PHD theses : Arts

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ASPECTS OF MODALITY IN STANDARD ENGLISH AND MODERN STANDARD ARABIC
(Neelain University, 1997) sadiya ibrahem ali
ABSTRACT aseecrs O1~"’MO»DﬁaLlTY at srM\rD»aR.D~ ENGLLSH arm MODERN srattntaan» aaa~.s,tc The topic of this study is the notion of modality in standard (British) English and modem standard Arabic (henceforth to be referred to as English and Arabic respectively). The present study comprises Six chapters: Chapter One (introduction) is a brief introductory chapter that signiﬁes the nature of the problem, and discusses the hypothesis, and the aim of the study. At the end of the chapter deﬁnitions ofthe following terms given: English, Arabic and modality. Chapter Two of the dissertation offers a detailed description of modality in certain English constructions. Chapter Three presents some basic issues that have bearing on modality in Arabic. Chapter Four presents a comparative analysis ofmodality in both languages in an attempt to locate the points ofsimilarity and difference between English and Arabic in this area. Chapter Five is devoted to the identiﬁcation, classiﬁcation and explanation ofthe students’ errors and their sources . The study ends with Chapter Six which summarizes the ﬁndings of the study , the recommendations and the suggestions for further study . \
Ecology and population structure of Anopheles ar abiensis in sudan(volumel)
(AlNEElAN UNVERSLTY, 2003) Mariam Atta Mannan Ahmed
INVESTIGATING LANGUAGE FACTO S IN J ORDANIAN STUTTERERS
(Neelain University, 2004) Abdelrahim Yousef Attieh; Abdelrahim Yousef Attieh
ABSTRACT . This study is an investigation of certain linguistic characteristics of a group of Jordanian stutterers. It is a replication of previous researches done for English-speaking persons who stutter. As a pioneer study, the present study can be considered as an early trial to investigate the linguistic characteristics of the-moments of stuttering. The purpose of this study is to explore the following language factors in stuttering: phonetic difficulty, the lexical and grammatical factors (word class, word length, and word position), distribution of stuttering in sentences -and its relationship to sentence length and clause position, and syntactic complexity. The importance of such factors is to find more support to the psycholinguistic theory of stuttering, to test the universality of such factors, and to help clinicians design better therapy programs. The seventy- four subjects of the study, randomly chosen, are thought to represent various socioeconomic statuses and a wide age range. They were classiﬁed into three age groups. The speech sample collected is quite comprehensive since it included both oral readings and conversational speech and covered a wide range of responses that ranged from one-word utterances to long complex sentences. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: l. A rank order of sound difficulty for Jordanian subjects who stutter was established. ' 2. There was signiﬁcantly and consistently more stuttering on content words than on function words. 3. There was signiﬁcantly a gradual increase in stuttering along with the increase in word length. 4. Stutter occurrences were invariably in syllable-initial positions (99.3%), mostly in word-initial positions (84.1%). 5. Frequency of stuttering signiﬁcantly increased when a short sentence was read as an initial clause of a long sentence relative to the frequency of stuttering when it was read alone. Also, the frequency of stuttering on a clause read as an initial part of a long sentence is signiﬁcantly higher than when it was read as a ﬁnal clause. 6. For short sentences, stutters occurred at the ﬁrst words in a way that they declined from one word to the consecutive word. However, this feature diminishes on longer sentences in a way that stutters distributed along all positions of the long sentence, with only relative increase at the ﬁrst word. 7. The mean percentage of stuttering during oral readings of syntactically complex passages was signiﬁcantly higher the mean percentage of stuttering during oral readings of syntactically simple passages for both readers’ groups. This study concludes that the language factors that were investigated in the present study have a clear influence on the site and frequency of stutters’ occurrences for the Arabic- speaking individuals who stutter, as it is the case for persons who stutter from other cultures. This may refer to the universality of such factors, which have to be taken into consideration when looking for an explanation of stuttering.
Modem American Drama with Special Reference to O’Neill, Williams and Miller.
(Alneelain University, 2005-02) Muawia Mohammed Dafa Allah.
Abstract This thesis is entitled “The Tragedy of the Common Man in Modem American Drama with Special reference to O’Neill, Williams and Miller. It consists of seven chapters. The ﬁrst chapter is an introduction which also states the problem of the study, objectives, hypotheses and study questions. Chapter Two is ‘Literature Review’ ﬁuictioning as a kind of historical background that traces the origin of drama from Greek times up to Shakespearian tragedies. It is meant as a kind of historical survey with special emphasis on playhouses, playwrights, sun/iving texts and tradition. It, also, gives a general background about two tragedies Sophocles’ Oedipus, the King and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Beside providing a theoretical ﬁamework for the study It also examines modern American drama. Chapter three is ‘methodology’ of the study; it explains the data gathering process and states the materials that constitute the primary and secondary sources. Chapter F our explores modem American literature with reference to two dramatists Eugene O’Neillwl1ose tragedy The Iceman Cometh is critically approached as well as Temiessee Williams’ masterpiece The Glass Menagerie. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to Miller’s biography and essays. Chapter ﬁve is devoted wholly to Miller’s greatest work Death of a Salesman, on which an exhaustive analysis pertaining to the nature and quality of the drama is presented. In the Chapter Six three of Miller’s best tragedies are dealt with. These are All my Sons, The Crucible andA View from the Bridge. Chapter Seven ‘the conclusion’ ﬁnds that these three playwright have contributed to the tradition of tragedy by writing great and successful modern tragedies that should be appreciated world-wide.
Analysis of Verb Tense Errors in the Written English of Gaza Secondary School Students
(Neelain University, 2006) Nurtan H.T. El-Khateeb
Abstract Analysis of Verb Tense Errors in the Written English of Gaza Secondary School Students This study aims at analyzing the common English verb tense errors of secondary school students in Gaza City . The Study is conﬁned to the common errors of the three tenses (present — past ~ future ) . For this purpose , the study was conducted on a random sample which consisted of 100 males and 100 females from general Secondary School Certiﬁcate , i.e. (the twelfth grade in Gaza City of the academic year 1999- 2000 ) , the schools are : 1- Shohodaa El-Shatti Secondary School for Boys . 2- Ahmed Shawky‘Secondary School for Girls . The researcher has designed a test which was writing two compositions which are : 1- What did you do during last summer holidays ? 2- The importance of leaming English . These topics were designed to test the abi1ity~0f the student toexpress about his/her ideas in the (present — past — future) simple tense . The test was shown to a group of judges to determine the suitability of the topics . This group consisted of two professors of English in Palestinian universities ,four well - experienced secondary school teachers and two well — experienced secondary school inspectors . They all admitted the test . The researcher , also , conducted an interview with a group of English Language teachers in Gaza with the purpose of knowing the causes of the students’ weakness in English Language and the problems which the teachers encounter in teaching English . The researcher followed the analytical and statistical techniques in eliciting the results of the research . After checking the examination sheets of the male and female students , the researcher classiﬁed students errors into eight types which are : ' 1-Tense Shift . 2-Verb Substitution . - 3- Verb Incorrectly Formed . 4- Copula Omission . 5- Wrong Tense . 6- Copula Redundancy . 7- Subject Verb agreement . 8- Verb Omission . The statistical analysis has proved that the highest percentage of errors has been found in TS, i.e. 15.20 % of all errors, particularly in the present simple tense , where the lowest percentage of errors has been found in _VO area i.e.9.30 % of all errors . Also , the statistical analysis has proved that there are signiﬁcant differences between male and female performance in all the previous areas. The researcher attributed this phenomenon to many reasons which she discussed in this study .Finally she put some suggestions and recommendations .
SIMULTANEOUS SPEECH IN SINGLE AND MIXED SEX CONVERSATION GROUPS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SUDANESE URBAN SOCIETY
(Neelain University, 2009) Safaa Mohammed Siddig
Abstract SIMULTANEOUS SPEECH IN SINGLE AND MIXED SEX CONVERSATION GROUPS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SUDANESE URBAN SOCIETY The purpose of this study is to explore gender similarities/ differences in males’ and females’ conversational behavior with special reference to the Sudanese urban society. It also tests the suitability of the generalizations proposed by research in Western societies to decide whether they have genuine applicability to our Sudanese culture. Sixty Sudanese males and females participated in the study which was carried out in Greater Khartoum. In order to establish the way in which males and females take the ﬂoor, recordings of naturally occurring conversations were done. Analysis of the data shows signiﬁcant ﬁndings: 1) Participants used both cooperative and intrusive interruptions in their conversation. 2) There is a tendency for men to interrupt more often in mixed gender than in same gender interactions. 3) The distribution of the interruptions was not equally divided between speakers contrary to what has been claimed in Western culture. 4) The study refutes the claim that men use raised voiced to maintain control of the conversational floor.
Aneeds Analysis for Designing an ESP Syllbus for the students of sudan neval academy
(Neelain University, 2011) alfadil altahir alfadil ali
Abstract This study aims at conducting a needs analysis of the Sudan Naval Academy (SNA) cadets to design an ESP syllabus based on these needs. The researcher used the descriptive method and the sample of the study (74 students) was chosen exclusively. For data collection, the researcher used the questionnaire and interview as the tools of this study, whereas (SPSS) was used for data analysis and processing. The study culminates in a number of ﬁndings; the most prominent of which are the following: 1- Designing an ESP syllabus for cadets based on their actual needs. 2- The SNA students need English for their current academic study as well as future career as naval ofﬁcers. 3- The cadets need to study all the language skills with emphasis on the skills of reading and writing. Based on the aforementioned ﬁndings, the researcher points out a number of recommendations, among the most important are the following: 1- The adoption of the proposed ESP syllabus. 2- Training of teachers to properly handle the task of teaching ESP. 3- Conducing on- going needs analysis in order to constantly adapt the syllabus. 4- Conducting an evaluative study of the proposed maritime English syllabus.
stratgies for teching aural skills in langange in use (1)of learner at open university in sudan
(Neelain University, 2011) Abd Elrahim Mohammed Ahmed Eisa
Abstract Distance education had a marked contribution in sustaining and creating great opportunities in extending teaching and training programmers. In this regard, establishing the Open University of Sudan is considered the beginning of freeing University education from the obstacles of time and place. Following the same trend, this study aims of formulating a strategy to develop listening and speaking skills of the learners (studying “Language in Use Book One”) in the Open University of Sudan. The study (Which is descriptive) puts great emphasis on listening and speaking skills and their role in improving the oratory and expressive domains. The study is one of the most important studies which specify the best and effective ways to raise the oratory capability of the learners of the Open University of Sudan. The practice leads to identifying the obstacles and to choose the best and effective Way to raise the expressive and oratory standards which in-turn raise the academic standard of the university graduates. The descriptive method is used in the study. The researcher has used a questionnaire to investigate students’ attitude towards using of aural/oral skills in Language Use Book One. The collected data has been manipulated statistically, presented, analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the hypotheses of the study have been tested according to the results of the data analysis. Findings indicate that the main objective of teaching language in Use Book One aims at developing the learner’s communicative competence and it has a positive effect in learning and understanding the language as well. Based on the ﬁndings of this research, a series of recommendations were formulated, the most important of which is that using aural/oral skills in learning in language in Use textbook One is highly recommended. it’s also recommended that listening to spoken language is an important way of acquiring the language.
Difﬁculties of Perceiving Word and Sentence Stress Encountered by EFL Sudanese Learners: A Case Study of 4th Year Students Majoring in English at Al-Neelain University
(Neelain University, 2011) Taha Mohammedzain Abdelwahid
ABSTRACT Difﬁculties of Perceiving Word and Sentence Stress Encountered by EFL Sudanese Learners: a Case Study of 4"‘ Year Students Majoring in English at Al-Neelain University This dissertation investigates the difﬁculties of word and sentence stress faced by 4th year students majoring in English at A1-Neelain University. It examines a number of aspects concerning the area of accent and provides an insight into why English stress poses a major problem to native speakers of Sudanese colloquial Arabic. Through investigating the difficulties, the study uses instruments such as questiomlaires to gather the data based on answers given by 50 respondents representing the subjects of the study. In order to make the methodology operational to the focus of the goals of the research, a large series of tape—recorded materials and written tests have been conducted with the subjects— a corpus approach which allows larger amounts of data to be analysed, and indicates that the statistics retrieved are derived from a larger component of inquiries. The results show that stress proves to be difficult for most of the Sudanese native speakers of colloquial Arabic for several reasons: mother tongue interference, transfer of stress typology, ignorance of rule restrictions, over-generalization and ignorance of phonetic phenomena.
Global Structure and Local Features of English Reading Comprehension Texts
(Neelain University, 2012) Hawaa Hassan Eltoum
Abstract A case study: Elneelain University 3'“ year English Language Students This study is conducted mainly to investigate 3'“ year Elneelain University students’ awareness, deﬁnition and employment of tl1e functions of global structure and local features in reading comprehension texts. For fulﬁlling the goals of the study the researcher used three 1nai11 tools: a students’ test after, adequate explicit training, teachers’ questionnaire and open-ended interview for expert teachers of reading comprehension. The aim is to ﬁnd answers for the research questions. The research rose main four questions about students’ awareness, deﬁnition and employment of global and local text structure and a question about how often reading comprehension teachers train students explicitly in classroom settings to employ global and local text functions. The number of students who are the real population is 200, half of them are trained and the other is untrained. The number of teachers who are the real population is 50 and the number of expert teachers is l0. The students’ test reveals that the train students achieved better marks than the untrained ones 95%, which means that trained students get use of text structure training whereas the untrained ones scored 68%. The questionnaire results also reveal that most of the reading comprehension teachers (rarely and never) train students to employ the functions of global and local text structure that only 36% do so. The hypotheses that students are unaware of text structure functions and they can’t deﬁne or employ them successfully without training is conﬁrmed by the students’ test results and teachers‘ questionnaire results that: teachers do not always train the students explicitly in classroom situation. The group of expert teachers recommend that: students should be trained explicitly in classroom setting and teachers themselves need adequate explicit training.
Assessing the Geographical Factors of Women Crimes in Khartoum State The case of Umdurman Women Prison
(Neelain University, 2013) Maryam Mahmoud Umar
Abstract Women contribution to crimes is an undisputable fact. There are few studies conducted in the ﬁeld of women crimes generally and from geographical perspective particularly, therefore little is known about the women offenders, their geographic and socio- economic characteristics in the study area. The main objective of the study was to examine the women offenders and their crimes from a geographical point of view in order to analyle the geographical indicators of the sampled women places of birth, wards of residence, why and where their crimes were committed. The other important socio-economic indices of the women included their ages, marital status, educational background and income. The data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The collected data were analyzed using different statistical techniques. The study revealed that Khartoum women committed as varied crimes as their men counterpart. lt was further observed that women of certain educational and social background commit ﬁnancial and prostitution crimes in Khartoum. The study observed the clustering of some crimes in hot spots that have characteristics conducive for those crimes. The study showed that the changing role of women in the Sudanese society has its attendant impact on women crimes as shown in the increasing numbers of women committing financial crimes. The study found that most female offenders turn to commit crimes rationally. That is due to economic hardship and poverty, for those offenders living in the marginalized unplanned areas of the state. Economic gains or making more money involved those women of ﬁnancial, prostitution, and drugs crimes. The study revealed that most of the women in prison were first time offenders. It was further observed that cultural factors, war displacement and lack of opportunities to engage in other activities made some women to commit crimes repeatedly and become hardened criminals as evident that the crimes committed thrice were brewing and selling of alcoholic drinks which account for 35%, prostitution 30% while theft and financial crimes had 15% each. The study showed that education opens widei' opportunities for women even in committing of crimes and that 73% of the sampled women received a kind of education.
The Essential Factors to Teaching Speaking Skills A Case Study: Secondary School Students in Omdurman Locality .
(Neelain University, 2014) Faiza Abdalla E|- Hussien Mohammed
ABSTRACT This research investigated the essential factors to teaching the English speaking skill, and how they affect Sudanese Secondary school students’ communicative competence. It also, explored the reasons behind the speaking skill problems. The sample size comprises: one hundred secondary school students, eighty secondary schools teachers and six English language supervisors in Omdunnan Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan. The data collected via questionnaire and speaking test were processed and analyzed by SPSS analysis, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (T) test, the degree of ﬁeedom and alpha. The study also, used the method of content analysis for the interview to obtain the results of the samples responses. The researcher assumed: 1. Most Secondary schools English language teachers don’t choose a deﬁnite set of methods and techniques supported by teaching aids to enhance students’ speaking abilities. 2. Sudanese secondary school students unable to participate in classrooms interaction activities. 3. Syllabus at secondary schools is grammar and reading based syllabus. 4. Unqualiﬁed Secondary school teachers. The fmdings showed that: l. Most teachers have a weak implementation of English language teaching methods. 2. Secondary school students at non-model government school showed the weakest English language speaking skills, compared with students at model government schools, who scored the highest level scores of speaking skills. 3. Syllabus is mostly responsible because, there are no adequate speaking activities in SPINE Series. 4. Secondary school teachers of English need to develop their professional competence by enabling them to attend more staff development courses. The researcher recommends the following: There should be a well deﬁned criterion for choosing an English language teacher in Sudan. The syllabus should contain more speaking activities. More attention should be paid for preparing teachers for teaching English language speaking skill in Sudan. A decision should be taken zbout dividing schools into (Model and Non Model) govermnent secondary schools, because dividing schools affects parents, teachers and students psychologically. It also, ignored the co- operative learning and deprived weak students from mixing with good classmates.
Investigating the Potential Use Of Instant Messaging(IM) in E1ig]ish' Language learning
(Neelain University, 2015) Hind Omer Mohammed BasheirSinada
ABSTRACT . Owing to its easy access and user-ﬁ'iendly interfaces, the worldwide popularity of Instant Messaging (IM) has grown signiﬁcantly in recent years. This study proposed that IMcan be used as a modem learning tool for enhancing English communication. The current i study investigated university students’ perceptions of the use oi‘. instant messaging (IM) in their English learning. The study also discussed the potential usability and efficiency of the proposed application. A survey instrument was developed to achieve the described objective. One hundred and ninty-eight Sudanese university students completed the survey. Five statistical analysis methods including descriptive statistics; factor analysis, T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and path analysis were perfonned to test the hypotheses of the study. This study concluded that the implementation of 11VI in English learning is feasible due to students’ interest in English learning and their familiarity with IM. The implementation of IM in English learning may be valuable to non-English speaking countries. Future studies should employ an experimental design to investigate whether implementing IM would enhance students’ English ﬂuency.
Word-Formation Processes in English and Arabic Languages A contrastive Study
(Al Neelain University, 2016) Nimat Mohammed Hussien Yassin
The research focuses on identifying and contrasting the process of word-formation in both Standard English and Modem Standard Arabic (MSA), in order to reveal the similarities and differences between them and their potential productivity for pedagogical purposes. The study consists of six chapters as follows: Chapter One: is an introduction that gives in brief: the statement of the problem, signiﬁcance, research questions and hypotheses, objectives, limitation, methodology and research methods and deﬁnition of terms. Chapter Two: consists of two parts A & B: A, is a theoretical framework and the role of some linguistic models on CA. The researcher shed some light on the studies, which are related to CA. B, is a review of related previous studies on morphology and word-formation process, because morphology is usually equated with Sarf and Tasrif in Arabic. The discussions falls on how words are formed and how the derivation and inﬂectional play a great role in forming a new word. Chapter Three: Contents the methodology of the study. The model followed is a descriptive, analytical and structural study. A method of one to one comparison is followed: the data has been collected from different sources of English and Arabic short stories books, mass media, textbook and workshops. Chapter Four: Consists of two parts: A, Classiﬁed and analyzed the different processes of word- formation in English, showing their forming, productivity as well as their semantic indications. B, Presents the different process of word-formation in Arabic (MSA) manifesting the morphological pattems that control the process. Chapter Five: presents discussion analysis and interpretation of results. Chapter Six: is the concluding chapter of the thesis, it includes Findings,
Ecological Implications in Kamala Markandaya’s Novels
(Neelain University, 2018) RAFID SAMI MAJEED
Abstract Kamala Markandaya, in the course of writing her novels, which provides a variety of Indian personalities through various characters, puts in mind reflecting the relationship between man and nature that surrounds him/ her and the extent of the influence of the two of them on each other. It is no secret to the reader that man cannot exist without nature and he/she is certainly an integral part of it and influences it and gets influenced by it. The relationship between the two remains a matter of existence and coexistence, despite the fact that nature is the stronger part of the equation of this relationship. It possesses powerful tools and different ways to express its anger and reaction if man initiates aggression and crosses the red lines with it. This study aims at presenting the ecological implications that are depicted in Markandaya’s novels A Handful of Rice (1966) ,The Coffer Dams (1969) , and Two Virgins (1973). It discusses Markandaya's postcolonial ecocritical analysis that is applied to the novels discussed. It also tackles the natural disasters that have affected Markandaya’s writings .The economic and social problems relating to nature exploitation in Markandaya's novels are reviewed. The destructive role of the British rulers in India is also discussed to explain their destructive deeds that influenced man and nature. Markandaya and Diaspora - the adopted home land is among the topics that got a space too to be discussed in this study. The study demonstrates that Markandaya employs Ecocriricism as its means to discuss the environmental issues and their influence on people's attitudes and behaviour. The study is to prove that Markandaya’s novels can be interpreted through literary ecological studies, explore the reasons why nature affects the individual’s manners and community, and also explains the influence nature has on man’s conduct and psychology. Abstract (Arabic Version) أثناء كتابة رواياتها التي تقدم مجموعة متنوعة من الشخصيات الهندية من خلال شخصيات روائية مختلفة ، تضع كمالا ماركاندايا في اعتبارها ان تعكس العلاقة بين الإنسان والطبيعة المحيطة به ومدى تأثير الاثنين في بعضهما البعض. لا يخفى على القارئ أن الإنسان لا يمكن أن يكون موجودًا بدون الطبيعة وأنه بالتأكيد جزء لا يتجزأ منها ويؤثر عليها ويتأثر بها. لا تزال العلاقة بين الاثنين مسألة وجود وتعايش . تتميز الحقيقة الناصعة أن الطبيعة هي الجزء الأقوى في المعادلة التي تحكم هذه العلاقة وهي تمتلك أدوات قوية وطرق مختلفة للتعبير عن غضبها ورد فعلها إذا شرع الإنسان في العدوان أو انه اجتاز الخطوط الحمراء الفاصلة بينهما . تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى عرض التلميحات البيئية الموضحة في روايات (حفنة من الرز ) ( 1966) و كوفر دامز ( 1969) و عذراوان (1973) . ناقشت هذه الدراسة التحليل النقد - بيئي لفترة ما بعد الاستعمار الذي تطبقه الكاتبة على الروايات التي يتم مناقشتها. كما تناولت الدراسة الكوارث الطبيعية التي أثرت على كتابات ماركندايا. لقد تمت مراجعة المشاكل الاقتصادية والاجتماعية المتعلقة باستغلال الطبيعة في روايات الكاتبة . كما ناقشت الدور الهدام للحكام البريطانيين في الهند لشرح أفعالهم المدمرة التي أثرت على الإنسان والطبيعة. لقد شغل موضوع مركندايا و الهجرة والحنين إلى الوطن حيزا في هذه الدراسة ، بالإضافة إلى المواضيع المؤثرة الأخرى ، لأجل تبيان تأثير هذا الموضوع في التقييم النقدي- بيئي. توضح الدراسة أيضا ان مركندايا توظف النقد - بيئي كوسيلة لمناقشة القضايا البيئية وتأثيرها على مواقف وسلوكيات الناس. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إثبات أن روايات ماركاندايا يمكن تفسيرها من خلال الدراسات البيئية الأدبية ، والى استكشاف الأسباب التي تؤثر على الطبيعة في أخلاق الفرد والمجتمع ، وأخيرا توضح تأثير الطبيعة على سلوك الإنسان و نفسيته.
أحكام الوطء في الفقه الإسلامي مع ذكر الوسائل المستجدة (القسم الثاني)
(جامعة النيلين, 2018) محمد جمعة حمادي الحلبوسي
مستخلص البحث الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله الطيبين الطاهرين وعلى صحبه الكرام أجمعين ... أما بعد : قد قضت الفطرة التي فطر الله الناس عليها، بضرورة اجتماع الرجل بالمرأة، دفعا إلى بقاء النوع الإنساني، ليعمر الأرض، ويستثمر كنوزها، ويسخر قواها الطبيعية طوال المدة التي أراد الله تعالى أن تبقى هذه الأرض إليها ، وكان من الممكن أن يترك الله تعالى الناس إلى طبائعهم الحيوانية، يجتمع كل رجل بكل امرأة أراد أن يجتمع بها، كما ترك عجم الحيوانات إلى هذه الطبيعة، ولكن ذلك يدعو إلى مفاسد عظيمة الخطر على هذا النوع الذي كرمه الله تعالى، وجعله صاحب السلطان الأعظم في هذا الكون. ومن أجل ذا ارتأى الباحث البحث في أحكام الوطء في الفقه الإسلامي مع ذكر الوسائل المستجدة، والخوض في مسائله ، وقسم الباحث البحث على سبعة أبواب ، فذكر في : الباب الأول : ما يتعلق بالوطء وأهميته في الشريعة الإسلامية، ومقاصد الوطء المشروع ، وآدابه. أما الباب الثاني : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بالوطء في الطهارة والصوم والاعتكاف والحج . وأما الباب الثالث : فذكر فيه الاستمتاع بالوطء بين الزوجين والعيوب المانعة منه ، والعزل ، ووطء السجين والغيلة والحامل ، وأثر الوطء على حرمة المصاهرة ، والمهر، وما يتعلق بوطء غير المسلمين . وأما الباب الرابع : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بالوطء في الطلاق والعدة وثبوت النسب ، والايلاء والظهار. وأما الباب الخامس : فذكر فيه الاسباب المفضية الى الوطء المحظور ، وما يتعلق به . وأما الباب السادس : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بزراعة الأعضاء التناسلية ، وغشاء البكارة ، وتغيير الجنس، والدمى والأعضاء التناسلية الاصطناعية ، والمنشطات الجنسية ، والجهاز الطبي التعويضي . وأما الباب السابع : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بالعازل الطبي ، والاستنساخ ، والتلقيح الاصطناعي. ثم ختم الرسالة بأهم النتائج التي توصل إليها ، وكذلك التوصيات . Abstract Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his good and pure family, and on his honorable companions . Has decreed the instinct that God has broken the people, the need to meet men in women, pushing for the survival of the human kind, to land the earth, and invest their treasures, and harnesses their natural forces for the length of time that God wanted to keep this land to it, Their natural nature, each man meets every woman wanted to meet them, and left the animals to this nature, but that calls for great evils danger to this kind, which God honored, and made him the greatest Sultan in the universe. For the sake of the researcher, the researcher considered the provisions of intercourse in Islamic jurisprudence with the mention of new means, and go into his questions, and the researcher divided the search on seven doors, he stated in : Part One: What is related to intercourse and its importance in Islamic law, and the purposes of legitimate intercourse, and ethics. As for the second part: It mentions the issue of intercourse in purity, fasting, i'tikaaf and Hajj. The third chapter mentions the enjoyment of intercourse between spouses and the disadvantages that prevent it, isolation, the intercourse of the prisoner, the giraffe and the pregnant woman, and the effect of sexual intercourse on the sanctity of marriage, dowry, and what is related to the non-Muslim community. As for the fourth chapter, he mentioned the issue of intercourse in divorce, al-Adaah, and the provenance of the lineage, and the allegiance and the show. As for the fifth part: it mentions the reasons leading to forbidden intercourse and what is related to it. The sixth section, mentions genital mutilation, hymen, sex change, dolls, artificial genitals, sex stimulants and a compensatory medical system. The seventh section: It mentioned the medical isolation, cloning, and artificial insemination. He then sealed the letter with his most important findings, as well as recommendations
Discourse connectors in EFL setting:A comparative analysis of the written corpora of EFL learners and native speakers
(Neelain University, 2018) Gasim Abdelwahab SidAhmed Mahjoub
ABSTRACT This comparative study investigates the use of discourse connectors (DCs) in argumentative essays of EFL Sudanese and American Native undergraduate students. It aims to determine the similarities and differences in use of DCs in terms of syntactic category, syntactic distribution and semantic function as well as detecting the problems the Sudanese undergraduate students experience in the use of DCs. The researcher collected 65 argumentative essays from University of Khartoum and Sudan University for Science and Technology.The native students’ essays were 43 and collected from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS), corpus of University of Michigan, codes (ICLE-US-MICH-0001.1-45.1).The researcher followed a taxonomy adopted from Halliday and Hasan (1976), Biber et al (1999), and Ron Cowan (2008). 130 DCs were classified into eight semantic categories. Quantitative and qualitative methods are followed. The quantitative method shows that the overall frequency of DCs occurrence in non-native students’ writing (NNSW) is higher than that of native students’ writing (NSW). The non-native students (NNS) and native students (NS) use 45 and 50 individual DCs respectively. Only 29 individual DCs are shared by the two groups. In other words, NNS use 16 DCs independently and NS use 21DCs autonomously.The qualitative method displays the similarities and differences between NNS and NS in terms of syntactic category, syntactic distribution and semantic function. In terms of syntactic category both NNS and NS employ most of DCs as conjunctive adverbials, followed by coordinators and then subordinators. Regarding syntactic distribution, NNS use most of DCs sentence initially and paragraph initially. Also, they use them interclausally but less frequently. On the other hand, NS use DCs in different positions: inter-clausally, sentence initially and medially, paragraph initially and medially. Both NNS and NS use most of DCs in similar functions; however, NS provide more functions for some DCs. On the other hand, NNS use DCs in limited functions. The researcher classified Sudanese students’ errors into 9 categories. The result showed that misuse of DCs was the most frequent problem, followed by overuse of DCs.
A Cross – Cultural Analysis of Presidential Inaugural Speech Acts In American and Arabic Contexts
(Neelain University, 2018) Imad Hayif Sameer
ABSTRACT This thesis is a contrastive pragmalinguistic analysis of eight selected inaugural speeches (four from Arabic culture and four from American one) based upon the Theory of Speech Acts. The investigation involves an analysis of Searle’s main speech acts by describing their pragmatic and structural means of identification and realization .The underlying general aim of this work is to find out whether or not these speeches share certain common cross linguistic, structural and pragmatic features. In more specific terms, this work explores the possibility of identifying certain form-function commonality within the speeches under investigation. Three hypotheses are proposed for testing this possibility which are: 1. In both American and Arabic data, commissive and assertive speech occupy high frequency. 2. Commissive and directive speech acts are used in Arabic data more than that of American one. 3. The first rank in both cultures belongs to Assertives. This is due to their function as justifications to other types. A special model of analysis is adopted that is based on the classification of Searle's (1969).Cognitive theory is needed to interpret or identify each speech act. Van Dijk's theory of Mental Model is applied to achieve this objective. Identification the types of speech is affected by Ferrara's Theory who explains the nature of these speech acts within a sequence. In the addition, the five key characteristics proposed by Ericson will be tackled .The work rounds off with conclusion and suggestions for further researches. ألمُستخلص تتضمن الدراسة تحليلا تداوليا لغويا لثمان خطابات افتتاحية رئاسية ( اربعة منتقات من الثقافة العربية واربعة ماخوّذة من الثقافة الامريكية) وتحليل هذه الخطابات مبني على نظرية فعل الكلام. وهذا التحليل يتقصى افعال الكلام الخمسة المقترحة من قبل اللغوي Searle والعمل عل ى وصفها وتقصي عملها الدقيق من الناحية التداولية . والغاية من هذه الدراسة هو بيان احتمالية وجود عوامل مشتركة او عدم وجودها واكتشاف امكانية وجود اي تشابه بين الثقافتين. وهنا اقترح الباحث ثلاث فرضيات لاختبار هذه الفرضيات وهي كالتالي: 1- في كلتا الثقافتين يحتل فعل الكلام الخاص بالتعهد او الالتزام والتحقق اعلى المراتب 2- يحتل التعهد اوالالتزام والتوجيه او الالتماس مرتبة اعلى في الخطابات العربية مقارنة مع الخطابات الامريكية. 3- تحتل افعال الكلام الخاصة بالتحقق المرتبة الاولى في كلا الثقافتين وتلك المرتبة مستحقة لكون هذا النوع يعمل على توفير المبررات لبقية الانواع. تبنأ الباحث نموذج خاص به لاجراء هذا التحليل دامجا ثلاث نظريات في اطار واحد لاعطاء خصوصية لدراسته وهذا النموذج يجمع بين نظرية افعال الكلام الخمسة والمقترحة من قبل اللغوي Searle وهي الالتزام او التعهد , التحقق , التوجيه او الالتماس , التعبير والافصاح. والنظرية الثانية هي لللغوي Ferrara والذي بين بان فعل القول قد يتغير في طبيعته اذا جاء في فقرة. كل هذا يحتاج الى نظرية ذهنية لتفسير اي خطاب ولهذا جاء استخدام نظرية Van Dijk لاعطاء تفسير دقيق لافعال الكلام . نظرية Ericson والتي بينت بان هذا النوع من الخطابات يشتمل على مواضيع معينة توحدها الا وهي واخيرا قدمت الدراسة النتائج التي تبرهن الفرضيات المقدمة وكذلك المقرحتات الواجب اتبعاها مستقبلا.
أحكام الوطء في الفقه الإسلامي مع ذكر الوسائل المستجدة (القسم الاول)
(جامعة النيلين, 2018) محمد جمعة حمادي الحلبوسي
مستخلص البحث الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله الطيبين الطاهرين وعلى صحبه الكرام أجمعين ... أما بعد : قد قضت الفطرة التي فطر الله الناس عليها، بضرورة اجتماع الرجل بالمرأة، دفعا إلى بقاء النوع الإنساني، ليعمر الأرض، ويستثمر كنوزها، ويسخر قواها الطبيعية طوال المدة التي أراد الله تعالى أن تبقى هذه الأرض إليها ، وكان من الممكن أن يترك الله تعالى الناس إلى طبائعهم الحيوانية، يجتمع كل رجل بكل امرأة أراد أن يجتمع بها، كما ترك عجم الحيوانات إلى هذه الطبيعة، ولكن ذلك يدعو إلى مفاسد عظيمة الخطر على هذا النوع الذي كرمه الله تعالى، وجعله صاحب السلطان الأعظم في هذا الكون. ومن أجل ذا ارتأى الباحث البحث في أحكام الوطء في الفقه الإسلامي مع ذكر الوسائل المستجدة، والخوض في مسائله ، وقسم الباحث البحث على سبعة أبواب ، فذكر في : الباب الأول : ما يتعلق بالوطء وأهميته في الشريعة الإسلامية، ومقاصد الوطء المشروع ، وآدابه. أما الباب الثاني : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بالوطء في الطهارة والصوم والاعتكاف والحج . وأما الباب الثالث : فذكر فيه الاستمتاع بالوطء بين الزوجين والعيوب المانعة منه ، والعزل ، ووطء السجين والغيلة والحامل ، وأثر الوطء على حرمة المصاهرة ، والمهر، وما يتعلق بوطء غير المسلمين . وأما الباب الرابع : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بالوطء في الطلاق والعدة وثبوت النسب ، والايلاء والظهار. وأما الباب الخامس : فذكر فيه الاسباب المفضية الى الوطء المحظور ، وما يتعلق به . وأما الباب السادس : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بزراعة الأعضاء التناسلية ، وغشاء البكارة ، وتغيير الجنس، والدمى والأعضاء التناسلية الاصطناعية ، والمنشطات الجنسية ، والجهاز الطبي التعويضي . وأما الباب السابع : فذكر فيه ما يتعلق بالعازل الطبي ، والاستنساخ ، والتلقيح الاصطناعي. ثم ختم الرسالة بأهم النتائج التي توصل إليها ، وكذلك التوصيات . Abstract Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his good and pure family, and on his honorable companions . Has decreed the instinct that God has broken the people, the need to meet men in women, pushing for the survival of the human kind, to land the earth, and invest their treasures, and harnesses their natural forces for the length of time that God wanted to keep this land to it, Their natural nature, each man meets every woman wanted to meet them, and left the animals to this nature, but that calls for great evils danger to this kind, which God honored, and made him the greatest Sultan in the universe. For the sake of the researcher, the researcher considered the provisions of intercourse in Islamic jurisprudence with the mention of new means, and go into his questions, and the researcher divided the search on seven doors, he stated in : Part One: What is related to intercourse and its importance in Islamic law, and the purposes of legitimate intercourse, and ethics. As for the second part: It mentions the issue of intercourse in purity, fasting, i'tikaaf and Hajj. The third chapter mentions the enjoyment of intercourse between spouses and the disadvantages that prevent it, isolation, the intercourse of the prisoner, the giraffe and the pregnant woman, and the effect of sexual intercourse on the sanctity of marriage, dowry, and what is related to the non-Muslim community. As for the fourth chapter, he mentioned the issue of intercourse in divorce, al-Adaah, and the provenance of the lineage, and the allegiance and the show. As for the fifth part: it mentions the reasons leading to forbidden intercourse and what is related to it. The sixth section, mentions genital mutilation, hymen, sex change, dolls, artificial genitals, sex stimulants and a compensatory medical system. The seventh section: It mentioned the medical isolation, cloning, and artificial insemination. He then sealed the letter with his most important findings, as well as recommendations
Role of Corpus-based Pragmatic Explicit Instructions in Developing Inter language Competence
(Al Neelain University, 2018) Rabab Alshaikh Idrees Musa Abdulrahman
This study aims to investigate manifestation of linguistic pragmatic as reflected in interlanguage with very specific reference to the social and cultural aspects of the language as when second or foreign language students get involved into communicative situations and whether or not aspects of interlanguage can be explicitly taught. The population of the study consists of 120 fourth-year students at Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University College of Sciences & Humanities English Department in KSA. The data were collected by using Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and then analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program according to their appropriateness to social distance, status and context of formality. The results showed that EFL learners at the said university are pragmatically incompetent. Accordingly, the subjects’ performance with reference to interlanguage mainly pragmalinguistics competence and the social distance, status and context of formality had proved to be incompatible with the required forms of conventional English speech as should be reflected by interlanguage. Speaking from percentage viewpoint, 90% of the respondents failed to express themselves along pragmatically acceptable levels. Their performance is also proved to relevantly direct as demonstrated by the varied statistically explored scenarios. Moreover, there is an obvious influence of Arabic language and learners’ performance is interspersed with Saudi culture. The study recommended that Saudi educators and experts should think of introducing the explicit teaching of interlanguage as there are quite a number of similar cases that have been cited in this study of Chinese, Japanese and Irish students. The study further recommended a large-scale research including at three universities in order to come with rational and brilliant insights in the field of interlanguage.