameter scored and more specifically (99.l7%)of study population had heard about oral contraceptive pills table (4-10). The result showed that about(75%) of study population used a contraceptive methods while ( 25% ) of study population not used a contraceptive methods ( Table 4-ll ) .About (55.8%) of study population experiences 4 pregnancies and more in range {4-9} pregnancies, (5%) of study population get pregnant Up to nine times, Table( 4-6). (l l.7%) of study population had experience child mortality rate less than Zyears table (4-8). (39%) of study population reported failure ofcontraception. figure (4-4). The types of contraceptive used was as the following: the majority of study population (65.5%) of study population used oral pills, (18.8%) of study population used lactation ,and (15.7%) ofstudy population usedItem Assessment of plasma 25-OH Vitamin D, Parathyroid hormone and Lipid profile in obese Sudanese subjects with metabolic syndrome(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2014) Ahmed MAHMOUD YOUSEF HUSSEINAbstract Background Metabolic syndrome has become a serious health problem in most developed countries. The World Health Organization estimated that in 2008 the global prevalence of overweight and obesity was around l billion and 500 million adults, respectively. Obesity is also well known to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Vitamin D deficiency is also an important worldwide public health problem. Although the most-studied and best-known function of vitamin D, together with parathyroid hormone, is related to bone metabolism, many studies showed evidence of the relationship between obesity and low levels of 25-OH vitamin D (the best indicator of clinical levels of vitamin D). Low concentrations of plasma vitamin D and elevated of parathyroid have been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes and heart disease. The objective of this study is to quantify the associations between 25-OH vitamin D and parathyroid hormone plasma levels and lipid profile in obesity, the presence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease in 60 samples of individuals with different degrees of adiposity according BMI. lt has been proposed that low 25-OH vitamin D levels in obesity were accounted for decreased hormonal bioavailability because of sequestration of 25-OH vitamin D in body fat because the adipose tissue may be a direct target of vitamin D. In this context, Parathyroid hormone levels elevation has been viewed as a compensatory mechanism for the low 25- OH vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency has been related to the pathogenesis of many disease like insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. A controversial association has been reported between low levels of plasma 25-OH vitamin D and/or elevated Parathyroid hormone and the presence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components. This study note that decreased levels of 25-OH vitamin D and increase levels of Parathyroid hormone are associated to a higher risk of Metabolic Syndrome after adjusting for various potential confounding factors.Item CAUSES & Neurological complication of fractured vertebral column in patients admitted to khar toum teaching HOSPITAL(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2014) Mohammed Hassan babekir AhmedItem Assessment of Serum Troponin T Level in Sudanese Patients with Corona Virus at Khartoum State(Al-Neelain University, 2019-07) Suhair Ahmed WanaseBakhetAbstract Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) penetrates the respiratory epithelium through angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) binding. Myocardial and endothelial expression of ACE2 could account for the growing body of reported evidence of myocardial injury in severe forms of Human Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Objectives: to assess the level of troponin T in Sudanese patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: this was cross sectional study conducted during the period from January to April 2021. The study included 50 COOID-19 attending Alia specialized hospital and classified into mild-moderate group and severe-critical group according to disease severity. Troponin T level was measured using Cobas e 411 analyzer and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results:The results showed that mean level of troponinT showed significant increase in COVID-19 Patients (0.58±0.49) when compared to the reference range (0.013) with p value (0.000). also the severe-critical group (0.81±0.42) showed significantly (p value = 0.021) raised troponinT level than mild-moderate group (0.47±0.38). also significantly rised troponinT level was found among hypertensive patients (0.65±0.39, p value= 0.034). on the other hand, gender and DM showed no difference in troponinT level.In the correlation analysis, the troponinT level showed no correlation with age. Conclusion: This study conclude that there is no significant difference in troponinT lev level between mild-moderate and severe-critical COVID-19 Patients. Also there was no correlation between troponin T level and age. المستخلص الخلفية: يخترق فيروس كورونا 2 المتلازمة التنفسية الحادة الوخيمة ظهارة الجهاز التنفسي من خلال ارتباط الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين. يمكن أن يفسر تعبير عضلة القلب والبطانة عن الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين 2 تنامي الأدلة المبلغ عنها لإصابة عضلة القلب في الأشكال الشديدة من مرض فيروس كورونا البشري 2019 الأهداف: لتقييم مستوى التروبونين تي في المرضى السودانيين المصابين بفيروس كورونا. المواد والطرق: كانت هذه دراسة مقطعية أجريت خلال الفترة من يناير إلى أبريل 2021. وشملت الدراسة 50 مريض كورونا في مستشفى علياء التخصصي وتم تصنيفها إلى مجموعة خفيفة إلى متوسطة ومجموعة شديدة الى حرجة وفقًا لشدة المرض. تم قياس مستوى تروبونين تي باستخدام محلل كوباس اي 411 وتم إجراء التحليل الإحصائي باستخدام الإصدار 25 من الحزمة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية. النتائج:أظهرت النتائج أن متوسط مستوى التروبونين أظهر زيادة معنوية في مرضى COVID-19 (0.58 ± 0.49) بالمقارنة مع النطاق المرجعي (0.013) مع قيمة p (0.000). كما أظهرت المجموعة الحرجةالشديدة (0.81 ± 0.42) ارتفاعًا معنويًا (قيمة p = 0.021) في مستوى التروبونين من المجموعة الخفيفة والمتوسطة (0.47 ± 0.38). كما تم العثور على ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى التروبونين بين مرضى ارتفاع ضغط الدم (0.65 ± 0.39 ، قيمة p = 0.034). من ناحية أخرى ، لم يظهر الجنس و السكري أي اختلاف في مستوى التروبونين. في تحليل الارتباط ، أظهر مستوى التروبونين عدم وجود ارتباط مع العمر.Item Assessment ofplasma Zine and magnesium Levels among Sudanese Patients with Type One Diabetes Mellitus in Khartoum state(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2019-04) Mohamed Esam Aldien AhmedAbstract Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a major endocrine and metabolic disease worldwide. The number ofpatients suffering from diabetes mellitus was reported to be over 200 million people worltlwide. Matty trace elements are important for optimum human metabolic function. Type l bdiabetes mellitus ('l'lDM) may lead to deficiencies in trace elements that have substantial iuttetioits in the human organism. Changes in serum magnesium (Mg). copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels are correlated with metabolic control and diabetes complications. Previous research on the potential roles oi" trace elements in diabetes has focused particularly on chromium, /inc and iron. Objective: the aim of this study was to estimate Level ol‘ Trace lilements (Serum Zinc and Copper) among Sudanese Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Khartoum State. Materials and methods: in this ease control hospital based study conducted in Khartoum state. fit) subjects were involved. 40 patients with Type I Diabetes (27 males 8413 llzmales) with a mean age of 20.3 years and control group was comprised of 40 healthy lll(.ll\‘ltiLlL\l (22 males & I8 females) with a mean age oi" 20.3 years. Serum level ol' zine and copper measured by colorimetric method in fully Automated llioelteinistry Analyzer. Results: this study showed the mean level ol‘ lib/\lc and serum levels ol‘ zine and copper among Sudanese patients with Type l Diabetes and control group. The mean level olillb/\lc in patients with Type l Diabetes and control group respectively were ((>.98t2.2(J. 4.71 4 l.l2), the mean level ol'serum olixine in patients with Type l Diabetes and control group respectively were (0.5-l*().|(). 0.88 i (l.l3) and the mean level ol'serum otieopper in patients with Type l Diabetes and control respectively were (7l.5t l0.l‘), lO3.8- 14.94). Conclusion: This study concluded that the serum levels otizinc and copper among Sudanese patients with Type l Diabetes was signilieant decrease compared to control group (p value 0.00. ().t)t)) and was a significant increase of the Mean levels of llb/\lc in type l l)M Patients eomparctl with that olicontrol group (p value— 0.()()0j.Item Evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasites in school age children in Alkalkla east(AL-Neelain University, 2019) Bakhita yousif barakatAlthough the sensitivity of wet mount technique is questionable, it is the mostly used diagnostic technique for routine diagnosis of intestinal parasites in Sudan. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluate performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal eparasits in school age children in Sudan. A cross sectional study was conducted from September to December 2018. Single stool sample was processed for wet mount ,direct formal ether concentration (FEC) and Kato Katz methods. The sensitivity and specifity of diagnostic tests were calculated in terms of the “Gold” standard method( FEC). A total of 100 school age children were participated in this study. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was high (70%) with FEC technique. The sensitivity of wet mount 95.7% , and specifity was 90.9% ,and Kato Katz sensitivity was 74.3% , and specifity was 62.5% against the Gold standard test FEC . Moreover, detect of E. Histolytica was 24 wet mount 28 FEC ,and 0 Kato Katz , Glambia was 29 wet mount , 31 FEC,and 31/kato katz, H.nana was 7 wet mount ,l0 FEC and 10 Kato Katz . Hence, it is preferable to use FEC technique to complement the wet mountt est.