PHD theses : Agricultural
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Item Design of Dibs Extractor for Production of Flavored Date Syrup Carbonated Drinks(Al-Neelain University, 2021-03) Mohamed Yousif Mohamed BabekerAbstract The aim of this study was to make a combination of these two factors to develop a value-added product by substituting imported sugar by date sugars as sweeteners. A new method and technique to extract clear date syrup was developed. The method consisted of soaking date fruits in warm water at 75 °C for 30 minutes and mixing under vacuum at 1000 rpm for 20 minutes. The apparatus used was developed by the candidate and is called "Dipsi 10101". The extraction process follows the principle of the ideal gas law, which describe the relation between pressure, temperature, volume and number gas moles. When the gas pressure inside the system is decreased, evaporation temperature will decrease hence extracting most sugars and avoiding caramelization effect which appears when using high temperatures, in addition to extracting most organic and volatile components of the date fruit. The date syrup was filtered through a 4-seive ladder system using a vacuum pump. The date syrup was then concentrated as Dips using two methods, one by rotary evaporator at 50 °C 180 rpm for 12-18 hours and the other by direct sunrays drying at 48.8°C. Sun drying for 4 hours gave the clearest syrup color. The results of this study showed that the syrup extracted by the methods developed in this work was superior to commercial Dips in all parameters tested, including amount of sugar extracted, color, pH, ash, acidity, moisture, protein, TDS, minerals and phenolic contents. The date syrup produced was used to develop new soft drinks, where the syrup was added at 11.8% TDS. The drink was flavored by an extract of Tamarind fruit named as (Aradate) and a traditional Sudanese food flakes called Hulu-Mur (Abridate). The results obtained showed that Tamarind was accepted by the panelists as a potential flavoring agent while Hulu-Mur did not get similar acceptance. الملخص هدفت هذه الدراسة تعظيم الاستفادة من التمور واضافة قيمة مضافة لقطاع إنتاجه، وذلك بإحلال السكريات المتوفرة فيه وهي سكريات المختزلة مكان السكريات الغير مختزلة المستوردة لتلبية الطلب الواسع للمشروبات الغازية، وتقليل فاتورة الاستيراد. أدت الزيادة السكانية في جميع أنحاء العالم إلى المزيد من التوسع الحضري من زيادة المناطق المخصصة للسكن، قلة الأراضي المتاحة للزراعة والزيادة الكبيرة في الاحتياجات الغذائية. ادي ذلك الى الحاجة في زيادة الأساليب تقانة فعالة في الانتاج الزراعي وطرق الحفظ والتحويل الى مواد جديدة يكثر عليها الطلب للاستفادة القصوى من هبات الطبيعة. طورت في الدراسة طرق وتقانة جديدة للحصول على عصير التمر النقي. وتعتمد هذه الطريقة على غمر فاكهة التمر في ماء دافئ عند 75 درجة مئوية لمدة 30 دقيقة وخلطها من بعد ذلك تحت التفريغ عند سرعة دوران تساوي 1000 لفة في الدقيقة لمدة 20 دقيقة. استخدمت في هذه الدراسة جهاز طور من قبل الباحث سمي باسم (دبسي 10101). حيث اعتمدت عملية الاستخلاص على نظرية الغاز المثالي والتي تصف العلاقة بين الضغط، الحرارة، الحجم وعدد مولات الغاز. عندما ينخفض ضغط الغاز داخل الجهاز فان ذلك يعمل على خفض درجة حرارة التبخير مما يعمل على استخلاص اعلى للسكر ويعمل على تفادي اثار الكرملة التي تظهر عند استعمال درجات حرارة اعلي في عمليات الاستخلاص. بالإضافة الى ذلك فان ذلك يعمل على استخلاص معظم المركبات العضوية والطيارة من ثمار التمر. شراب التمر المستخلص رشح من خلال نظام مناخل مكون من أربع وحدات تصفية باستخدام مضخة تفريغ. ركز العصير المنتج الى شراب التمر عبر طريقتين، الاولي عبر استخدام المقلب الدوار عند 50 درجة مئوية وسرعة 180 لفة في الدقيقة لمدة تتراوح ما بين 12-16 ساعة بينما ركزت الأخرى باستخدام اشعة الشمس المباشرة عند درجة حرارة 48 درجة مئوية لمدة أربع ساعات وقد أعطت افضل لون نقي للعصير. النتائج المتحصل عليها من هذه الدراسة اشارت الى ان العصير المستخلص بهذه الطريقة المطورة في هذا العمل قد تفوقت على الدبس التجاري في كل من حيث نسبة السكر المستخلص، اللون، pH، الرماد، الحموضة، الرطوبة، البروتين، المادة الذائبة الكلية، المعادن والمادة الفينوليه الكلية. استخدم عصير التمر المنتج لإنتاج مشروبات غازية بتركيز 11.8% مواد صلبة كلية. نكهة الشراب بمستخلص التمر هندي وسمي (اراديت) وكذلك باستخدام بمستخلص رقائق الحلو مر (شراب تقليدي سوداني) وسمي (ابرديت). اشارت النتائج المتحصل عليها الي إمكانية استخدام نكهة التمر هندي مع عصير التمر كمنتج جديد ومنافس (اراديت) اما بالنسبة لاستخدام نكهة الابري مع عصير التمر(ابرديت) فقد اعطي نتائج متدنية في التقييم الحسي.Item (( دراسة في تخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة وتقويمها في العراق ))(جامعة النيلين, 2019) زيـد تحسين ريشان الصميدعياستهدف البحث الحالي وصف واقع عملية تخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة وتحديد مستوى الموافقة على المراحل والمحاور والفقرات لإيجاد آلية لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة ومعنوية علاقتها ببعض المتغيرات ( النوع و الخدمة الوظيفية والتحصيل العلمي ) ، وتحديد وترتيب المشكلات التي تواجه هذه العملية ، مع وضع مقترح آلية لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة في العراق . اعدت في ضوء ذلك استبانة عرضت على (150) مبحوثاً كعينة من المرشدين الزراعيين والمعنيين بمجال تخطيط البرامج الارشادية موزعين على محافظات العراق ، واعد مقياس موافقة خماسي تراوحت درجاته ما بين (187-935) ، واستخدم لتحليل بيانات البحث برنامج الحاسب الآلي (SPSS) ، الحزمة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية وبعض الوسائل الاحصائية الاخرى . توصل البحث الى ايجاد مقترح آلية مناسبة لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية المقروءة تشمل (مراحله) الاساسية (التخطيط والتنفيذ والتقويم) اللازمة لتحقيقها بحصول الآلية على درجة موافقة عالية تعبر عن ملائمة استخدامها في جهاز الارشاد الزراعي . وتم التوصل الى مخطط كأنموذج يمكن تضمينه لتصميم آلية لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية المقروءة في العراق. يوصي البحث الجهات المعنية الزراعية (وزارة الزراعة والاجهزة الارشادية على مستوى المركز والمحافظات ) الاخذ بالآلية المقترحة ، وتبنيها من قبل أصحاب القرار لأهمية ذلك في تحسين الواقع الزراعي والعملية الانتاجية وفي التنمية الزراعية المستدامة في العراق .Item Effect of Some Tillage Operations on Physical Properties of the Soil and Tractor Performance and Sorghum Crop Yield in Sondos Scheme.(Al-Neelain University, 2019-12) Abdelbagy Mohamed Hereka AbdelhfeezThis study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, ALNeelain University, Sondos Agricultural Project, Jebel Awlia, about 50 km south Khartoum in the two successive seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The site lies in the semi-arid zone of the Sudan. The objectives is to investigate the effect of different six tillage operations, namely, zero tillage, d isc plough, chisel plough, disc harrow, disc plough + disc harrow and double ridging on soil physical properties, yield of sorghum crop as indicter plant and tractor parameters performance. The physical properties were bulk density, soil field capacity, infiltration rate and the yield sorghum crop and tractor parameters, parameters studied were plant height, number of tillers; leaves per plant, stem diameter and yield, the tractor performance parameters tested were fuel consumption, implement field capacity and efficiency, rear wheel slippage and draft. Finally economical analyses for cost of these different treatments were also studied. The experiment design adopted was completely randomized block design with four replicates. Results showed that bulk density values increased with increasing in depth. The plough + harrow treatment gave the lowest bulk density (1.23, 1.25g/cm³) where as zero tillage treatment gave the highest soil bulk density (1.35, 1.37g/cm³). Soil field capacity value decrease with increase in depth. Infiltration rate showed very high initial infiltration rate during the five minuets elapse time for all tillage treatments. Chiseling tillage operation registered the highest initial infiltration rate (288, 300mm/h) whereas zero tillage treatment gave the lowest (168, 180 mm/h) throughout the experiments. For the effect of different tillage treatments on sorghum yield component parameters, statistical analysis for plant height during the two seasons showed that chisel treatment gave a higher significant results (p ≤ 0.05) at all reading during the growing season compared to the other treatments, except with harrow, double ridging and disc plough+ harrow in the 2nd and 4th weeks. Zero tillage treatment registered the lowest plant height means (65.03, 72.75 cm) throughout the studied period. As for the number of tillers/ plant, statistical analysis at different reading during the growing season showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between treatments means. Number of leaves / plant also showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments studied except in the 6th week in season 1. As for stem thickness, results for season 1 showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) observed among tillage treatment means in the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, but a significant differences existed between treatment means in the 2nd and 10th weeks in the second season, the statistical analysis showed that there were significant difference at (p ≤ 0.05) between disc plough, disc plough + harrow and harrow. Sorghum yield results showed that significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) found between different treatments means, disc plough + harrow treatment gave a higher value (0.92 - 1.01 ton/ha) followed by chisel plough (0.79 - 0.91 ton/ha) then disc plough (0.76, 0.82 ton/ha) and harrow (0.70, 0.77 ton/ha) treatments, whereas, double ridging and zero tillage gave the lowest sorghum yield throughout the two seasons (0.67, 0.76 ton/ha) (0.61, 0.57 ton/ha) respectively. The results show that implements effective field capacity and field efficiency decreased with increase in depth and also decrease with increase in moisture content in the soil for all operations. Also result showed that fuel consumption and slippage (%) increases with increase in depth and also increase with increase in moisture content for the implements tested. Draft and power requirement results for different treatments showed that, draft required by all the implements increased with increasing in the depth of tillage operation and soil moisture contents. For power requirement, maximum total power consumed by chisel plough at 30 cm depth at moisture content 40% (18.20 kw). Economical analysis for different tillage treatments in the two seasons showed that disc plough + harrow treatment gave higher return over zero tillage (44.34, 91.61$) followed by chisel (26.51, 84.69$), disc harrow (14.34, 54.34$) and double ridging treatments which gave the lowest profit( 2.47, 49.74$) result over zero tillage on the two seasons.Item Effect of Some Tillage Operations on Physical Properties of the Soil and Tractor Performance and Sorghum Crop Yield in Sondos Scheme.(جامعة النيلين, 2018-12) Abdelbagy Mohamed Hereka Abdelhfeezمستخلص الدراسه اجريت هذة الدراسة بالمزرعة التجريبية لكلية التقانة الزراعية وعلوم الأسماك ، جامعة النيلين التي تقع داخل مشروع سندس الزراعي بجبل أولياء حوالي50 كلم جنوب الخرطوم خلال الموسمين المتتاليين (2013/2014),(2014/2015م). تقع التجربة ضمن المنطقة شبة الجافه في السودان تهدف التجربة لايجاد اثر سته عمليات حراثه مختلفة تحديدا (الزراعه الصفريه ,المحراث القرصي ،المحراث الأزميلي, المحراث المشطي ,المحراث القرصي +المشطي وطراد مرتين) علي الخصائص الفيزيائية للتربة( الكثافة الظاهرية ،السعة الحقلية،معدل التسرب) وانتاجية محصول الذره ومؤشرات اداء الجرار مؤشرات الانتاجيه التي درست هي طول النبات ، عددالفروع والاوراق وقطر ساق النباتات وانتاج المحصول ومؤشرات اداء الجرار والتي شملت استهلاك الوقود, الكفاءه الحقليه والسعه الحقليه للاله, الانزلاق ومتطلبات القدره وكذلك التحليل الاقتصادي.تم تبني تصميم القطاعات العشوائيه الكامله لتصميم التجربه باربعه تكرارات.اظهرت النتائج أن قيم الكثافة الظاهرية للتربه تزيد مع زيادة العمق. معاملة المحراث القرصي+ المحراث المشطي اعطت اقل كثافه ظاهريه (1.23, 1.25جم/سم3) بينما الحراثه الصفريه كانت الاعلي كثافه ظاهريه (1.35, 1.37جم/سم3) .قيم السعه الحقليه للتربه تتناقص بزيادة العمق. ان معدل التسرب في الموسمين اظهر معدل تسرب ابتدائى عالي في الخمسه دقائق الاولي من الزمن في كل المعاملات الفلاحيه, معاملة المحراث الازميلي سجلت اعلي معدل تسرب ابتدائى (300,288ملم/ساعة) بينما الحراثه الصفريه اعطت اقل معدل تسرب ابتدائى خلال الدراسه (180,168ملم/ساعه).التحليل الاحصائى لطول النبات اثناء فترة النمو اوضح ان معاملة المحراث الازميلي اعطت قيم معنويه عاليه في الموسمين مقارنة بالمعاملات الاخري ماعدا معاملة المحراث المشطي والطراد مرتين ومعاملة المحراث القرصي + المشطي في الاسبوع الثاني والرابع. بينما معامله الحراثه الصفريه اعطت اقل متوسط لاطوال النبات خلال الدراسه (65.3, 72.75سم). التحليل الإحصائي اوضح أنه لاتوجد فروقات معنوية لعدد الخلف في النبات خلال التجربه. كذلك لاتوجد فروقات معنويه لعدد الأوراق في النبات عدا في الاسبوع السادس في الموسم الاول. اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي في الموسم الاول عدم وجود فروق معنويه لمتوسطات قطر ساق الذره بين متوسطات كل المعاملات في الاسبوع الرابع والسادس والثامن بينما وجدت فروق معنويه بين متوسطات المعاملات تحت الدراسه في الاسبوع الثاني والعاشر. في الموسم الثاني اظهرت الدراسه ان هنالك فروقات معنويه بين متوسطات معاملات ساق النبات في المحراث القرصي, المحراث القرصي+ المشطي والمحراث المشطي.نتائج انتاجية محصول الذره اوضحت ان هنالك فروق معنويه عند (p≤0.05) بين متوسطات المعاملات المختلفة , معاملة المحراث القرصي+المحراث المشطي اعطت اعلي انتاجية(0,92 ,1,01 طن/هكتار) يليها المحراث الازميلي( 0,79, 0,91 طن/هكتار), المحراث القرصي( 0,76, 0,82 طن/هكتار) والمشطي (0,70 , 0,77طن/هكتار) بينما سجلت معاملة الطراد مرتين والمعامله الصفريه اقل انتاجيه في الموسمين(0,67 , 0,76 طن/هكتار) (0,61, 0,57 طن/هكتار). اظهرت النتائج ان السعه الحقليه والكفاءه الحقليه للالات المختبره تقل بزيادة العمق وكذلك بزيادة المحتوي الرطوبي للتربة في كل العمليات,كذلك اظهرت النتائج ان استهلاك الوقود والانزلاق يزداد بزيادة العمق وكذلك بذيادة الحتوي الرطوبي للتربة في كل الالات تحت الاختبار. نتائج متطلبات القدرة للمعاملات المختلفة أوضحت أن القدره المطلوبة لكل المحاريث تزيد بزيادة العمق وكذلك بذيادة المحتوي الرطوبي, أقصي قدرة من إجمالي الطاقة المطلوبة للمحراث الازميلي وجدت علي عمق 30 سم (18.20) كيلوواط عند رطوبة 40%. التحليل الاقتصادي لمختلف العمليات الفلاحيه في الموسمين اوضحت ان معاملة المحراث القرصي+المحراث المشطي(44,34-91.61 دولار) تعطي صافي ربح عالي للموسمين مقارنة مع الحراثه الصفريه تليها معاملات المحراث الازميلي(26,51-84,69 دولار), المشطي(14,34-54,34 دولار), بينما معاملة الطراد مرتين (2,47-49,74 دولار) اعطت اقل ربحيه بالنسبه للحراثه الصفريه للموسمين. ABSTRACT This study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, ALNeelain University, Sondos Agricultural Project, Jebel Awlia, about 50 km south Khartoum in the two successive seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The site lies in the semi-arid zone of the Sudan. The objectives is to investigate the effect of different six tillage operations, namely, zero tillage, d isc plough, chisel plough, disc harrow, disc plough + disc harrow and double ridging on soil physical properties, yield of sorghum crop as indicter plant and tractor parameters performance. The physical properties were bulk density, soil field capacity, infiltration rate and the yield sorghum crop and tractor parameters, parameters studied were plant height, number of tillers; leaves per plant, stem diameter and yield, the tractor performance parameters tested were fuel consumption, implement field capacity and efficiency, rear wheel slippage and draft. Finally economical analyses for cost of these different treatments were also studied. The experiment design adopted was completely randomized block design with four replicates. Results showed that bulk density values increased with increasing in depth. The plough + harrow treatment gave the lowest bulk density (1.23, 1.25g/cm³) where as zero tillage treatment gave the highest soil bulk density (1.35, 1.37g/cm³). Soil field capacity value decrease with increase in depth. Infiltration rate showed very high initial infiltration rate during the five minuets elapse time for all tillage treatments. Chiseling tillage operation registered the highest initial infiltration rate (288, 300mm/h) whereas zero tillage treatment gave the lowest (168, 180 mm/h) throughout the experiments. For the effect of different tillage treatments on sorghum yield component parameters, statistical analysis for plant height during the two seasons showed that chisel treatment gave a higher significant results (p ≤ 0.05) at all reading during the growing season compared to the other treatments, except with harrow, double ridging and disc plough+ harrow in the 2nd and 4th weeks. Zero tillage treatment registered the lowest plant height means (65.03, 72.75 cm) throughout the studied period. As for the number of tillers/ plant, statistical analysis at different reading during the growing season showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between treatments means. Number of leaves / plant also showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments studied except in the 6th week in season 1. As for stem thickness, results for season 1 showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) observed among tillage treatment means in the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, but a significant differences existed between treatment means in the 2nd and 10th weeks in the second season, the statistical analysis showed that there were significant difference at (p ≤ 0.05) between disc plough, disc plough + harrow and harrow. Sorghum yield results showed that significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) found between different treatments means, disc plough + harrow treatment gave a higher value (0.92 - 1.01 ton/ha) followed by chisel plough (0.79 - 0.91 ton/ha) then disc plough (0.76, 0.82 ton/ha) and harrow (0.70, 0.77 ton/ha) treatments, whereas, double ridging and zero tillage gave the lowest sorghum yield throughout the two seasons (0.67, 0.76 ton/ha) (0.61, 0.57 ton/ha) respectively. The results show that implements effective field capacity and field efficiency decreased with increase in depth and also decrease with increase in moisture content in the soil for all operations. Also result showed that fuel consumption and slippage (%) increases with increase in depth and also increase with increase in moisture content for the implements tested. Draft and power requirement results for different treatments showed that, draft required by all the implements increased with increasing in the depth of tillage operation and soil moisture contents. For power requirement, maximum total power consumed by chisel plough at 30 cm depth at moisture content 40% (18.20 kw). Economical analysis for different tillage treatments in the two seasons showed that disc plough + harrow treatment gave higher return over zero tillage (44.34, 91.61$) followed by chisel (26.51, 84.69$), disc harrow (14.34, 54.34$) and double ridging treatments which gave the lowest profit( 2.47, 49.74$) result over zero tillage on the two seasons.Item Effects of Different Levels of Alfalfa Leaves Meal With Xylam on Poultry Performance and Cholesterol Content(Neelain University, 2011) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shamiAbstract Three experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of three different levels (2%, 5% and 7%) of an open air sun-dried alfalfa leavess meal with or without 0.005 Xylam (ALM+X or ALM) on performance of broiler chicks (Hubbard) and layer hens (white Hi-sex) as well as egg quality and cholesterol levels of egg yolk and broiler blood serum. In the first experiment: Three hundreds thirty six of one day old broiler chicks fed on seven experimental diets for broiler (starter and finisher), the first diet T1 (control) without ALM and without Xylam, the next three diets T2, T3 and T4 with 2%, 5% or 7%ALM,_respectively, the last three diets T5, T6 and T7 with 2%,5% and 7%ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC, (1994). Each treatment consist of 4 replicates with 12 one day old broiler chicks per replicate. Broiler chicks were randomly distributed to be reared for 6 weeks in the floor of open- side house. During the 1“ week broilers were fed on pre-starter diets. The results during the starter period (8-28 day old) showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T7(fed on diet with7% ALM+X), the lowest achieved by T2(fed on diet with2% ALM), there only significant differences T7 and T1(control). No significant differences between T5, T6 andT7, but significant differences between T2, T3 and T4, chicks fed T2 showed the lowest fed intake. The results during the finisher period (29-42 day old) showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T4. No significant differences between T5, T6 and T7. But significant differences between T2, T3 and T4. The results at the end of the starter period (28 day old)showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight, the heaviest achieved by T5 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results at the end of the finisher period (42 day old) showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight , the heaviest achieved by T4 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results of the starter period showed high significant differences (p<0.0l) between treatments in feed conversion ratio, the best feed conversion ratio achieved by T5 chicks, the worst‘ achieved by T3 chicks. The results of the finisher period showed no significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed conversion ratio. The results of cholesterol levels in broilers blood serum showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments, the lowest results achieved by T1(control) chicks, the highest results achieved by T7 chicks In the second experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%, 2%, 5% and 7% ALM, respectively. The diets fonnulated as recommended by NRC,(1994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicates inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol significantly reduced with hens fed on D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D2 or D3. Egg yolk index significantly increased with hens fed on D2 only at the end of the 6m week. But, egg Weight significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 3'“ week up to the 8"‘ week, hen-day egg production % significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 4m Week up to the 6m week, feed conversion ratio significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 5“‘ week up to the 7m week. Feed intake and egg shape index were not significantly affected. In the third experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%,2%,5% and 7% ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC,(l994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicated inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol significantly reduced with hens fed on D2 and D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D3. Egg yolk index significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 at the end of the 2“d week and with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4 at the end of the 8”‘ week. On the other hand, egg weight significantly reduced with hens fed on D2 during the 2nd week, feed conversion ration significantly and negatively affected with hens fed On D2 during the 3"’ week. Feed intake, hen-day egg production% and egg shape index were not significantly affected during the whole experimental period.Item Livestock Production Condition in West Kordofan State and Determine of Macro Minerals in the Blood Serums of Goats Grazing at El- Khuwei locality(Neelain University, 2014) Abdel Moniem Mahmoud Ali El Hag- ABSTRACT This study was conducted at El-khuwei locality," West Kordofan‘ State, Sudan, on tow plants growth stages 2011. The main objectives of this study were to determine of macro minerals in the soil, feed, blood_ serum of ' goats and digestibility. And also measurement diet selection and" distance walked by goat's search's for feed at the tow‘ plants growth stages flowering and seed setting. Sampling was done by locating 2km2 each season. Usingquestionnaires, farmers were interviewed from four randomized villages (30 farmers for each village). CRD was used to selected parameters. The data were~analyzed'by (SPS-S); The results showedthat the effect of plants growth stages _on the conc_entra_tions "of macro minerals is significantly differences (P<0.00_1)‘high‘er in the_soil P (0.15; 0.l0ppm) and Ca (110.22-99.75ppm) at the flowering stage and least at the seed setting stage respectively; K (0.21-0.44ppm) were least during the flowering stage and highly at the seed setting stage respectively; statically significant differences (P< 0.05) were decreased Na (0.26-0.28ppm) and'Mg‘ (l'17.61-l24.22ppm) at the‘ flowering stage and increasedduring the seed setting‘, stage respectively, however Cl (0.02ppm) at two stages were balance. Macro minerals concentrations in the feed were highly (P<0.00l) K (0.22-0.07ppm), Na (5.28-3.74ppm) and Cl (0.037 0.01ppm) at the flowering stage than that at seed_setting stage respectively; statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) were decreased P'(69.70-7'l.48ppm) and increased Ca (8.02-6.76ppm) and Mg (33.82-3ll89pp'm) at the flowering stage- compared to seed setting stage respectively. Macro minerals concentrations in the goats serum were highly (P < 0.0001) K (5.l0-3.88mml/l),_Ca (8.32-"_7.3Omg/_dl) and Mg (2-.08-l.62mg/dl) at flowering stage and least during theseed setting stage respectively; ‘Na (29.2‘6-33.60n1ml/1) and P (2.96-3'.94mg/dl) were decreased at flowering stage and increased at the seed setting stage respectively, statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) in Cl (57.82-62.63mg/dl)_a slight decreasedduring the flowering stage and increased at the seed setting stagerespectively. Goats -were preference on bite counts of the different plants species were highly (P < 0f.00_0l,) at the flowering stage and least during the seed setting stage.'Goats selective‘ feed intake and in vitro dry-matter digestibility were asignificant (P .< 0.00l) higher at the flowering stage and least during the seed setting stage._rDistances walked by goats for diet search were significantly longest during the seed setting stage. The survey results show that all respondents are male. 65.0% Hammer tribe. The ages 63.3% of farmers ranged between_4O to 60 years. Most of farmers 45.0% had completed primary school. 53.3% cited main activity is crop farming and animal breeding together. 50.0% are settled. 58.3% of female management in the farming and livestock. 74.2% interviewees explained-that their animals grazed near the residence in the autumn season; however, 80.0% and 73.3% of themnsaidntheir animals grazed far from the residence in the summer and» winter seasons respectively. Density of ‘animals ‘in the pasture was higher. Most of the interviewees 70.0% in ‘the current study'indicated‘that the. Shuleny (Zomia glochidiata) is suitable for fattening. 58.3% of them said that the water supply is not enough. All respondents revealed that there was no_fr_,ee water supply, and..that they paid ‘one SD pounds/ head of camel, 0.7[pounds/_ head of cattle and 10.5 pounds/ headof sheep and goat. Camels are watered every_ 5 days in the winter and 4 days in the summer; however, sheep and ‘goats were watered every 2 days and cattle every day in the summer and winter seasons. All interviewers offered salt to animals; however the quantity of salt supplemented -ev'ery"3 days were 0.18 kg/head, 0.07 kg/head and 0.04_‘kgi/head for cattle, ‘sheep -and goat-respectively.'_As| far as decreased milk production, most respondents 67.5% cited famine of grass quality. Majority of interviewees 60.8% revealed that Anthrax has the most serious prevalence amongst cattle;‘however 64.2% revealed that the sheep pox has the most prevalence disease in sheep. Local control of animal diseases vis.‘ Grape (mange),_Abuz1iny (contagious pleura pneumonia) and Gofai‘ (trypanosomiasis) all respondents used G0_z‘ran_,(tar), Atroon (sodium’~bicarbonat_e) and Kai.(Heat treatment) respectively to control the above-diseases. Herd size of animals were 36.7%, 44.2% and 52.5% their heads ranged between 80-100, l0—40 and l0-40 in the sheep, cattle and goats respectably. Animals marketing, all respondents sold male animals only; however 56.7% of them sold sheep compared to 23.3% cattle and 20.0% goats. The majority of owners 89.2% sold goats and sheep at 6 months to year. It can be concluded that during the flowering stage animals need supplementations in soil Mg, K and Na. feed P. blood serum Na, P and Cl. During the seed setting stage need supplementations in soil P and Ca. Feed K, Na, Ca, Cl and Mg. Blood serum K, Ca and Mg of grazing animals with the mixture minerals deficient in feed, water and soil fertilizers. The flowering stage was beneficially goats highly preference, selectivity of different plans, feed intake and in vitro DMD. The seed setting stage was longer distant walked for goats search feed. Survey analyses of livestock production conditions in West Kordofan State dependent on the improvement of animal management for environmental factors, and respondents’ development. 'Item On The Histopathological and Physiological Effects of Helminth Parasites On Clarias lazera (Cuv and Val, 1840) from Jebel Aulia Reservoir(Al Neelain University, 2013) Eshraga Dafa Alla M. Abu BakerAn extensive search for histopathological and physiological effects of helminthic parasites was carried out on 100 freshwater fishes Clarias lazera collected fiom Jebel Aulia reservoir on the White Nile south of Khartoum(45Km)in the period 2010-2013 . The physiological investigation involved measurements of blood parameters, this revealedthat the increase in haemoglobin concentration (Hbg/dl) , white blood count ( 1000/mma ) ,red blood corpuscles counts (106 mm3 ) and platelets was related to parasite species and intensity of infection and also to total length and weight of host ( Clarias Iazera ) . The mean haematocrit value( Pcv%) in case of the infection with the cestodes Corallobothrium solidum was high ( 42.212), at low intensity of 1-4 worms per fish compared with non infected controls ( 33 i3) , however only in high intensity of infection with the nematode Contraceauml-30worom per fish high values were observed , in this study determined the condition factor to the total length and weight there were risk in the infection with both parasites . As for the Biochemical changes in case of C.s0lidum a significant increase was observed in serum globulin level ( 2.9 i 0.3)g/ ( (P>0.05) and total proteins ( 5i.05 ) compared with non infected controls( 2.8 & 3.4 ) respectively, however no significant effect on albumin level was observed . Moreover the investigation revealed acute effects on growth and wellbeing condition of host. There was a clear correlation of intensity of parasites with weight and total length of C. lazera . Electrophoresis of serum proteins from infected host showed a significant inecrease in the gamma, beta and alpha globulins , which indicates development of anemic, that was COI1flIIIl€d by the histopathology changes of liver . However in case of the nematode high infection was associated with increase in globulins , and decrease in albumin this was also observed with the cestode infection . However increase of albumin was observed in Contraceaum low and median infection and Corallobothrium solidum low infection infection. Serum proteins electrophoresis showed that hehninthic parasites afi'ect immuno globulins (IgM). Histopathological changes in the pyloric region of stomach showed that infection with the cestodes C. solidum and the nematode Contraceaum sp caused sloughing of mucosa and appearance of mast cells , haemorrages,and necrosis in the muscular-is mucosa . In the intestinal regions of C.lazera infection caused, hypertrophy of simple columnar cells , haemorrages , and sloughing of the mucosa and nerosis in the muscularis mucosa . Histopathological changes in liver in case of infection with the cestode Corallobothrium solidum revealed poor glycogen deposit , (devolping anemic) haemorrages , necrosis , infiltration with white blood cells with , dark stained excentric nuclei and opaque cytoplasm . However infection with Contraceaum revealed starvation ,vaculation , , and necrosis of hepatocytes with in the hepatpcytes infiltration of lymphocytesItem Induced Breeding of Clarias lazera and Labeo il t' using Chicken Pituitary Gland, HCG and ll'l 0 ICUS SGnRHa(Neelain University, 2011) Ahmed Mohammed Musa AhmedABSTRACT In this study is used hormones of Chicken PG ,HCG and SGnRHa then it mixed this hormones with PG to induce fish of Claries lazera and Labeo niloticus . It gave best results in inducing of this fish. It used one, two, and three gland/kg/fish body, it found 3 glands / kg fish body weight was best dose it gave (56.5 % success in Laggg females, 47.6% in niloticus females). It found mixing of PG , HCG and SGnRHa was best and effective is increased Doses of 1000, 1500, 2250, and 2550 IU HCG alone / kg female lggeg were 100, l00, 100 and 66.6 % successful. Doses of 900, 2250 and 5000 IU per kg female were 40, 60 and 80 % successful. All doses used with males of both fishes were not successful. 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml SGnRI-Ia per kg female E and were 62.5 — 87.5 % successful for lggra and 50 — 83.3 % successful for in all successful striping trials with female the latency period ranged between 8 —I 15 hours. All doses of chicken PGE and hormones used with males of both fishes were not successful. To fertilize stripped eggs semen obtained from two sacrificed males (two from each species) was used successfully to fertilize eggs stripped from one fish of the same species. Fertilized eggs were reared in Neelain University Farm Hatchery. Hatching of eggs occurred after 24 - 48 hours at 25 - 33C“. Survival, counts were carried 5 days after incubation. Survival of hatched larvae ranged between l and 60 %. IVItem دور المصارف السودانية في تمويل التسويق الزراعي في الفترة من (1990 – 2012)(جامعة النيلين, 2015) حسن علي سيد احمد عليالمستخلص تأتي أهمية التسويق الزراعي في أنه يشكل أحد المحاور الاساسية في تكامل حلقات النتاج الزراعي, و يأتي تمويلل عناصلر التسلويق الزراعلي عللي رأس قائملة العوامل المؤثرة في تسويق المنتجات الزراعيلة, وقلد تنلاولت هلذه الدراسلة تجربلة التمويل الذي قدمته المصارف السودانية للقطاع الزراعي وتمويل التسويق الزراعللي في فترة الدراسة من 1990-2012م, وقد شلملت فرضليات الدراسلة ثلثلة محلاور وهي عدم وجلود السلتراتيجيات المدروسلة للتسلويق الزراعلي, وعلدم تبنلي الجهلاز المصرفي لصدار السياسات الدورية المشجعة للتسلويق الزراعلي, و ضلعف تمويلل التسويق الزراعي علي وجه الخصلوص فلي ظلل الهميلة الكلبرى للقطلاع الزراعلي السوداني الذي يشكل عصب النشاط القتصادي. وقد تم اسلتخدام التحليلل الوصلفي لعلدد ملن الحصلاءات و التقلارير و المعلوملات الثانوية المتوفرة للتحقق من فرضيات البحث, حيث كانت النتائلج معضلدة لفرضليات الدراسة وقد شلملت أهلم النتائلج غيلاب السلتراتيجيات والخطلط والبراملج الخاصلة بالتسويق الزراعي, وضعف التمويل الملوجه للقطلاع الزراعلي والتسلويق الزراعلي, 12 وعدم إيفائه للمتطلبات والحتياجات التمويلية مع ضعف التمويلل التنملوي المخصلص للبني التحتية للتسويق الزراعي مع سيادة متلزمة العسلار والتعلثر وضلعف تحصليل واسللترداد المللديونيات وانخفللاض وتذبللذب إنتاجيللة المحاصلليل الرئيسللية وضللعف الصللادرات, هللذا بالضللافة لعللدم تركيللز موجهلات السياسللات الصللادرة ملن الجهللاز المصرفي علي تشجيع التسويق الزراعي وتمويله. وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة تبنلي الدوللة للبراملج والخطلط ووضلع السلتراتيجيات الفاعلة للنهوض بالتسويق الزراعي وتثبيت السياسلات التجاريلة والتمويليلة والنقديلة وإزالة كافة العقبات الداريلة والقانونيلة والتشلريعية اللتي تحلد ملن إنسلياب وحركلة الحاصلت للسواق المحليلة والعالميلة و تخصليص المصلادر الكافيلة لتمويلل النتلاج الزراعي وإستخدام التقانات اللزمة لرفع معدلت النتاج وتحسللين جللودة المحاصلليل الزراعية للحتفاظ بموقعها فلي السلواق العالميلة, وتمويلل البنلي التحتيلة للتسلويق الزراعي ورسم السياسلات المصلرفية المشلجعة لتمويلل التسلويق الزراعلي ودعلم قدرات البنك الزراعي السوداني للضطلع بدوره المرتجي. Abstract Agricultural marketing is considered as one of the main themes in the integration of agricultural production workshops, financing the elements of agricultural marketing comes as the first of all factors affecting the marketing of agricultural products, this study dealt with the experience of funding provided by the Sudanese banks to the agricultural sector and the financing of agricultural marketing 1990-2012. Hypothesis of the study included three axes, namely the absence of clear strategies for agricultural marketing and lack of adoption of the banking system to issue periodic policies encouraging agricultural marketing and weak funding allocated for agricultural marketing, in particular, despite the great importance of the agricultural sector. Descriptive analysis is used for statistics, reports and available secondary in formations to verify hypothesis. Results were identical to the hypothesis that it confirmed the absence of clear strategies, plans, and programs for agricultural 13 marketing and weak oriented- agricultural marketing funding and lack of funding allocated for infrastructure of agricultural marketing, with dominance of insolvency and weak recovery of debts and low fluctuating productivity of major crops, weak exports, in addition to non- banking policies focused on financing and promoting agricultural marketing. The study recommended the need to adopt plans, programs, and strategies for agricultural marketing development, installation of trade, investment, monetary policies by the state and removal of all administrative and legislative obstacles that limit transportation of agricultural products for local and international markets, recommended banks to provide sufficient funding for the infrastructure of agricultural production and programs of improving agricultural products, quality and marketing programs, and central bank to issue encouraging policies to finance agricultural marketing programs and support the Agricultural Bank of Sudan to fulfill its expected role in financing the agricultural sector and agricultural .marketingItem دور المصارف السودانية في تمويل التسويق الزراعي في الفترة من (1990 – 2012)(جامعة النيلين, 2015) حسن علي سيد احمد عليالمستخلص تأتي أهمية التسويق الزراعي في أنه يشكل أحد المحاور الساسية فللي تكامللل حلقات النتاج الزراعي, و يأتي تمويلل عناصلر التسلويق الزراعلي عللي رأس قائملة العوامل المؤثرة في تسويق المنتجات الزراعيلة, وقلد تنلاولت هلذه الدراسلة تجربلة التمويل الذي قدمته المصارف السودانية للقطاع الزراعي وتمويل التسويق الزراعللي في فترة الدراسة من 1990-2012م, وقد شلملت فرضليات الدراسلة ثلثلة محلاور وهي عدم وجلود السلتراتيجيات المدروسلة للتسلويق الزراعلي, وعلدم تبنلي الجهلاز المصرفي لصدار السياسات الدورية المشجعة للتسلويق الزراعلي, و ضلعف تمويلل التسويق الزراعي علي وجه الخصلوص فلي ظلل الهميلة الكلبرى للقطلاع الزراعلي السوداني الذي يشكل عصب النشاط القتصادي. وقد تم اسلتخدام التحليلل الوصلفي لعلدد ملن الحصلاءات و التقلارير و المعلوملات الثانوية المتوفرة للتحقق من فرضيات البحث, حيث كانت النتائلج معضلدة لفرضليات الدراسة وقد شلملت أهلم النتائلج غيلاب السلتراتيجيات والخطلط والبراملج الخاصلة بالتسويق الزراعي, وضعف التمويل الملوجه للقطلاع الزراعلي والتسلويق الزراعلي, 12 وعدم إيفائه للمتطلبات والحتياجات التمويلية مع ضعف التمويلل التنملوي المخصلص للبني التحتية للتسويق الزراعي مع سيادة متلزمة العسلار والتعلثر وضلعف تحصليل واسللترداد المللديونيات وانخفللاض وتذبللذب إنتاجيللة المحاصلليل الرئيسللية وضللعف الصللادرات, هللذا بالضللافة لعللدم تركيللز موجهلات السياسللات الصللادرة ملن الجهللاز المصرفي علي تشجيع التسويق الزراعي وتمويله. وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة تبنلي الدوللة للبراملج والخطلط ووضلع السلتراتيجيات الفاعلة للنهوض بالتسويق الزراعي وتثبيت السياسلات التجاريلة والتمويليلة والنقديلة وإزالة كافة العقبات الداريلة والقانونيلة والتشلريعية اللتي تحلد ملن إنسلياب وحركلة الحاصلت للسواق المحليلة والعالميلة و تخصليص المصلادر الكافيلة لتمويلل النتلاج الزراعي وإستخدام التقانات اللزمة لرفع معدلت النتاج وتحسللين جللودة المحاصلليل الزراعية للحتفاظ بموقعها فلي السلواق العالميلة, وتمويلل البنلي التحتيلة للتسلويق الزراعي ورسم السياسلات المصلرفية المشلجعة لتمويلل التسلويق الزراعلي ودعلم قدرات البنك الزراعي السوداني للضطلع بدوره المرتجي. Abstract Agricultural marketing is considered as one of the main themes in the integration of agricultural production workshops, financing the elements of agricultural marketing comes as the first of all factors affecting the marketing of agricultural products, this study dealt with the experience of funding provided by the Sudanese banks to the agricultural sector and the financing of agricultural marketing 1990-2012. Hypothesis of the study included three axes, namely the absence of clear strategies for agricultural marketing and lack of adoption of the banking system to issue periodic policies encouraging agricultural marketing and weak funding allocated for agricultural marketing, in particular, despite the great importance of the agricultural sector. Descriptive analysis is used for statistics, reports and available secondary in formations to verify hypothesis. Results were identical to the hypothesis that it confirmed the absence of clear strategies, plans, and programs for agricultural 13 marketing and weak oriented- agricultural marketing funding and lack of funding allocated for infrastructure of agricultural marketing, with dominance of insolvency and weak recovery of debts and low fluctuating productivity of major crops, weak exports, in addition to non- banking policies focused on financing and promoting agricultural marketing. The study recommended the need to adopt plans, programs, and strategies for agricultural marketing development, installation of trade, investment, monetary policies by the state and removal of all administrative and legislative obstacles that limit transportation of agricultural products for local and international markets, recommended banks to provide sufficient funding for the infrastructure of agricultural production and programs of improving agricultural products, quality and marketing programs, and central bank to issue encouraging policies to finance agricultural marketing programs and support the Agricultural Bank of Sudan to fulfill its expected role in financing the agricultural sector and agricultural .marketing