كلية الزراعة
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Item Diversity and cross inoculation abilities amongrhizobia isolated from different guar (C yamobsistetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) lines(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2003-10) Maha Abdel hafeez Mohamed/\ hstract Ten R/1/zu/uiini lSUlillCs were isolated Iroin the root nodules olltcn guar lines. The isolates were authenticated each with ills respective host (line) of isolation. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed a wide range in the degree of line-isolate efliciency. The majority of guar lilies benefited from R/7/3!)/HIIIH inoculation. This was rellected in the high shoot dry weight and nitrogen content produced by the inoculated plants as compared to their respective non-inoculated controls. l\/licroscopical and biochemical characterization showed that all tested isolates were last growing, inicroaerophilic, acid producing, catalase and oxidase positive, they donlt absorb congo red, and were unable to grow on Glucose Pepton Agar (GPA). The isolates did not utilize citrate or ornithine and were also unable to produce HZS, lndole_ Acetoin or 3- ketolactose. All isolates were able to utilize most olthe tested carbohydrates as sole carbon sources and were also able to tolerate high salinity level (up to I92 gill), /\ntibiotic sensitivity tests showed a wide range oi‘ variations among the isolates. However, all tested isolates were lound to be resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicilin. Serologically, all isolates cross- agglutinated with each other indicating close serological alillinities among them. Summing up _ cluster analysis have separated the isolates into four groups that have included the following isolates: l- Group l: isolates /\22_ B4_ E51 l'l 5 and lll5. 2- Group ll: isolates D30 and ll2. 3- Group lll: isolate G7. 4- Group V: isolates C33 and lll5. i\ l ZItem STUDIES ON IMPROVING SALTED-FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS IN SUDAN(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006-05) Ghada Ahmed El HajABSTRACT In attempts targeting preservation of fish and their products for consumption at subsequent times and places far away from the source, this programme was arranged for a number of preservation methods to address the issues. Those methods have duly included drying, salting, smoking, fermentation. . . etc. to give a good coverage for various types of fish. It arises from the above, that there is a need to evaluate traditional and improved methods of preservation to reach an acceptable product for the consumer. For the fiilfillment of the above, this programme was set to address the quality of fish from chemical, physical and biological viewpoint. Special emphasis was attached to salting and fermentation and their impact. However, the result of this study indicated that fresh samples of two species of fish Kawara (Alesles sp.) and Debs (Labeo sp.) during three seasons are comparable in both content and values. These values of change in varying degrees when subjected to different salt concentrations during short and prolonged time. General magnitude change between fi'esh and treated samples was obtained for both sp. Significant variations for all parameters of two species during the first l\twelve days of treatments were detected, It has to be emphasized that the sixth months marks the onset of fiirther deterioration. \Item A SimulAtion Model For Centre Pivot Irrigation system design and optimiza tion of operation(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2008-10) Osama Osman Ali OsmanA Simulation Model for Centre Pivot Irrigation System Design and Optimization of Operation (Ph.D Thesis) Osama Osman Ali Osman Abstract: A computer simulation model was developed for the purpose ofthe design and optimization of the operation of centre pivot irrigation system. The model was written in Visual Basic 6.0 Programming Language. The model determines crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, application rate, irrigation time, and system hydraulic parameters. It also evaluates the performance of the system when supplied with the required data. For verification of the model, field trials were carried out during the period December 2007 - July 2008 at four schemes using centre pivot irrigation systems. The schemes were Ras Al Wadi Al Akhadar Project- north Atbra town, El Bashair Company- south Al Damar town, Tala Company-north Shendi town and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing in Khartoum area. The schemes were growing alfalfa, except El Bashair company which was growing onion. Crop water requirement was estimated using the modified Penman equation and Penman-Monteith method. The program when supplied with required data can estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration and crop water requirement. The values of May 2008, obtained for reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) by using the modified Penman equation were 8.7, 8.7, 8.6 and 8.4 mm/day, and by using Penman-Monteith method were 8.9, 8.9, 8.4 and 8.0 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The values of April were close to May values, but in January, February and March Pemnan-Monteith gave lower values than modified Pemnan.The values obtained for predicted crop water requirement (ETc) by using the Xlllmodified Penman equation were 10.4, 9.1, 10.3 and 10.0 mm/day. and by using Penrnan-Monteith method were 10.6, 9.3, 10.0 and 9.6 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing. respectively. The model determines the irrigation scheduling variables. The total available water in the root zone to be 300, 90, 300 and 345 mm. Readily available water (net depth) was 150, 45, 150, 173 mm. The gross water depth was 230, 69, 231 and 230 mm, irrigation time was 29, 9, 29 and 58 hours and the number oftotal irrigations during the month was found to be 5, 8, 5 and 5, for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model also determines the system variables. Distance from pivot point to last tower was 380, 405, 332.5 and 468 m, application rate was 100, 48, 91and 42 mm/h, and maximum application rate was 128. 61, 116.5 and 59 mm/h. System capacity was 154, 179, 128 and 123 m3/h. Friction losses were 1.27, 1.43, 3 and 1.0 m for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model determines the coefficient of uniformity of systems, uniformity of distribution and scheduling coefficient. The coefficient of uniformity was 78, 79, 85, 79 and 77%. Uniformity of distribution was 68, 70, 78, 71 and 67%. Scheduling coefficient was 1.47, 1.43, 1.3, 1.41 and 1.49 for Ras E1 Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company, Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing after changing sprinklers, respectively. The model can satisfactorily estimate crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, system design variables and evaluate the performance of the system. XIVItem Production performance of Damascus goats as affected by stage of lactation at first kidding under Sudan conditions(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2011-03) NADIA MAHMOUD AWADALLaProduction performance of Damascus goats as affected by stage of lactation at first kidding under Sudan conditions Nadia Mahmoud Awad Alla Mahmoud M. Sc. Dairy Production Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate colostrum composition, milk yield and milk composition of Damascus goats raised under Sudan condition. Thirteen Damascus goats at their first parity were studied for 9 months (March — November 2009). The lactation period was divided into three stages viz: early (2“d - 9"‘ weeks), mid (l0‘h ~ 17m weeks) and late (18“‘ - 35"‘ weeks). Colostrum was collated and examined during the first three days. Milk yield and milk composition were collected and estimated on weekly basis throughout the experimental period. Other estimated traits were age of dams at first mating and kidding, body weight of the dams at first kidding, lactation length, kid's birth, body weight of kids at 2"‘! and 3’d months. The flock was maintained on a concentrate mix plus adlibital access to roughages of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), groundnut haulms and fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) variety Abu Sabeen. All milk constituents (protein, protein fractions, total solids and ash) were significantly (P< 0.05) high in the first day of colostrum, and then decreased sharply in the second day, with the exception of fat content which was more stable. The mean B-lactoglobulin content of colostrum was significantly (P<0.05) high in day l (2.0lmg/lO00g) then decrease sharply in day 2 (0.446 mg/l000g). Milk yield revealed significantly (P<0.05) higher level in the early lactation stage (1.34 L), then it decreased gradually until the end of lactation (0.96 L). The milk composition (total protein 3.59 %, casein 2.87 %, whey protein 0.72 %, — albumin 0.19 mg1000g, [3-lactoglobulin 0.27 mg/lOO0g, total solids 13.49 % and solids not fat 9.1 1 %) were higher during the early stage of lactation. Then were decreased (P>0.05) during the mid lactation stage (total protein 3.27 %, casein 2.60 %, whey protein 0.65 %, albumin 0.15 mg/l000g, [3-lactoglobulin 0.24 mg/1000g, total solids 12.25 % and solids not fat 8.40 %), and increased gradually during the late stage of lactation. The fat, lactose and ash content showed non significant differences during the different stages of lactation, whereas, all chemical constituents showed significantly (P<0.05) higher levels in the colostrum than in milk samples and showed reduction with progress of lactation. in conclusion, Damascus goats can be raised in Sudan with acceptable production, and the different stages of lactation affected their milk yield and milk composition. Hence, it is recommended that research is needed conceming different parities, nutritional needs and general heath under Sudan conditions. _ _Item RAINW ATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL MOISTURE CONSERV ATION ON THE UPPER TERRACES OF THE WHTE NILE STATE (Sudan)(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-12) ABDEL RAHMAN MOHAMED NOUR HAMIDABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted at Humra, Aba, and Kileikis, White Nile state, Sudan, on a sandy clay soil, following a randomized block design, to study the effect of water harvesting techniques namely: crescents, intersections, ditches and control treatments on some soil physical properties and soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the beginning of the next season during 2003/04 growing season. Also plant parameters of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants were measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the next season. Direct rainfall was measured using rain gauges which were installed on the field. The results indicated that the water harvesting techniques affected the soil structure and soil physical properties specially on the upper layer (0-30 cm) which subjected to excavation tools and consequently the soil moisture content as a result of improving infiltration rate, porosity, field capacity and reducing rain water runoff. The results revealed that the crescents treatment was the best technique for improving porosity, infiltration rate, soil storage capacity and reducing runoff which led to a good performance of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants. The intersections techniques came next to the crescents in storage capacity and performance of the plants. Also the results showed no significant differences between ditches and control treatments. The results indicated that the Acacia nilotica transplants gave good results when the moisture content increased while Acacia tortilis transplants gave good results when the moisture content decreased.Item extending the shelf - life of meat by integrated methods of preservation and drying(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2011-05) howida elkheir ibrahim musaABSTRACT This study was carried out to develop suitable methods for preservation of meat using traditional methods and some food additives. Shelf-life of dried meat was studied through chemical, physical and microbiological analysis. The meat was obtained from top round cuts bulls from commerical meats in Kafure area, khartoum North. The meat was treated using additives: spices (coriender), salt and edible oil. The meat was dehydrated by different methods: sun drying for 3 days, sun drying for 7 days, shade drying for 3 days and shade drying for 7 days. Meat slices were analysed chemically, physically and biologically during dehydration period. Afier drying slices were ground and stored at room temperature, and analysis were carried out immediately after drying for 7 days and then afier 3 and 6 months of storage and chemical, physical and microbiological analysis were carried out. The results indicated that meat dehydrated by sun had lower moisture content than that dehydrated by shade. On the other hand crude protein, fat, and ash were found to increase with period of drying in sun and shade. The study also showed that the edible oil was best choice than salt and spice for meat treatment. with regard to numbers and types of microorganisms. Increasing in storage period of dehydrated meat had a decreasing effect on moisture content, and appearant inreasing in crude protien, fat and ash, was observed. Total viable bacterial count of dehydrated meat decreased slightly during storage period but the count of colifomis bacteria and E.coIi in all dehydrated and treated meats decreased with increasing of storage time. Moulds were found to increase only in meat treated by spices during the storage, while yeasts were absent in all methods of dehydration.Item THE POTENTIAL OF SOME INDIGENOUS SOILMICROORGANISMS IN DEGRADATION OF THE INSECTICIDE ENDOSULFAN ALPHA AND BETA ISOMERS(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006) OSAMA EL GIALANI ELSAIDAbstract Nine soil types from sites with various levels and history of contamination by insecticides were chosen as inoculums sources for the present studies The presences of four groups of soil microorganisms in these soils were surveyed using selective media. The results indicated that organic nitrogen bacteria is more prevalent and found in all types of soils followed by inorganic nitrogen bacteria and actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria and actinomycetes which lives in poor media. Soil microorganisms isolated from the nine soil types showed great potential in degrading oi and B-endosulfan in selective media after l5 days of incubation. Generally the results indicated that microorganisms isolated from highly contaminated soils had greater potential in degrading the two isomers of endosulfan. The effects of soil microorganisms isolated from highly polluted soil, on half-lives of (1 and B- endosulfan under condition of selective and carbon free media were re-studied for longer period. The results showed significant decrease in half-lives ranging between 58.4 — 81.9% in (1- endosulfan compared to 35.5 — 71 .6% in B-isomer. The effect of fertilizer activator on enhancing the microbial growth and capability in degrading oi and B- endosulfan under soil conditions was studied. Results indicated that all activators caused significant increase in microbial counts especially the triple super phosphate. The accompanied reduction in half lives ranged between 20-73% with various levels of endosulfan sulphate generated. Microbial degradation at elevated concentration (500 mg/l) of endosulfan in carbon free was studied and the results showed that there were no significant differences in the reduction of half-lives between high (500 mg/1) and low (100 mg/1) concentration. Tolerant strains of bacteria and fungi from the soil of Rass Elfeel pesticide store (Mangil scheme) were isolated through consecutive exposure to elevated concentration of endosulfan under condition of carbon free media and the results showed that the most tolerant fungi (can tolerate up tol000 mg/l) was Aspergi//us fiuntgales while the most tolerant bacteria was Bacillus sp. The comparative degradation of endosulfan by tolerant strains and their parents was studied under condition of soil and carbon free media. Results showed that parent strains (present in large number) showed faster decrease in half lives compared to tolerant strains (few numbers). However tolerant strains might have greater potential if they find a chance to propagate in massive numbers. IllItem Effect of different dryers system on Proximate Chemical Composition, and Sensory Evaluation of Dried Clarias sp Meat(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2010-04) Mohaned Ahmed Sidahmed MohamedABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify the quality and physical characteristics (chemical proximate and sensory analysis) of dried fish (Cat fish, Q} gg) flesh. Three drying methods were used in this study open air and solar tents (plastic sheet and the other from mosquito net). Before drying, the slices of fish flesh were soaked in 25% salt solution for l hour. The chemical composition results of moisture, protein, fat, and ash content of the samples were found 4.55-5.95%, 52.65-61.75%, 6.8-7.95%, and 8.1-8.85% respectively. The proximate analysis showed that there were no significantly different (P< 0.05) in moisture, dry matter and ash among the three samples, but the protein and fat contents were significantly different (P< 0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that there were no significant differences (P< 0.05) among the studied fish samples. The color values ofthe open air, plastic sheet and mosquito net samples were about 6.17, 6.67, and 6.67 respectively. Texture values recorded 6.33for mosquito net drying followed by 6.17 for plastic sheet tent drying and 5.58 for open air drying. Flavour values scored were start by 6.58 for plastic sheet, 5.58 for mosquito net and 5.42 for open air. Juiciness results were 4.33 for mosquito net, 4.25 for open air and 4.l7 for plastic sheet. There were no significant differences for sensory evaluation (P< 0.05). However, dried fish (Clczrias §_Q) using plastic sheet tent system in drying had achieved highest results among the studied fish. IIIItem Effect of Feeding diffeent levels decorticated Cajanus cajan seeds on broiler performance as a replacement of sesame cake(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2005-09) El Hafiz Abd-El Rahman HassanAbstract This study was conducted to assess the performance of broiler birds fed on decorticated Cajanus cajan (C. c) as a replacer to sesame cake. The study was conducted on deep litter in open houses pens at El Neelain Poultry Farm at Jebel Awlia during the period from 4'“ May to 22nd June 2005. 200 unsexed (Ross) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into batches of 40 birds per batch per dietary treatment. Birds were divided in to 4 replicates of 10 for each treatment of the five rations. Acontrol plus 4 rations containing 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% of C.c. were fed. Parameters studied were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight again, livebody weight, dressed weight, edible parts weights, serum proteins and the economic appraisal. 12% incorporation followed by 9% gave the best results in all parameters studied. Serum proteins and ALT (Alanine Amino Interferase) were within normal levels indicating no ill health or diviation from normal. The economic appraisal showed that 12% followed by 9% gave the least cost per Kg of broiler meat. vm The study concluded that broiler birds can perform well and survive healthy when fed C.c. up to 12% incorporation in the ration. This supports the assumption that decortication improves feeding efficiency and performance of Cajanus cajan.Item The Effect Of Vitamin C On The Growth Performances Of Tilapia(AL-Neelain University, 2018) Abd alhlim Abd alla Zakaria Abd allaThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect ofvitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, AA) on growth and feeding parameters, carcass composition and survival rate of Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). The experiment was conducted in the fish farm of faculty of Agricultural technology and fish sciences, Department of fish sciences, Al Neelian University, during (january to May 2017). Four semi purified diets supplemented with 0 (control treatment), 50, 100, and 150 vitamin C mg/kg/diat (treatment /\, B, C and D respectively) dry diet that were fed to tilapia fry (3.96g) in triplicate groups. At the end of the experiment, growth and feeding parameters, carcass composition and survival rate of fries were evaluated. The results indicated that there are increasing in the weight gain rate (11.70, 11.40, 11.50, and 12.80)g, respectively, for fish fed diets O, 50, 100, and 150 vitamin C mg/kg. There was no statistical difference in Feed conversation ratio (FCR), Wight gain (WG) and other performance (p20.05). It was observed significant difference in survival rate between the control treatment and the other treatments and there is other difference in carcass composition between the control treatment and other treatments (pZ0.05). The fish fed diets with out vitamin C it was observed some deficiency symptoms, scales erosion and caudal fin erosion. We recommend the dose of 150 mg kg-l of vitamin C to the dict 0| Nile tilztpia, which indicated high growth rutc (12.80g).