PHD theses : Arts

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The American Dream:An Analytic study of the perceived ldentity in selected plays of Arhur miller
(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2019) omarn .
Analysis of the Morphosyntactic Elements in Iraqi EFL Medical Students Written Corpora
(Al-Neelain University, 2020) Maysaa Ridha Jawad Al Tameemi
Abstract This study is an attempt to investigate the written corpora of Iraqi EFL medical students at the level of morphosyntax. The study aims to identify, classify, and supply a plausible interpretation for the different morphosyntactic errors made by the learners. It is hypothesized that Iraqi EFL human veterinary medical students face serious difficulties in the area of morphosyntactic elements at both recognition and production level. To achieve the study aims, two types of procedures have been followed: theoretical and practical. Theoretically, a framework of morphosyntax is presented including its definitions, elements, uses, etc. Practically, a corpus of 200 English written compositions was collected from 100 human and 100 veterinary medical students at human and veterinary medicine colleges at the University of Diyala. They have experienced approximately the same number of years of education through primary and secondary education. All of the participants come from non-English speaking background and hardly communicate in English outside the school. The data used in the study are participants’ written essays and their responses to 25 multiple choice items in an achievement test prepared for the purpose of the study. All of the errors in the essays and achievement test have been identified and classified into various categorizations using suitable statistical tools. The results of the study show that Iraqi medical students face difficulties in using morphosyntactic elements in general, but they face more difficulties in recognizing morphosyntactic elements than producing them. However, human medical students prove to face less difficulties in recognizing and producing morphosyntactic elements than veterinary medical students. Moreover, there are some kind of variations between human and veterinary medicine students at the level of difficulties in using morphosyntactic elements and even in using one morphosyntactic element from another. The most problematic morphosyntactic elements for human medical students are gerund, future perfect, discourse organization & word order among other 25 selected morphosyntactic elements in the study. Meanwhile, discourse organization & word order, could have p.p, gerund are the most problematic morphosyntactic elements for veterinary medical students among other 25 selected morphosyntactic elements. Analysis of the medical students’ written corpora using pos tagging show that human medical students commit errors mainly in base verb, wh pronoun, 3rd person participle, adverb, noun pl, number, conjunction, adjective, noun, pronoun, past tense verb, etc. On the other hand, veterinary students commit more errors in wh pronouns, base verb, noun pl, pronoun, number, conjunction, past tense verb, nouns, adverb, adjective, 3rd person participle, etc. The results have also show that both groups of medical students have not considerably developed their skills in using morphosyntactic elements in writing with some variations in favor of human medical stydents. The study ends with some pedagogical implications to overcome the afore mentioned problematic morphosyntactic elements and for a better writing performance. The findings suggest that the Iraqi medical students are not fully aware how to use morphosyntactic elements in recognition and in writing. Such an insight into language learning problems can be useful for teachers because it provides information on common trouble-spots in language learning which can be used in the preparation of effective teaching materials for medical students. المستخلص في اللغة العربية هذه الدراسة محاولة لدراسة العناصر الصرفية-النحوية في كتابات طلاب كليات الطب العراقيين دارسي اللغة الإنجليزية لغة أجنبية. وتهدف الدراسة إلى تحديد وتصنيف الاخطاء التي يرتكبها الطلبة في هذا المجال و ايجاد تفسير لاسباب هذه الأخطاء. وتفترض الدراسة بان طلاب الطب البشري و البيطري في العراق يواجهون صعوبات جسيمة في مجال العناصر الصرفية-النحوية على مستوى الادراك والإنتاج. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة ، تم اتباع نوعين من الإجراءات: النظرية والعملية. نظريًا ، تم تقديم إطار نظري حول ظاهرة العناصر الصرفية-النحوية وتضمن هذا الاطار تعريفا بهذه العناصر واستخداماتها وانواعها وما إلى ذلك. اما عمليًا ، فقد تم اختيار مجموعة مكونة من 200نص انشائي مكتوب باللغة الإنجليزية من لدن 100 طالب بشري و 100 طالب طب بيطري في جامعة ديالى. علما ان هؤلاء الطلبة تلقوا نفس العدد من سنوات التعليم في المرحلتين الابتدائية والثانوية.كما انهم جميعا من خلفيات لا تتحدث الإنجليزية وبالكاد يتواصلون باللغة الإنجليزية خارج المدرسة.وتكونت البيانات المستخدمة في الدراسة من مقالات مكتوبة من لدن المشاركين وإختبار متكون من 25 فقرة متعدد الخيارات في اختبار تحصيلي تم إعداده لغرض الدراسة. وتم تحديد جميع الأخطاء في المقالات والاختبار التحصيلي وتصنيفها باستخدام أدوات إحصائية مناسبة. واظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن طلاب الطب العراقيين يواجهون صعوبات في استخدام العناصر الصرفية-النحوية بشكل عام وانهم يواجهون صعوبات أكثر في التعرف على العناصر اللغوية من إنتاجها. ومع ذلك ، أثبت طلاب الطب البشري أنهم يواجهون صعوبات أقل في التعرف على العناصر الصرفية-النحوية وإنتاجها مقارنة بطلاب الطب البيطري. وعلاوة على ذلك ، هناك نوع من الاختلافات بين طلاب الطب البشري والطب البيطري على مستوى الصعوبات في استخدام العناصر الصرفية-النحوية وحتى بين استخدام عنصر صرفي-نحوي وآخر. كما اظهرت نتائج الدراسة بان العناصر الصرفية-النحوية الأكثر إشكالية لطلاب الطب البشري من بين 25 عنصر صرفي-نحوي تم اختياره في الدراسة هي اسم الفعل، الصيغ الزمنية التامة، وتنظيم الخطاب وترتيب الكلمات واستخدام التركيب الذي يعني "كان يمكن القيام بالحدث لكنه لم يحدث" . واُظهر تحليل النصوص المكتوبة باستخدام تحليل النصوص لاجزاء الكلام ((POS أن طلاب الطب البشري بشكل أساسي يرتكبون أخطاء في الفعل الرئيسي ، ضمير الاستفهام ، ضمير الشخص الثالث ، الظرف ، الاسم ، العدد ، الاقتران ، الصفة ، الاسم ، الضمير ، الفعل الماضي ، إلخ. . ومن ناحية أخرى ، يرتكب طلاب الطب البيطري المزيد من الأخطاء في ضمائر الاستفهام ، والفعل الرئيسي ، والاسم الجمع ، والضمير ، والعدد ، والعطف ، وفعل الفعل الماضي ، والأسماء ، والظرف ، والصفة ، وتصريف الشخص الثالث ، وما إلى ذلك. وقد أظهرت النتائج أيضًا أن كلا المجموعتين من طلاب الطب لم يقوما بتطوير مهاراتهم بشكل كبير في استخدام العناصر الصرفية-النحوية في الكتابة مع بعض الاختلافات لصالح طلاب الطبب البشري. وتخلص الدراسة الى بعض التوصيات التربوية للتغلب على صعوبة استخدام العناصر الصرفية-النحوية المذكورة قي أعلاه ولأداء كتابي أفضل. كما ان النتائج التي تشير الى أن طلاب الطب العراقيين ليسوا على دراية كاملة بكيفية استخدام العناصر الصرفية-النحوية في الادراك والكتابة يمكن أن تكون مفيدة للمدرسين لأنها توفر معلومات عن اهم المشاكل الشائعة في تعلم اللغة والتي يمكن استخدامها في إعداد مواد تعليمية فعالة لطلاب الطب.
Analysis of Verb Tense Errors in the Written English of Gaza Secondary School Students
(Neelain University, 2006) Nurtan H.T. El-Khateeb
Abstract Analysis of Verb Tense Errors in the Written English of Gaza Secondary School Students This study aims at analyzing the common English verb tense errors of secondary school students in Gaza City . The Study is conﬁned to the common errors of the three tenses (present — past ~ future ) . For this purpose , the study was conducted on a random sample which consisted of 100 males and 100 females from general Secondary School Certiﬁcate , i.e. (the twelfth grade in Gaza City of the academic year 1999- 2000 ) , the schools are : 1- Shohodaa El-Shatti Secondary School for Boys . 2- Ahmed Shawky‘Secondary School for Girls . The researcher has designed a test which was writing two compositions which are : 1- What did you do during last summer holidays ? 2- The importance of leaming English . These topics were designed to test the abi1ity~0f the student toexpress about his/her ideas in the (present — past — future) simple tense . The test was shown to a group of judges to determine the suitability of the topics . This group consisted of two professors of English in Palestinian universities ,four well - experienced secondary school teachers and two well — experienced secondary school inspectors . They all admitted the test . The researcher , also , conducted an interview with a group of English Language teachers in Gaza with the purpose of knowing the causes of the students’ weakness in English Language and the problems which the teachers encounter in teaching English . The researcher followed the analytical and statistical techniques in eliciting the results of the research . After checking the examination sheets of the male and female students , the researcher classiﬁed students errors into eight types which are : ' 1-Tense Shift . 2-Verb Substitution . - 3- Verb Incorrectly Formed . 4- Copula Omission . 5- Wrong Tense . 6- Copula Redundancy . 7- Subject Verb agreement . 8- Verb Omission . The statistical analysis has proved that the highest percentage of errors has been found in TS, i.e. 15.20 % of all errors, particularly in the present simple tense , where the lowest percentage of errors has been found in _VO area i.e.9.30 % of all errors . Also , the statistical analysis has proved that there are signiﬁcant differences between male and female performance in all the previous areas. The researcher attributed this phenomenon to many reasons which she discussed in this study .Finally she put some suggestions and recommendations .
Aneeds Analysis for Designing an ESP Syllbus for the students of sudan neval academy
(Neelain University, 2011) alfadil altahir alfadil ali
Abstract This study aims at conducting a needs analysis of the Sudan Naval Academy (SNA) cadets to design an ESP syllabus based on these needs. The researcher used the descriptive method and the sample of the study (74 students) was chosen exclusively. For data collection, the researcher used the questionnaire and interview as the tools of this study, whereas (SPSS) was used for data analysis and processing. The study culminates in a number of ﬁndings; the most prominent of which are the following: 1- Designing an ESP syllabus for cadets based on their actual needs. 2- The SNA students need English for their current academic study as well as future career as naval ofﬁcers. 3- The cadets need to study all the language skills with emphasis on the skills of reading and writing. Based on the aforementioned ﬁndings, the researcher points out a number of recommendations, among the most important are the following: 1- The adoption of the proposed ESP syllabus. 2- Training of teachers to properly handle the task of teaching ESP. 3- Conducing on- going needs analysis in order to constantly adapt the syllabus. 4- Conducting an evaluative study of the proposed maritime English syllabus.
ASPECTS OF MODALITY IN STANDARD ENGLISH AND MODERN STANDARD ARABIC
(Neelain University, 1997) sadiya ibrahem ali
ABSTRACT aseecrs O1~"’MO»DﬁaLlTY at srM\rD»aR.D~ ENGLLSH arm MODERN srattntaan» aaa~.s,tc The topic of this study is the notion of modality in standard (British) English and modem standard Arabic (henceforth to be referred to as English and Arabic respectively). The present study comprises Six chapters: Chapter One (introduction) is a brief introductory chapter that signiﬁes the nature of the problem, and discusses the hypothesis, and the aim of the study. At the end of the chapter deﬁnitions ofthe following terms given: English, Arabic and modality. Chapter Two of the dissertation offers a detailed description of modality in certain English constructions. Chapter Three presents some basic issues that have bearing on modality in Arabic. Chapter Four presents a comparative analysis ofmodality in both languages in an attempt to locate the points ofsimilarity and difference between English and Arabic in this area. Chapter Five is devoted to the identiﬁcation, classiﬁcation and explanation ofthe students’ errors and their sources . The study ends with Chapter Six which summarizes the ﬁndings of the study , the recommendations and the suggestions for further study . \
Assessing the Geographical Factors of Women Crimes in Khartoum State The case of Umdurman Women Prison
(Neelain University, 2013) Maryam Mahmoud Umar
Abstract Women contribution to crimes is an undisputable fact. There are few studies conducted in the ﬁeld of women crimes generally and from geographical perspective particularly, therefore little is known about the women offenders, their geographic and socio- economic characteristics in the study area. The main objective of the study was to examine the women offenders and their crimes from a geographical point of view in order to analyle the geographical indicators of the sampled women places of birth, wards of residence, why and where their crimes were committed. The other important socio-economic indices of the women included their ages, marital status, educational background and income. The data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The collected data were analyzed using different statistical techniques. The study revealed that Khartoum women committed as varied crimes as their men counterpart. lt was further observed that women of certain educational and social background commit ﬁnancial and prostitution crimes in Khartoum. The study observed the clustering of some crimes in hot spots that have characteristics conducive for those crimes. The study showed that the changing role of women in the Sudanese society has its attendant impact on women crimes as shown in the increasing numbers of women committing financial crimes. The study found that most female offenders turn to commit crimes rationally. That is due to economic hardship and poverty, for those offenders living in the marginalized unplanned areas of the state. Economic gains or making more money involved those women of ﬁnancial, prostitution, and drugs crimes. The study revealed that most of the women in prison were first time offenders. It was further observed that cultural factors, war displacement and lack of opportunities to engage in other activities made some women to commit crimes repeatedly and become hardened criminals as evident that the crimes committed thrice were brewing and selling of alcoholic drinks which account for 35%, prostitution 30% while theft and financial crimes had 15% each. The study showed that education opens widei' opportunities for women even in committing of crimes and that 73% of the sampled women received a kind of education.
A Comparative Study of Marianne Moore’s and Elizabeth Bishop’s Poetic Style with Reference to Selected Poems
(Al-Neelain University, 2020) Abdulgaffar Mohammed Saeed Abdellah
Abstract Stylistics – nowadays, is considered one of the most important fundamentals of objective interpretation and appreciation of literary texts and that is due to its great concern with the writers’ style. The present study investigates the salient stylistic devices in Marianne Moore’s and Elizabeth Bishop’s poetry and their role in crystalizing the poems meanings and subject matters. It seeks to stylistically analyse Moore’s and Bishop’s poems and compare their poetic technique. To accomplish this goals, the researcher adopts the stylistic analysis method as well as statistical analysis approach in which eight poems from each poetess’ oeuvres are examined. The selected poems are equally categorized into two groups: the first one focuses on investigating the lexico-syntactic level while the other is concerned with exploring the phonological level. The study has reached a conclusion that there is small differences between Moore’s and Bishop’s poetic techniques. Moreover, meaning intensifiers such as simile, metaphor, mental images, personification, and oxymoron are lavishly employed in both poetesses’ works to intrigue readers and help them grasp the intended meanings. In other words, they are the most salient stylistic devices in the poems under investigation. Furthermore, the employment of musical devices such as alliteration, assonance, and consonance is also evidently shown in both poetess’ works. In addition, the study has found that Bishop tends to use these stylistic devices more than Moore does with insignificant variation, though. Finally, the investigation has also revealed that both poetesses have influence by the modernist poetic technique from which they derive their condensed language and precise images. المستخلص Abstract (Arabic Version) يعتبر علم الأسلوب من أهم المعايير التي يستند عليها التفسير الموضوعي للنص الأدبي في العصر الحالي، و يعود ذالك إلى الاهتمام الكبير الذي يوليه هذا العلم بإسلوب الكتابة عند المؤلف. تتقصى هذه الدراسة السمات الأسلوبية البارزة في شعر ماريان مور وإليزابيث بيشوب و دورها في بلورة موضوع القصيدة وإيصال معانيها الي المتلقي، كما تقارن الدراسة النصوص، مع المقارنة بين الأسلوب الشعري لكلٍ من الشاعرتين مور و بيشوب. ولتحقيق تلك الاهداف، إعتمد الباحث كل من منهج التحليل الاسلوبي و منهج التحليل الاحصائي كوسيلتين لجمع وتحليل البيانات واللذان تم من خلالها دراسة ثماني قصائد لكل شاعرة. تم تقسيم القصائد المختارة بشكلٍ متساو إلى مجموعتين: سلطت الدراسة الضوء علي المستوي التركيبي الدلالي في قصائد المجموعة الأولى بينما اهتمت بدراسة المستوى الصوتي \ الموسيقي في قصائد المجموعة الثانية. وقد أسفر تحليل البيانات عن جملة من النتائج أهمها: يوجد إختلاف طفيف في الأسلوب الشعري لكل من مور و بيشوب، كما ان كلتا الشاعرتين قد قامتا بإستخدام أداوات تعزيز المعاني النصية من تشبيهٍ وإستعارةٍ و صورٍ ذهنيةٍ وتجسيدٍ إلخ.. بصورة وافرة لإلهام القارئ و مساعدته علي سبر أغوار القصيدة. بعبارة أخرى، توصلت الدراسة الي أن الصور البلاغية من تشبيهٍ، وإستعارةٍ، و صورٍ ذهنيةٍ، وتجسيد،ٍ من أكثر السمات الإسلوبية شيوعا في قصائد ماريان مور وأليزابيث بيشوب موضوع البحث، كما كشفت الدراسة أيضا عن شيوع إستخدام الأجراس الموسيقية كالجناس الإستهلالي، والتناغم والسجع في أعمال الشاعرتين مع إفضلية نسبية لبيشوب توصلت الدراسة أخيرا إلي تأثر كل من ماريان مور وأليزابيث بيشوب بإسلوب الشعر الحديث والذي إستمدتا منه لغتهما المعتقة وتصاويرهما الدقيقة.
Conceptualization of Tragic Woman: A study of Feminist Identity in Marsha Norman’s Night, Mother and Maria IreneFornes’ Mud
(Neelain University, 2019) WassemHammadKhalaf
Abstract Women had no separated identity from that of their husbands before the American Feminist movement,deprived as they were of any legal or political rights. In the American capitalist, patriarchal system of the early twentieth century, marriage was the only way for women to secure financial stability for the future. Feminist drama has carved its identity as a distinct theatrical genre during the late 1960's both in Britain and America.The dissertation discusses the subordination and victimization of women in relation to men within the capitalist structure of the society, its institutions, the hegemonic patriarchal culture and history. Norman and Fornesare considered as contemporary American feminist playwright who portray in their Plays the role of women as victims of the societies they in which they live. This study aims to analyze their plays in a detailed manner, and to give an introductory knowledge about their female characters in their plays by discussing their oppression in relation with the historical, cultural and social perspectives which are the main points of discussion in the Socialist-Feminist Theory. The Study explores the quest for identity in the selected work as it tries to expose the main reasons behind the identity issues. Moreover, this study is an attempt at tracing the changes and challenges that the concept of tragedy regarding woman has undergone firstly from its beginnings as a literary genre in Greek theatre, and secondly in Europe during the Elizabethan age and then lately in America during the first half of the twentieth century through Norman's Night, Mother and Fornes' Mud. The dissertation concludes that Norman and Fornes have succeeded in presenting their characters as major figures who are oppressed by people around them as this dissertation presents many recommendations for further studies.
A Cross – Cultural Analysis of Presidential Inaugural Speech Acts In American and Arabic Contexts
(Neelain University, 2018) Imad Hayif Sameer
ABSTRACT This thesis is a contrastive pragmalinguistic analysis of eight selected inaugural speeches (four from Arabic culture and four from American one) based upon the Theory of Speech Acts. The investigation involves an analysis of Searle’s main speech acts by describing their pragmatic and structural means of identification and realization .The underlying general aim of this work is to find out whether or not these speeches share certain common cross linguistic, structural and pragmatic features. In more specific terms, this work explores the possibility of identifying certain form-function commonality within the speeches under investigation. Three hypotheses are proposed for testing this possibility which are: 1. In both American and Arabic data, commissive and assertive speech occupy high frequency. 2. Commissive and directive speech acts are used in Arabic data more than that of American one. 3. The first rank in both cultures belongs to Assertives. This is due to their function as justifications to other types. A special model of analysis is adopted that is based on the classification of Searle's (1969).Cognitive theory is needed to interpret or identify each speech act. Van Dijk's theory of Mental Model is applied to achieve this objective. Identification the types of speech is affected by Ferrara's Theory who explains the nature of these speech acts within a sequence. In the addition, the five key characteristics proposed by Ericson will be tackled .The work rounds off with conclusion and suggestions for further researches. ألمُستخلص تتضمن الدراسة تحليلا تداوليا لغويا لثمان خطابات افتتاحية رئاسية ( اربعة منتقات من الثقافة العربية واربعة ماخوّذة من الثقافة الامريكية) وتحليل هذه الخطابات مبني على نظرية فعل الكلام. وهذا التحليل يتقصى افعال الكلام الخمسة المقترحة من قبل اللغوي Searle والعمل عل ى وصفها وتقصي عملها الدقيق من الناحية التداولية . والغاية من هذه الدراسة هو بيان احتمالية وجود عوامل مشتركة او عدم وجودها واكتشاف امكانية وجود اي تشابه بين الثقافتين. وهنا اقترح الباحث ثلاث فرضيات لاختبار هذه الفرضيات وهي كالتالي: 1- في كلتا الثقافتين يحتل فعل الكلام الخاص بالتعهد او الالتزام والتحقق اعلى المراتب 2- يحتل التعهد اوالالتزام والتوجيه او الالتماس مرتبة اعلى في الخطابات العربية مقارنة مع الخطابات الامريكية. 3- تحتل افعال الكلام الخاصة بالتحقق المرتبة الاولى في كلا الثقافتين وتلك المرتبة مستحقة لكون هذا النوع يعمل على توفير المبررات لبقية الانواع. تبنأ الباحث نموذج خاص به لاجراء هذا التحليل دامجا ثلاث نظريات في اطار واحد لاعطاء خصوصية لدراسته وهذا النموذج يجمع بين نظرية افعال الكلام الخمسة والمقترحة من قبل اللغوي Searle وهي الالتزام او التعهد , التحقق , التوجيه او الالتماس , التعبير والافصاح. والنظرية الثانية هي لللغوي Ferrara والذي بين بان فعل القول قد يتغير في طبيعته اذا جاء في فقرة. كل هذا يحتاج الى نظرية ذهنية لتفسير اي خطاب ولهذا جاء استخدام نظرية Van Dijk لاعطاء تفسير دقيق لافعال الكلام . نظرية Ericson والتي بينت بان هذا النوع من الخطابات يشتمل على مواضيع معينة توحدها الا وهي واخيرا قدمت الدراسة النتائج التي تبرهن الفرضيات المقدمة وكذلك المقرحتات الواجب اتبعاها مستقبلا.
A Cross – Cultural Analysis of Presidential Inaugural Speech Acts In American and Arabic Contexts
(جامعة النيلين, 2018-08) Imad Hayif Sameer
ABSTRACT This thesis is a contrastive pragmalinguistic analysis of eight selected inaugural speeches (four from Arabic culture and four from American one) based upon the Theory of Speech Acts. The investigation involves an analysis of Searle’s main speech acts by describing their pragmatic and structural means of identification and realization .The underlying general aim of this work is to find out whether or not these speeches share certain common cross linguistic, structural and pragmatic features. In more specific terms, this work explores the possibility of identifying certain form-function commonality within the speeches under investigation. Three hypotheses are proposed for testing this possibility which are: 1. In both American and Arabic data, commissive and assertive speech occupy high frequency. 2. Commissive and directive speech acts are used in Arabic data more than that of American one. 3. The first rank in both cultures belongs to Assertives. This is due to their function as justifications to other types. A special model of analysis is adopted that is based on the classification of Searle's (1969).Cognitive theory is needed to interpret or identify each speech act. Van Dijk's theory of Mental Model is applied to achieve this objective. Identification the types of speech is affected by Ferrara's Theory who explains the nature of these speech acts within a sequence. In the addition, the five key characteristics proposed by Ericson will be tackled .The work rounds off with conclusion and suggestions for further researches. iii ألمُستخلص تتضمن الدراسة تحليلا تداوليا لغويا لثمان خطابات افتتاحية رئاسية ( اربعة منتقات من الثقافة العربية واربعة ماخوّذة من الثقافة الامريكية) وتحليل هذه الخطابات مبني على نظرية فعل الكلام. وهذا التحليل يتقصى افعال الكلام الخمسة المقترحة من قبل اللغوي Searle والعمل عل ى وصفها وتقصي عملها الدقيق من الناحية التداولية . والغاية من هذه الدراسة هو بيان احتمالية وجود عوامل مشتركة او عدم وجودها واكتشاف امكانية وجود اي تشابه بين الثقافتين. وهنا اقترح الباحث ثلاث فرضيات لاختبار هذه الفرضيات وهي كالتالي: 1- في كلتا الثقافتين يحتل فعل الكلام الخاص بالتعهد او الالتزام والتحقق اعلى المراتب 2- يحتل التعهد اوالالتزام والتوجيه او الالتماس مرتبة اعلى في الخطابات العربية مقارنة مع الخطابات الامريكية. 3- تحتل افعال الكلام الخاصة بالتحقق المرتبة الاولى في كلا الثقافتين وتلك المرتبة مستحقة لكون هذا النوع يعمل على توفير المبررات لبقية الانواع. تبنأ الباحث نموذج خاص به لاجراء هذا التحليل دامجا ثلاث نظريات في اطار واحد لاعطاء خصوصية لدراسته وهذا النموذج يجمع بين نظرية افعال الكلام الخمسة والمقترحة من قبل اللغوي Searle وهي الالتزام او التعهد , التحقق , التوجيه او الالتماس , التعبير والافصاح. والنظرية الثانية هي لللغوي Ferrara والذي بين بان فعل القول قد يتغير في طبيعته اذا جاء في فقرة. كل هذا يحتاج الى نظرية ذهنية لتفسير اي خطاب ولهذا جاء استخدام نظرية Van Dijk لاعطاء تفسير دقيق لافعال الكلام . نظرية Ericson والتي بينت بان هذا النوع من الخطابات يشتمل على مواضيع معينة توحدها الا وهي واخيرا قدمت الدراسة النتائج التي تبرهن الفرضيات المقدمة وكذلك المقرحتات الواجب اتبعاها مستقبلا
Cross- Cultural Pragmatic Study of Using Hedges in the Performance of Speakers of English and Arabic
(Neelain University, 2019-09) Saif Habeeb Hasan Habeeb Al-Bazi
ABSTRACT Using hedging strategies is one of the most frequently occurring in communicative acts in most human languages / cultures. These hedging strategies have pragmatic functions that are crucial in establishing and maintaining social bonds. Hedging strategies have the effect of enhancing positive rapport between interlocutors in any communicative interaction. In addition, they are a language function that has important social value. There is a difficulty of knowing when and how to use hedging strategies and how to get on smoothly with others. Despite of its importance and the high frequency of their use in daily interactions, interlocutors commit mistakes in using this strategy. The focus of this study is on investigating the using and perception of the hedging expressions in the political interviews (American English and Iraqi Arabic speakers), and investigating whether these two groups employ similar or different patterns in performing and perceiving hedges under investigation. In addition to exploring the distribution and the frequency of occurrence of hedging strategies in different cultures within the concept of gender. The main hypothesis of this study is that hedging strategies have a firm relation within concept of culture and gender. In this study, it is concluded that there is Quadruple relation among hedging strategies, gender, culture, and politeness is presented in the political interviews. Hedging strategies have a firm relation in respect to context , topic, gender, and culture of the participants. المستخلص تعد اساليب التحوط واحدة من اكثر الظواهر استخداما في عملية التواصل في معظم اللغات وفي مختلف الثقافات. وهنالك معاني دلالية لاستخدام اساليب التحوط. اذ تستخدم هذه الاساليب لتحقيق اهداف دلالية اساسية في اقامة وتعزيز الروابط الاجتماعية بين المتحدثين. ان لأساليب التحوط الاثر الايجابي البالغ في تعزيز الروابط بين المتحدثين في مختلف انواع عمليات التواصل. وبالإضافة على كونها وظيفة لغوية، فان لها ايضا اهمية اجتماعية كبيرة. وتبرز الاشارة الى ان هنالك صعوبات لمعرفة متى وكيف يتم استخدام اساليب التحوط وعن كيفية جعل عملية التواصل سهلة يسرة. فان المتحدثين يرتكبون اخطاء في طريفة استخدام اساليب التحوط على الرغم من اهميتها وكثرة استعمالها في المحادثات اليومية. وتتركز هذه الدراسة على دراسة استخدام وفهم عبارات التحوط في المقابلات السياسية ( للمتحدثين الامريكيين والعراقيين) ودراسة ما اذا كان المجتمعان يتبعون نفس الاساليب او غيرها. اضافة الى معرفة تكرار وتوزيع هذه الاساليب في المقابلات السياسية وفقا لمفهوم الثقافة والجنس. اذا ان الفرضية الاساسية في هذه الدراسة تتلخص في ان اساليب التحوط لها علاقة وثيقة بجنس المتحدث والمجتمع الثقافي. وان من اهم الاستنتاجات لهذه الدراسة ان هنالك علاقة رباعية وثيقة مابين اساليب التحوط والجنس والثقافة والاسلوب المؤدب في المقابلات السياسية. وان اساليب التحوط لها علاقة وثيقة مع السياق وموضوع الحديث من جانب والجنس والثقافة من جانب آخر.
Cross- Cultural Pragmatic Study of Using Hedges in the Performance of Speakers of English and Arabic
(Al-Neelain University, 2019) Saif Habeeb Hasan Habeeb Al-Bazi
Using hedging strategies is one of the most frequently occurring in communicative acts in most human languages / cultures. These hedging strategies have pragmatic functions that are crucial in establishing and maintaining social bonds. Hedging strategies have the effect of enhancing positive rapport between interlocutors in any communicative interaction. In addition, they are a language function that has important social value. There is a difficulty of knowing when and how to use hedging strategies and how to get on smoothly with others. Despite of its importance and the high frequency of their use in daily interactions, interlocutors commit mistakes in using this strategy. The focus of this study is on investigating the using and perception of the hedging expressions in the political interviews (American English and Iraqi Arabic speakers), and investigating whether these two groups employ similar or different patterns in performing and perceiving hedges under investigation. In addition to exploring the distribution and the frequency of occurrence of hedging strategies in different cultures within the concept of gender. The main hypothesis of this study is that hedging strategies have a firm relation within concept of culture and gender. In this study, it is concluded that there is Quadruple relation among hedging strategies, gender, culture, and politeness is presented in the political interviews. Hedging strategies have a firm relation in respect to context , topic, gender, and culture of the participants.
Difﬁculties of Perceiving Word and Sentence Stress Encountered by EFL Sudanese Learners: A Case Study of 4th Year Students Majoring in English at Al-Neelain University
(Neelain University, 2011) Taha Mohammedzain Abdelwahid
ABSTRACT Difﬁculties of Perceiving Word and Sentence Stress Encountered by EFL Sudanese Learners: a Case Study of 4"‘ Year Students Majoring in English at Al-Neelain University This dissertation investigates the difﬁculties of word and sentence stress faced by 4th year students majoring in English at A1-Neelain University. It examines a number of aspects concerning the area of accent and provides an insight into why English stress poses a major problem to native speakers of Sudanese colloquial Arabic. Through investigating the difficulties, the study uses instruments such as questiomlaires to gather the data based on answers given by 50 respondents representing the subjects of the study. In order to make the methodology operational to the focus of the goals of the research, a large series of tape—recorded materials and written tests have been conducted with the subjects— a corpus approach which allows larger amounts of data to be analysed, and indicates that the statistics retrieved are derived from a larger component of inquiries. The results show that stress proves to be difficult for most of the Sudanese native speakers of colloquial Arabic for several reasons: mother tongue interference, transfer of stress typology, ignorance of rule restrictions, over-generalization and ignorance of phonetic phenomena.
Discourse connectors in EFL setting:A comparative analysis of the written corpora of EFL learners and native speakers
(Neelain University, 2018) Gasim Abdelwahab SidAhmed Mahjoub
ABSTRACT This comparative study investigates the use of discourse connectors (DCs) in argumentative essays of EFL Sudanese and American Native undergraduate students. It aims to determine the similarities and differences in use of DCs in terms of syntactic category, syntactic distribution and semantic function as well as detecting the problems the Sudanese undergraduate students experience in the use of DCs. The researcher collected 65 argumentative essays from University of Khartoum and Sudan University for Science and Technology.The native students’ essays were 43 and collected from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS), corpus of University of Michigan, codes (ICLE-US-MICH-0001.1-45.1).The researcher followed a taxonomy adopted from Halliday and Hasan (1976), Biber et al (1999), and Ron Cowan (2008). 130 DCs were classified into eight semantic categories. Quantitative and qualitative methods are followed. The quantitative method shows that the overall frequency of DCs occurrence in non-native students’ writing (NNSW) is higher than that of native students’ writing (NSW). The non-native students (NNS) and native students (NS) use 45 and 50 individual DCs respectively. Only 29 individual DCs are shared by the two groups. In other words, NNS use 16 DCs independently and NS use 21DCs autonomously.The qualitative method displays the similarities and differences between NNS and NS in terms of syntactic category, syntactic distribution and semantic function. In terms of syntactic category both NNS and NS employ most of DCs as conjunctive adverbials, followed by coordinators and then subordinators. Regarding syntactic distribution, NNS use most of DCs sentence initially and paragraph initially. Also, they use them interclausally but less frequently. On the other hand, NS use DCs in different positions: inter-clausally, sentence initially and medially, paragraph initially and medially. Both NNS and NS use most of DCs in similar functions; however, NS provide more functions for some DCs. On the other hand, NNS use DCs in limited functions. The researcher classified Sudanese students’ errors into 9 categories. The result showed that misuse of DCs was the most frequent problem, followed by overuse of DCs.
Ecological Implications in Kamala Markandaya’s Novels
(Neelain University, 2018) RAFID SAMI MAJEED
Abstract Kamala Markandaya, in the course of writing her novels, which provides a variety of Indian personalities through various characters, puts in mind reflecting the relationship between man and nature that surrounds him/ her and the extent of the influence of the two of them on each other. It is no secret to the reader that man cannot exist without nature and he/she is certainly an integral part of it and influences it and gets influenced by it. The relationship between the two remains a matter of existence and coexistence, despite the fact that nature is the stronger part of the equation of this relationship. It possesses powerful tools and different ways to express its anger and reaction if man initiates aggression and crosses the red lines with it. This study aims at presenting the ecological implications that are depicted in Markandaya’s novels A Handful of Rice (1966) ,The Coffer Dams (1969) , and Two Virgins (1973). It discusses Markandaya's postcolonial ecocritical analysis that is applied to the novels discussed. It also tackles the natural disasters that have affected Markandaya’s writings .The economic and social problems relating to nature exploitation in Markandaya's novels are reviewed. The destructive role of the British rulers in India is also discussed to explain their destructive deeds that influenced man and nature. Markandaya and Diaspora - the adopted home land is among the topics that got a space too to be discussed in this study. The study demonstrates that Markandaya employs Ecocriricism as its means to discuss the environmental issues and their influence on people's attitudes and behaviour. The study is to prove that Markandaya’s novels can be interpreted through literary ecological studies, explore the reasons why nature affects the individual’s manners and community, and also explains the influence nature has on man’s conduct and psychology. Abstract (Arabic Version) أثناء كتابة رواياتها التي تقدم مجموعة متنوعة من الشخصيات الهندية من خلال شخصيات روائية مختلفة ، تضع كمالا ماركاندايا في اعتبارها ان تعكس العلاقة بين الإنسان والطبيعة المحيطة به ومدى تأثير الاثنين في بعضهما البعض. لا يخفى على القارئ أن الإنسان لا يمكن أن يكون موجودًا بدون الطبيعة وأنه بالتأكيد جزء لا يتجزأ منها ويؤثر عليها ويتأثر بها. لا تزال العلاقة بين الاثنين مسألة وجود وتعايش . تتميز الحقيقة الناصعة أن الطبيعة هي الجزء الأقوى في المعادلة التي تحكم هذه العلاقة وهي تمتلك أدوات قوية وطرق مختلفة للتعبير عن غضبها ورد فعلها إذا شرع الإنسان في العدوان أو انه اجتاز الخطوط الحمراء الفاصلة بينهما . تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى عرض التلميحات البيئية الموضحة في روايات (حفنة من الرز ) ( 1966) و كوفر دامز ( 1969) و عذراوان (1973) . ناقشت هذه الدراسة التحليل النقد - بيئي لفترة ما بعد الاستعمار الذي تطبقه الكاتبة على الروايات التي يتم مناقشتها. كما تناولت الدراسة الكوارث الطبيعية التي أثرت على كتابات ماركندايا. لقد تمت مراجعة المشاكل الاقتصادية والاجتماعية المتعلقة باستغلال الطبيعة في روايات الكاتبة . كما ناقشت الدور الهدام للحكام البريطانيين في الهند لشرح أفعالهم المدمرة التي أثرت على الإنسان والطبيعة. لقد شغل موضوع مركندايا و الهجرة والحنين إلى الوطن حيزا في هذه الدراسة ، بالإضافة إلى المواضيع المؤثرة الأخرى ، لأجل تبيان تأثير هذا الموضوع في التقييم النقدي- بيئي. توضح الدراسة أيضا ان مركندايا توظف النقد - بيئي كوسيلة لمناقشة القضايا البيئية وتأثيرها على مواقف وسلوكيات الناس. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إثبات أن روايات ماركاندايا يمكن تفسيرها من خلال الدراسات البيئية الأدبية ، والى استكشاف الأسباب التي تؤثر على الطبيعة في أخلاق الفرد والمجتمع ، وأخيرا توضح تأثير الطبيعة على سلوك الإنسان و نفسيته.
Ecology and population structure of Anopheles ar abiensis in sudan(volumel)
(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2003) Mariam Atta Mannan Ahmed
The Effect of Socio-Psychological Forces on Samuel Beckett’s Selected Plays
(Alneelain University, 2019) Mohamed EIhaﬁz Hussein Abdullah
The study explores the factors that led Samuel Beckett to react against the ninetieth century literary movement abandons religiousness ideology and asserts existential ideas in his life and writings. The events are exempliﬁed in the twentieth century trauma, as well as his family circle (his mother). They were philosophically denoted in his play wailing for Godot (1953), End Game (1957), and Krapp's Last Tape (1958). The plays bear concepts such as meaninglessness and anguish, where the characters do not have ﬁxed identities; they suffer from the self-being; their lives are based on illusions, and the line between the reality and fantasy is absent. The study followed qualitative descriptive methods; formulism psychoanalysis and existential criticism are used. The present study conﬁrmed that, the characters in Beckett's plays are psychologically ill; distorted, lame and their life is material based; logic. On the other hand, they are spiritually poor. Self is heavily projected and revealed in a very philosophical and ideological manner. Experience is expressed in a far more profound and fundamental nature than a mere autobiography. “Suffering of being” is mirrored and reﬂected. Overall, the outcome of the study proves that life is meaningulness, if a man is body and soul!
English Language Supervisors' Role on Developing (EFL) Teaching and Learning at Sudanese Secondary Schools. A case study of Kassala Locality
(Al-Neelain University, 2022-02) Bashir Adam Gibreel Ismael.
Abstract The research aims to inquire about the English language supervisors' role on developing teaching and learning at Sudanese secondary schools(Kassala Locality). It intended to highlight the current situation of English Language Supervision in Sudan to find out the challenges facing supervisors of English Language in Sudan in Kassala Locality, discover the training needs of English Language supervisors in Sudan at Kassala Locality, to investigate the English language supervisors’ role on raising teachers’ performance and to investigate the efficiency of English language supervision process in Kassala Locality. The Population of the research were 228 English Language teachers as percentage of %46 . The methodology of the study used on a combination of methods of quantitative and qualitative method of research. One on one recorded interview on the current situation of supervision in Kassala locality is conducted with three of the English language supervisors as sample one. The supervisors' words are interpreted for evaluation. Two questionnaire versions distributed to 107 of English language teachers as sample two of the study whom were chosen randomly. First questionnaire was about the current situation of English language supervision in Sudan. The second was about the efficiency of English language supervision process in Kassala locality. Widely, the obtained data from the sample was computed in order to be analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Pregame. The graphs explain teachers' responses more clearly. The quantitative and qualitative results produced similar findings. Main results proved a weakness and many shortcomings in current situation of English language supervision in kassala locality and play a very weak role to developing teaching and learning. English language supervisors lack Performance skills, proper training and qualification. Finally, the study recommends more training for both teachers and supervisors, solutions for logistic challenges, selection and preparation of supervisors staff. Furthermore, implementation of scientific methods. Some topics on English language supervision for further studies are suggested too. مستخلص البحث إن هذا البحث يهدف لبحث دور مشرفي اللغة الانجليزية في تطوير تعليم وتعلم اللغة الانجليزية في مدارس المرحلة الثانوية بمحلية كسلا بالسودان. يرمي البحث الى تسليط الضوء على الموقف الحالي للإشراف وكشف التحديات التي تواجهه، ومعرفة الدور الذي يؤديه في رفع مستوي أداء المعلمين . إن مجتمع البحث عبارة عن 228 من معلمين اللغة الانجليزية بنسبة 46% . تعتمد منهجية البحث علي المنهج الكمي والنوعي المختلط. أجريت مقابلة شخصية مسجلة عن الوضع الحالي للإشراف في محلية كسلا مع ثلاثة مشرفين و يمثلون العينة الأولي. وزعت استبانتين لعدد (107) من معلمي اللغة الانجليزية ويمثلون العينة الثانية للدراسة الذين تم اختيارهم عشوائياً. الاستبانة الأولي تعبر عن الوضع الحالي للإشراف والاستبانة الثانية تعبر عن كفاءة عملية الإشراف. استخدم برنامج الاحصاء الوصفي لقياس وتفسير وتحليل الاستجابات التي تم الحصول عليها، والرسوم البيانية تجسد استجابات المعلمين بشكل أوضح، والنتائج الكمية والنوعية لها نتائج مماثلة. النتائج الرئيسية للبحث أثبتت ضعف ونقص لأداء الوضع الحالي للإشراف بمحلية كسلا وكان دورها ضعيفاً في تطوير التعليم والتعلم لافتقار مشرفي اللغة الانجليزية الكفايات المهنية من حيث التدريب والإعداد والتأهيل. قدمت الدراسة بعض التوصيات و اقترحت التدريب وحل تحديات الاختيار وإعداد طاقم الإشراف، علاوة لتطبيق النهج العلمي لممارسة العمليات الإشرافية ، تم اقتراح بعض الموضوعات الخاصة بإشراف اللغة الانجليزية لمزيد من الدراسات.
The Essential Factors to Teaching Speaking Skills A Case Study: Secondary School Students in Omdurman Locality .
(Neelain University, 2014) Faiza Abdalla E|- Hussien Mohammed
ABSTRACT This research investigated the essential factors to teaching the English speaking skill, and how they affect Sudanese Secondary school students’ communicative competence. It also, explored the reasons behind the speaking skill problems. The sample size comprises: one hundred secondary school students, eighty secondary schools teachers and six English language supervisors in Omdunnan Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan. The data collected via questionnaire and speaking test were processed and analyzed by SPSS analysis, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (T) test, the degree of ﬁeedom and alpha. The study also, used the method of content analysis for the interview to obtain the results of the samples responses. The researcher assumed: 1. Most Secondary schools English language teachers don’t choose a deﬁnite set of methods and techniques supported by teaching aids to enhance students’ speaking abilities. 2. Sudanese secondary school students unable to participate in classrooms interaction activities. 3. Syllabus at secondary schools is grammar and reading based syllabus. 4. Unqualiﬁed Secondary school teachers. The fmdings showed that: l. Most teachers have a weak implementation of English language teaching methods. 2. Secondary school students at non-model government school showed the weakest English language speaking skills, compared with students at model government schools, who scored the highest level scores of speaking skills. 3. Syllabus is mostly responsible because, there are no adequate speaking activities in SPINE Series. 4. Secondary school teachers of English need to develop their professional competence by enabling them to attend more staff development courses. The researcher recommends the following: There should be a well deﬁned criterion for choosing an English language teacher in Sudan. The syllabus should contain more speaking activities. More attention should be paid for preparing teachers for teaching English language speaking skill in Sudan. A decision should be taken zbout dividing schools into (Model and Non Model) govermnent secondary schools, because dividing schools affects parents, teachers and students psychologically. It also, ignored the co- operative learning and deprived weak students from mixing with good classmates.
Global Structure and Local Features of English Reading Comprehension Texts
(Neelain University, 2012) Hawaa Hassan Eltoum
Abstract A case study: Elneelain University 3'“ year English Language Students This study is conducted mainly to investigate 3'“ year Elneelain University students’ awareness, deﬁnition and employment of tl1e functions of global structure and local features in reading comprehension texts. For fulﬁlling the goals of the study the researcher used three 1nai11 tools: a students’ test after, adequate explicit training, teachers’ questionnaire and open-ended interview for expert teachers of reading comprehension. The aim is to ﬁnd answers for the research questions. The research rose main four questions about students’ awareness, deﬁnition and employment of global and local text structure and a question about how often reading comprehension teachers train students explicitly in classroom settings to employ global and local text functions. The number of students who are the real population is 200, half of them are trained and the other is untrained. The number of teachers who are the real population is 50 and the number of expert teachers is l0. The students’ test reveals that the train students achieved better marks than the untrained ones 95%, which means that trained students get use of text structure training whereas the untrained ones scored 68%. The questionnaire results also reveal that most of the reading comprehension teachers (rarely and never) train students to employ the functions of global and local text structure that only 36% do so. The hypotheses that students are unaware of text structure functions and they can’t deﬁne or employ them successfully without training is conﬁrmed by the students’ test results and teachers‘ questionnaire results that: teachers do not always train the students explicitly in classroom situation. The group of expert teachers recommend that: students should be trained explicitly in classroom setting and teachers themselves need adequate explicit training.