PHD theses : Agricultural
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.neelain.edu.sd/handle/123456789/498
Browse
11 results
Search Results
Item STUDIES ON IMPROVING SALTED-FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS IN SUDAN(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006-05) Ghada Ahmed El HajABSTRACT In attempts targeting preservation of fish and their products for consumption at subsequent times and places far away from the source, this programme was arranged for a number of preservation methods to address the issues. Those methods have duly included drying, salting, smoking, fermentation. . . etc. to give a good coverage for various types of fish. It arises from the above, that there is a need to evaluate traditional and improved methods of preservation to reach an acceptable product for the consumer. For the fiilfillment of the above, this programme was set to address the quality of fish from chemical, physical and biological viewpoint. Special emphasis was attached to salting and fermentation and their impact. However, the result of this study indicated that fresh samples of two species of fish Kawara (Alesles sp.) and Debs (Labeo sp.) during three seasons are comparable in both content and values. These values of change in varying degrees when subjected to different salt concentrations during short and prolonged time. General magnitude change between fi'esh and treated samples was obtained for both sp. Significant variations for all parameters of two species during the first l\twelve days of treatments were detected, It has to be emphasized that the sixth months marks the onset of fiirther deterioration. \Item A SimulAtion Model For Centre Pivot Irrigation system design and optimiza tion of operation(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2008-10) Osama Osman Ali OsmanA Simulation Model for Centre Pivot Irrigation System Design and Optimization of Operation (Ph.D Thesis) Osama Osman Ali Osman Abstract: A computer simulation model was developed for the purpose ofthe design and optimization of the operation of centre pivot irrigation system. The model was written in Visual Basic 6.0 Programming Language. The model determines crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, application rate, irrigation time, and system hydraulic parameters. It also evaluates the performance of the system when supplied with the required data. For verification of the model, field trials were carried out during the period December 2007 - July 2008 at four schemes using centre pivot irrigation systems. The schemes were Ras Al Wadi Al Akhadar Project- north Atbra town, El Bashair Company- south Al Damar town, Tala Company-north Shendi town and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing in Khartoum area. The schemes were growing alfalfa, except El Bashair company which was growing onion. Crop water requirement was estimated using the modified Penman equation and Penman-Monteith method. The program when supplied with required data can estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration and crop water requirement. The values of May 2008, obtained for reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) by using the modified Penman equation were 8.7, 8.7, 8.6 and 8.4 mm/day, and by using Penman-Monteith method were 8.9, 8.9, 8.4 and 8.0 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The values of April were close to May values, but in January, February and March Pemnan-Monteith gave lower values than modified Pemnan.The values obtained for predicted crop water requirement (ETc) by using the Xlllmodified Penman equation were 10.4, 9.1, 10.3 and 10.0 mm/day. and by using Penrnan-Monteith method were 10.6, 9.3, 10.0 and 9.6 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing. respectively. The model determines the irrigation scheduling variables. The total available water in the root zone to be 300, 90, 300 and 345 mm. Readily available water (net depth) was 150, 45, 150, 173 mm. The gross water depth was 230, 69, 231 and 230 mm, irrigation time was 29, 9, 29 and 58 hours and the number oftotal irrigations during the month was found to be 5, 8, 5 and 5, for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model also determines the system variables. Distance from pivot point to last tower was 380, 405, 332.5 and 468 m, application rate was 100, 48, 91and 42 mm/h, and maximum application rate was 128. 61, 116.5 and 59 mm/h. System capacity was 154, 179, 128 and 123 m3/h. Friction losses were 1.27, 1.43, 3 and 1.0 m for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model determines the coefficient of uniformity of systems, uniformity of distribution and scheduling coefficient. The coefficient of uniformity was 78, 79, 85, 79 and 77%. Uniformity of distribution was 68, 70, 78, 71 and 67%. Scheduling coefficient was 1.47, 1.43, 1.3, 1.41 and 1.49 for Ras E1 Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company, Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing after changing sprinklers, respectively. The model can satisfactorily estimate crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, system design variables and evaluate the performance of the system. XIVItem RAINW ATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL MOISTURE CONSERV ATION ON THE UPPER TERRACES OF THE WHTE NILE STATE (Sudan)(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-12) ABDEL RAHMAN MOHAMED NOUR HAMIDABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted at Humra, Aba, and Kileikis, White Nile state, Sudan, on a sandy clay soil, following a randomized block design, to study the effect of water harvesting techniques namely: crescents, intersections, ditches and control treatments on some soil physical properties and soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the beginning of the next season during 2003/04 growing season. Also plant parameters of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants were measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the next season. Direct rainfall was measured using rain gauges which were installed on the field. The results indicated that the water harvesting techniques affected the soil structure and soil physical properties specially on the upper layer (0-30 cm) which subjected to excavation tools and consequently the soil moisture content as a result of improving infiltration rate, porosity, field capacity and reducing rain water runoff. The results revealed that the crescents treatment was the best technique for improving porosity, infiltration rate, soil storage capacity and reducing runoff which led to a good performance of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants. The intersections techniques came next to the crescents in storage capacity and performance of the plants. Also the results showed no significant differences between ditches and control treatments. The results indicated that the Acacia nilotica transplants gave good results when the moisture content increased while Acacia tortilis transplants gave good results when the moisture content decreased.Item THE POTENTIAL OF SOME INDIGENOUS SOILMICROORGANISMS IN DEGRADATION OF THE INSECTICIDE ENDOSULFAN ALPHA AND BETA ISOMERS(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006) OSAMA EL GIALANI ELSAIDAbstract Nine soil types from sites with various levels and history of contamination by insecticides were chosen as inoculums sources for the present studies The presences of four groups of soil microorganisms in these soils were surveyed using selective media. The results indicated that organic nitrogen bacteria is more prevalent and found in all types of soils followed by inorganic nitrogen bacteria and actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria and actinomycetes which lives in poor media. Soil microorganisms isolated from the nine soil types showed great potential in degrading oi and B-endosulfan in selective media after l5 days of incubation. Generally the results indicated that microorganisms isolated from highly contaminated soils had greater potential in degrading the two isomers of endosulfan. The effects of soil microorganisms isolated from highly polluted soil, on half-lives of (1 and B- endosulfan under condition of selective and carbon free media were re-studied for longer period. The results showed significant decrease in half-lives ranging between 58.4 — 81.9% in (1- endosulfan compared to 35.5 — 71 .6% in B-isomer. The effect of fertilizer activator on enhancing the microbial growth and capability in degrading oi and B- endosulfan under soil conditions was studied. Results indicated that all activators caused significant increase in microbial counts especially the triple super phosphate. The accompanied reduction in half lives ranged between 20-73% with various levels of endosulfan sulphate generated. Microbial degradation at elevated concentration (500 mg/l) of endosulfan in carbon free was studied and the results showed that there were no significant differences in the reduction of half-lives between high (500 mg/1) and low (100 mg/1) concentration. Tolerant strains of bacteria and fungi from the soil of Rass Elfeel pesticide store (Mangil scheme) were isolated through consecutive exposure to elevated concentration of endosulfan under condition of carbon free media and the results showed that the most tolerant fungi (can tolerate up tol000 mg/l) was Aspergi//us fiuntgales while the most tolerant bacteria was Bacillus sp. The comparative degradation of endosulfan by tolerant strains and their parents was studied under condition of soil and carbon free media. Results showed that parent strains (present in large number) showed faster decrease in half lives compared to tolerant strains (few numbers). However tolerant strains might have greater potential if they find a chance to propagate in massive numbers. IllItem Comparison of the nutritive value of Fessielfh i11 Hydrocynus spp and Schilbe spp(Neelain University, 2006) Egbal Osman AhmedAbstract The current fessiekh industry is based on traditional means of production. Those practices do not seem to have been based on scientific background. This work aims at the effects of various concentrations, through three treatments, for two species of freshwater fish, on the fessiekh product. Recent efforts have been focusing on the consolidation of positive and as much as possible the minimization of the negative results. Hydrocynus species and Schilbe species were used for fessiekh preparation by using different salt concentrations (20%, 25%and 30% w/w) for three treatments (i.e. different seasons). Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were determined for fish before and after salting. Microbial investigation during salting of fish showed the initial microbial increase, which passed through a maximum that finally, decreased. Commercial fessiekh contained a higher microbial load than experimentally prepared one. ,' Commercial fessiekh and experimental one showed no variations of all parameters measured other than potassium, calcium and sodium. This varying bacterial count gives the product the flavor, appearance and taste. ' Chemical composition of the two species at clifferent salt concentrations in the three treatments indicated some losses of the nutritive value when compared with fresh state. While the moisture ranged from 81.92 to 72.9% in fresh fish, it dropped to 74.94 to 60.20%D.W. in salted fish. Values for protein. fat, crude fibre and ash were20.5 to18.9%, 2.2 to 1.4%, 1.9 to 1.0% &1.7 to 1.1% in fresh fish, while in salted fish values were19.57 to 16.54%, 1.62 to0.88%, 1.32 to 0.64%, and 10.21 to 13.86% D.W. respectively Effect of the three salt concentrations (20%, 25% and 30%) on the nutritive value of fessiekh product showed no significant variation, although the salt concentration at 20% gave better results than two other concentrations. 0 Effect of seasonality (temperatures 37, 30, 27"C) on the nutritive value of the two species showed significant difference, but winter season (27 ° C) gave good quality of product compared to higher degrees (i .e 37, 30°C). Comparative nutritive value of stored product “Fessiekh” for six months, showed lower nutritive value ; better time for marketing is from zero days to 30 days. 1' Taste panelists found product from ' fish fermentation treated with salt concentration at 20% more acceptable.Item EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF Cajanus cajan SEEDS (PIGEON PEA) ON PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF MALE GOAT KIDS(Al Neelain University, 2009-03) Elhafiz Abd Elrahman HassanThis study was conducted to assess the performance and meat quality attributes of male Sudan Nubian goat kids fed diets containing different Cajanus cajan seed (pigeon Pea) levels as replacement of ground nut cake (G.N.C). The study was conducted in two experiments: Experiment (1): Thirty five young male Nubian goat kids 5-6 mouths old were purchased from the animal markets of Wad Madni, Elarebab. and Almadena Arad. transported to the small ruminant pens at the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences Aneelain University in Jabal Awlia. The kids were very weak. emaciated, preweaned and the rumen were not well developed according to the farmers believe. Accordingly the farmers wean kids three days afier birth. After the adaptation period the animals were weighed, and divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of the same number and weight and each group was separately penned. Feeding facilitates: Five isocaloric diets, containing graded levels of Cajanus cajan seed (pigeon pea) (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) as a replacement of groundnut cake (G.N.C.) were fed. Green fodder (Medicago saliva) was also given at rate of one kg/week/head to avoid vitamin (A) deficiency. Parameters studied were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, live weight gain, live body measurement, and at the end of the experimental Period three kids were randomly selected from each group and transported to the department of meat production University of Khartoum for slaughter to study carcass yield and characteristics, meat chemical composition, meat quality attributes and subjective evaluation of meat quality. The study indicated that final body measurements were not affected by the levels of Cajanus cajan seed. Total live weight gain was 3.543, 6.43, 6.376, 8.543 and 7.210 kg/ head the differences were highly significant (P < 0.01). Hot, cold and half carcass of male goat kids were significantly (P < 0.01). Affected by the level of Cajanus cajan seed. Total body fat increased very highly significantly (P < 0.001) with the increase of Cajanus cajan in the diet. The non-carcass components, were not affected by Cajarrus cajan levels except lung and trachea, four feet, and spleen were significantly affected. Leg, rack, breast plate and shank increased very highly significantly (P < 0.001) by the increase of Cajanus cajan levels. Meat quality attributes were affected by levels of Cajanus cajan. Experiment (2): The study was conducted on l5 male goat kids by selection of three kids from the 5 groups of the first experiment which were raised on 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% Cajanus cajan seed in the diet as replacement of groundnut cake to study the etfect of different levels on digestibility and faecal analysis. The dry matter intake. faecal output and drymatter digestibility coefficient were not affected by the different levels of Cajanus cajan seed in the diets.Item The Impact of Water Borne Diseases (Malaria & Bilharzia) on Socio — economic development in the gezira scheme sudan(Neelain University, 2008) Mamoun Ahmed Mohamed ElnurABSTRACT This study was carried out in the Gezira scheme to identify the impact of water borne diseases (Malaria & Bilharzia) on rural development in Gezira scheme. The study was established on the assumption that water borne diseases have a drastic effect on the farmer income due to his absence from work because of the above mentioned two diseases. A simple random multistage stratified sample was taken from farmers in the villages of the scheme (l8O) farmers to represent the research community. The study is based on the preliminary information that was gathered by the questionnaire (administered by the researcher himself). The other secondary information was collected fi"om scientific research works, books, Ministry of health documents, internet and the relevant institutions. To identify the impact of these diseases on rural farmer in Gezira scheme, the following variables were used: (a) Variables that concerned the farmer including: (age, level of education, annual income, the extent of his awareness of these diseases and the number of infections he has had and the type of treatment he uses). (b) Variables that concern the region of the farmer consisting of: (health environment, health centers, drinking water and the role of the responsible authorities control and treatment of the diseases). Statistical packages for social sciences (spss) were used to display and interpret the data, chi-square was also used to identify the significant or non-significant relations. The study has established the following results: - these diseases spread in the Gezira region, sometimes culminating to an epidemic level. - Farmers in the Gezira scheme do not get enough health care. - lncome from agricultural production is less than medical treatment expenses for most farmers. The role of the state in the control ofthese diseases in the region is weak. Chi-square has confirmed the following findings: (a) There is significant relation between each ofthe following: Malaria infection and income level. Malaria infection and its affect on agricultural activities of the farmer. - Malaria infection and the disease communicators existent. Malaria infection and the available places oftreatment. Malaria infection and the role of state in control and treatment. The level of income from farming work and the cost of treatment of the diseases. - Bilharzia infection and the farmer used of bonds water. There is also non-significant relation between each of the following: Malaria infection and mortality rate due to its infection. Malaria infection and health care after the year (2000). Bilharzia infection and the available places oftreatment. Bilharzia infection and the level of annual income. Bilharzia infection and the awareness ofthe farmer ofit. Malaria infection and the cost of health services aft (2000). er the year The study has proposed a number of recommendations, the most important of them are: the establishment of cooperative health organi zation for the farmers in each division of the scheme region to work for the control and treatment of these diseases. Also more attention should be given to the social, economic, cultural and manpower development of the farmer of the Gezira scheme, being the real asset of rural development.Item تــســويق الـخـضر والفاكهة بــــولايــة الــخــرطـــوم : دراسة ميدانية(جامعة النيلين, 2008) هويدا حسن الشفيعملخص الدراسة تعتبر محاصيل الخضر والفاكهة من المحاصيل الهامة جداً والتي تدخل في تكوين الغذاء اليومي للفرد وذلك نسبة لاحتوائها على العديد من الفيتامينات والأملاح المعدنية . يهدف هذا البحث لدراسة إنتاج وتسويق الخضر والفاكهة داخل ولاية الخرطوم مع دراسة كيفية تسويق الخضر والفاكهة داخل الولاية والعوامل التي تؤثر فيها بجانب دراسة الواقع الحالي في الأسواق المركزية الثلاثة بالولاية . تم جمع بيانات هذه الدراسة من المقابلات التي أجريت مع مدراء الأسواق المركزية الثلاثة بالولاية بالإضافة إلى مقابلات مع بعض المنتجين وتجار الجملة والقطاعي بالإضافة إلى المصادر الثانوية والتي تتمثل في الكتب والمراجع وأوراق العمل . خلصت الدراسة إلى أن هنالك مشاكل عديدة تواجه إنتاج الخضر والفاكهة بالولاية والتي تتمثل في ازدياد المساحة المزروعة بالأعلاف عام بعد آخر على حساب المساحة المزروعة بالخضر وذلك للميزة النسبية العالية التي تتمتع بها محاصيل الأعلاف خاصة في مجال الإنتاج والتسويق بجانب الصعوبات التي تواجه تسويق الخضر والفاكهة والتي تتمثل في تعبئتها وتخزينها ونقلها . كما أوضحت الدراسة أن الأعداد الكبيرة من السماسرة والوسطاء داخل هذه الأسواق أخل بالهدف الأساسي الذي من أجله تم إنشاءها وهو البيع المباشر للجمهور ، كذلك خلصت الدراسة إلى أن هنالك ضعف في الخدمات التسويقية بالأسواق المركزية الثلاثة . أوصت الدراسة بزيادة المساحة المزروعة للخضر والفاكهة مع الاهتمام بزيادة الإنتاجية وذلك بالتوعية التامة للمزارعين بضرورة الاهتمام بتطبيق ما يوصي به الباحثون وتشجيع الاستثمار الزراعي بتقليل الضرائب والرسوم المفروضة عليه ، وكذلك تشجيع قيام مصانع تعليب الخضر والفاكهة وغيرها وذلك بتوفير مدخلات الإنتاج وتخفيض الضرائب والرسوم مع العمل على تحقيق الهدف الأساسي والذي من أجله تم إنشاء الأسواق المركزية وذلك بمحاربة السماسرة والوسطاء وتمكين المنتج من البيع مباشرة للمستهلك مع الاهتمام بالخدمات التسويقية وإصحاح البيئة داخل هذه الأسواق . Abstract Fruits and vegetables crops consider from the very important croups which involve into composing the daily food for the individual and that is due to it including many vitamins and minerals . This research is aiming at producing and shopping vegetables and fruits inside Khartoum state beside studying the way of shopping vegetables and fruit inside the state and the factors which affect in them beside studying the current reality in the three central markets in the state . The Dada of this study is collected from the interviews which carried out with managers of the three central markets in the state in addition to interviews with some producers and the total and partial merchants in addition to the second resources which represented in books , references and the working papers . The study resulted to that there are many problems which face the producing vegetables and fruits in Khartoum state these results include the increasing of cultivated area with fodders each year which affected on the fruit and vegetables cultivating area and that is for the high ratio distinguish of the crops of fodders specially in the field of producing and shopping beside the difficulties which face the shopping of eatables and fruits which including their refilling , storing and the transferring . The study explained that the great numbers from the brokers and middlemen inside the markets made defect on the main aim of these markets , also the study resulted to that there is a weak in the marketing services in the three central markets . the study recommended with the increasing of the cultivated area of vegetables and fruits beside the increasing the productivity and that is through completed a awareness for the farmers with the necessity of concerning by applying the recommendations of the researchers and encouraging the agricultural investment by deceasing taxes and imposed fees on them.beside encouraging the establishing of factories for vegetables , fruits and other crops canning and that is through providing product's enterprises and deceasing taxies and fees beside achieving the main aim of establishing the central markets which is fighting the brokers and middlemen and enabling the producer to sell directly for the customers beside concerning with the shopping services and providing healthy environment inside these markets .Item In vitro Morphogenesis and Microtuber Induction in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(Al-Neelain University, 2009) Khadiga Gaafar Abd Elaleem IbrahimABSTRACT Establishment of an efficient tissue culture system is an important step for plant breeding programs. Initially tissue culture protocols have been established for four commercially important potato cultivars namely, Diamant, Almera, Alpha, and Agria. Seed tubers were incubated at 4ᵒC under dark condition for sprouting and used for in vivo culture. Bud, node, stem segment, leaflet segment, and tuber segment explants were sterilized using sodium hypochlorite. Nodal explants were used for establishing sterile in vitro micoplants, rapid multiplication, and subsequent rooting, acclimatization, microtuber induction and indirect plantlets regeneration. For multiplication response for all cultivars and all hormones treatment regeneration percentage was ranging between 25% - 100%. For shoot number, Almera gave the maximum number of shoot (5.4±0.71I shoot/explants) in MS media supplemented with 3.0 mg/l TDZ+0.1 mg/l NAA. For rhizogenesis of direct regenerated micrpoplants, it was observed that when MS media without auxin was used (control) 100, 90%, 50% and 50% 0f the shoot produced root with root number average 4.0±0.9, 2.1± 0.6, 1.0±0.4 and 1.0±0.4 roots/shoot and root length 8.8±1.3, 2.8±0.8, 3.7± 1.5 and 3.5±1.4 from cultivar Almera, Diamant, Alpha and Agria respectively. When MS media supplemented with various auxin (NAA, IAA, and IBA) was used, it was observed that 100% root formation from all cultivars with high root number per shoot ( as compare to control) was obtained with maximum root number of 35.0±1.3 roots/ shoot by using IBA at 1.0 mg/l for cultivar Almera, 19.9±2.4 roots/ shoot by using IBA at 0.5mg/l for cultivar Diamant, 5.5± 0.9 roots/ shoot by using (IBA2.0 or IAA1.5) for cultivar Alpha, and 5.0±1.5a roots/shoot by using IBA 2.0mg/l for cultivar Agria. The best acclimatization response (95%) was obtained in sterilized soil, 50% clay: 50%. Microtuberizations was carried with Diamant and Almera. Highest number of microtubers/jar (6.0±0.5microtubers/jar) was yielded by Almera in MS media fortified with sucrose 8% without hormone, at dark On the other hand maximum microtuber weight, was given by Almera cultivar in MS media supported with 60 g/l sucrose without hormone which is (1250.3±13.0 mg/tuber) in dark. For callus induction, the effect of explants explained that, among all explants the tuber segment was found to be most effective for callusing degree in all cultivars. , highest degree of callus (6.0±0.0) was induced by Diamant on 2, 4-D at 3.0 mg/l, To evaluate the effect of growth regulators on callus induction from tuber segments explants, different of growth regulators were used. When MS media supplemented with IAA, IBA, and Kin used there was no callus induced in all cultivars. Highest callus degree (6±0.0) was induced for Diamant on media supplemented with 3.0 mg/l 2, 4-D and2.0 mg/l 2, 4-D in combination with BAP at 2.0 mg/l. For cultivar Agria the higher callus degree recorded (6.0±0.0a ) was obtained on MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2, 4-D in combination with (either 2.0 mg/l or 5 mg/l BAP) or BAP at 5.0 mg/l in combination with 2, 4-D at (1.5mg/l or 3 mg/l). For Almera higher degree of callus (6.0±0.11 and 5.8±0.1a ) was obtained by using 2.0 mg/l of BAP in combination with 2,4-D at three levels (1.0,1.5 and 2 mg/l 2,4-D ) , 2,4-D at 2.0 mg/l in combination with BAP at 2.0 and5.0 mg/l and 2,4-D at (1.5 and 1.0 mg/l), in combination with BAP at 5.0 mg/l. Higher degree of callus (5.3±0.2a)for Alpha was obtained on MS media supplemented with 1.5mg/l and 2.0mg/l 2,4-D in combination with 5.0mg/l and 2.0 mg/l BAP respectively. Callus was induced with all types of media with variation among cultivars, it was1/2 B5 and MB with degrees of callus (4.6±0.2 and 4.3±0.2) respectively for Diamant. For Agria higher callus degree was induced by 1/2 B5 with degree of callus (4.0±0.2). Lowest callus degree was obtained by Alpha there was no significantly different between media for callus induction with all using media. The Almera cultivar induced same callus degree with 1/2MS, 1/2 B5 and B5 treatments. Regeneration of indirect microplant, explained that TDZ and BAP alone and in combination with auxin mainly (IBA) produced shoot with wide variation between the three cultivars, TDZ 5.0mg/l and BAP 4.0 mg/l in the cultivars Diamant induced highest number of shoot (3.4±0.9 and 2.9±0.6a shoot/callus). The highest root number was achieved by Alpha (42.5±3.4 root/ plant) with 100% rooting in half MS media fortified with 2.0 mg/l IBA and (38.8±1.6 root/plant) obtained in half MS media supplemented 1.5 mg/l IBA. For the same cultivar maximum root length was obtained by half MS media without growth regulators, with average length (8.3±1.0 cm). For acclimatization of indirect regeneration rooted plantlets, 95% survival rate was obtained when sterilized soil, clay: sand (1: 1 v/v) was used under greenhouse conditions. ARABIC ABSTRACT الخلاصة يعتبر تاسيس نظام دقيق في زراعة الانسجة خطوة مهمة في مجال تربية النبات. اجريت هذة الدراسة بهدف تاسيس نظم لزراعة الانسجة لاربعة اصناف تجارية مهمة من البطاطس هي دايمونت،الميرا،الفا واقريا. تم تخضير التقاوى وزرعت في البيت المحمي ،اخّذت الاجزاء النباتية (الجّذعة) (العقد،قطع الساق،قطع الوريقات) من النباتات الحقلية واخذت البراعم وقطع الدرنات من الدرنات مباشرة. تم تعقيم كل الاجزاء النباتية بمحلول الصوديوم هايبوكلورايت. استخدمت العقد في تاسيس نبتات خالية من الملوثات داخل المعمل ، الاكثار السلالي السريع تم باستخدام هرمونات نباتية مختلفة ، ومن ثم التجذير باختبار اكسينات مختلفة ،وتمت الاقلمة وانتاج الدرنات الدقيقة داخل المعمل. بهدف الحصول علي الكلس تم اختبار اجزاء نباتية، منظمات نمو واوساط غذائية مختلفة ، من ثم تم اختبار امكانية انتاج نبيتات صغيرة بطريقة غير مبلشرة من الكلس الناتج عن قطع الدرنات للاصناف الاربعة. تم اختبار تاثير تركيز حمض الاندول بيوتاريك وتركيز املاح الوسط الغذائي ( موراشيجي واسكوج) علي تجذير النبتات المنتجة عبر الكلس و من ثم اقلمتها. تمت زراعة العقد المنتجة من نباتات بعمر اربعة اسابيع في بيئة موراشيج واسكوج الخالية من الهرمونات النباتية للاكثار السلالي السريع ومن اجل الحصول علي افرع خضرية عديدة ، تم الحصول علي جذعات خالية من الملوثات استخدمت كمصدر للاكثار. تمت زراعة العقد الساقية المنتجة داخل المعمل في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المدعم بتراكيز مختلفة من السايتوكاينينات (كينتين،البنزايل ادنين والثيودايزرون) كلا علي حدا او في صورة خليط من البنزايل ادنين والثيودايزرون مع اكسين نفثالين حمض الخليك للحصول علي افرع خضرية عديدة وجد ان نوع وتركيز الهرمون ذات تاثير معنوي علي تكوين الافرع الخضرية العديدة. تراوحت الاستجابة للتكاثربين100% الي25 % لكل الاصناف مع كل المعاملات.بالنسبة لعدد الافرع المتعددة المنتجة فقد انتج الصنف الميرا اكبر عدد من السيقان(4¸5±7¸ فرع خضري لكل جذعة) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المدعم بخليط من 0¸3 ملجرام̸ لتر من الثيودايزرون مع 1¸0 ملجرام̸ لترمن النفثالين حمض الخليك. تم اختبار تاثير الاكسينات (نفثالين حمض الخليك، اندول حمض البيوتاريك، اندول حمض الخليك) بتراكيز (0¸0 5¸0 0¸1 5¸1 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج علي تجذير الافرع الخضرية المتعددة المنتجة داخل الانابيب ، لوحظ ان وسط موراشيج واسكوج الخالي من الاكسينات قد اعطي نسبة تجذير هي 100%،90%،50%،50% للاصناف الميرا ،دايمونت،الفا واقريا علي التوالي ،عند اضافة الاكسينات لوحظ ان نسبة التجذير هي 100% لكل الاصناف . يختلف عدد الجذور باختلاف الاصناف ،اعلي معدل جذور تم الحصول علية هو (0 ¸35±3¸1جذر̸ساق) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المضاف الية 0¸1 ملجرام̸ لتر من اكسين اندول حمض البيوتاريك بواسطة الصنف الميرا ، تلاه الصنف دايمونت بمعدل (9 ¸19±4¸2 جذر ̸لساق) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المضاف الية 5¸0 ملجرام̸ لتر من اكسين اندول حمض البيوتاريك. المعاملتين0 ¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من اكسين اندول حمض البيوتاريك و5 ¸1 ملجرام̸ لتر اندول حمض الخليك كان لها نفس التاثير علي معدل عدد الجذور في الصنف الفا (5 ¸5±9¸0 و 4 ¸5±8¸0جذر ̸لساق)، اعلي معدل عدد جذور نتج من الصنف اقريا هو (0 ¸5±5¸1 جذر ̸لساق) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المضاف الية 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من اكسين اندول حمض البيوتاريك. تمت اقلمة النبتات التي تم تجذيرها في ثلاثة انواع من التربة المعقمة (100%طمي، 100% رمل،50%رمل:50% طمي) ، اعلي معدل احياء تم الحصول علية هو (95%) مع المعاملة 50%طمي:50%رمل. في تجربة لانتاج الدرنات الدقيقة تم اختيار الصنفين الميرا ودايمونت, اكبر معدل لعدد الدرنات تم الحصول علية في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المذود ب 80جرام̸لتر من السكوز وخالي من السيتوكينينات في الظلام بمعدل (0 ¸6±5¸0درنة دقيقة|̸̸وعاء) انتجة الصنف الميرا ، اعلي معدل لاوزان الدرنات تم الحصول علية بواسطة الصنف الميرا وهو (3 ¸1250±0¸13ملجرام) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المذود ب 60جرام̸لتر من السكروز وخالي من السيتوكينينات في الظلام. لاختبار تاثير الاجزاء النباتية علي انتاج الكلس مستخدمين وسط موراشيج واسكوج مضافا إليه ا وكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس استيك اسيد, كل الجذعات المستخدمة أنتجت كلس لكن قطع الدرنات أعطت اكبر كمية من الكلس مع كل الاصناف ،وجد أن تكوين الكلس يتأثر باختلاف الأصناف اعلي معدل لدرجة الكلس (0¸6±0¸0) نتج عن الصنف دايمونت بالتركيز0¸3ملجرام من اوكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس اسيتك اسيد . في تجربة لتحديد تاثير منظملت النمو النباتية علي انتاج الكلس من قطع الدرنات، مستخدمين الوسط الغذائي لموراشيج واسكوج مضافا الية الاوكسينات والسيتوكينات منفردة أو مع مختلطة مع بعضها البعض وجد ان بيئة موراشيج واسكوج الخالية من المنظمات النباتية او المدعمة ب اندول حمض الخليك،اندول حمض البيوتاريك و الكينتين ليس لها اي فعالية في انتاج الكلس من قطع الدرنات، بقية المنظمات المستخدمة أعطت كلس بدرجات متفاوتة ، كلا المعاملتين 0¸3 ملجرام̸ لترمن اوكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس اسيتك اسيد منفرد او0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر منه مع0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من البنزايل ادنين نتج عنها اعلي درجة كلس في الصنف دايمونت وهي (0¸6±0¸0) ،توليفة من 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من اوكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس اسيتك اسيد مع 0¸2 او0¸5 ملجرام̸ لتر من البنزايل ادنين نتج عنهااعلي درجة كلس في الصنف اقريا وهي (0¸6±0¸0) ،كذلك توليفة من0¸5 ملجرام̸ لتر من البنزايل ادنين مع 0¸3 او5¸1 ملجرام̸ لتر من اوكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس اسيتك اسيد نتج عنها نفس درجة الكلس في هذا الصنف ، اما مع الصنف الميرا فان عدد من المعاملات كان لها اكبر تاثير علي درجة الكلس، حيث نتج عنها اعلي معدل كلس وهو(0 ¸6±0¸0،8¸5±0¸0 ) وهي خليط من0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من البنزايل ادنين مع عدة تراكيز من من اوكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس اسيتك اسيد (0¸1 ،5¸1 و 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر). الصنف الفا اكبر معدل كلس نتجت عنه هو (3¸5±2¸0) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج المدعم بخليط من ¸1، 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من اوكسين الداي كلوروفينوكس اسيتك اسيد و0¸5، 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر من البنزايل ادنين علي التوالي. وجد ان كل الاوساط الغذائية المستخدمة انتجت كلس مع كل الاصناف مع وجود تباين في درجة الكلس بين الاصناف ، نصف بيئة كامبورج، توليفة من املاح بيئة موراشيج واسكوج وفيتامينات بيئة كامبورج انتجت اكبر كمية كلس في الصنف دايمونت، نصف بيئة كامبورج هي الافضل مع الصنف اقريا،، بيئة كامبورج نصف وكاملة ، نصف املاح بيئة موراشيج واسكوج انتجت اكبر كمية كلس في الصنف الميرا اما مع الصنف الفا نجد ان كل الاوساط المستخدمة لم يكن بينها اي فروقات معنوية. في تجربة لاعادة الاستزراع بطريقة غير مباشرة عن طريق الكلس المنقول واضافة منظمات النمو ، وجد ان اضافة البنزايل ادنين و الثيودايزرون منفردة او في صورة خليط مع الاوكسينات وخاصة اندول حمض البيوتاريك نتج عنها سيقان عديدة مع الاختلاف في اعدادها باختلاف الاصناف والمعاملات. وجد ان (0¸5 ملجرام̸ لتر من الثيودايزرون و 0¸4 ملجرام̸ لتر من البنزايل ادنين) نتج عنها اكبر عدد من السيقان في الصنف دايمونت بمعدل (4¸3±9¸0و 9¸2±6¸0ساق̸كلس). اكبر معدل لعدد الجذور انتجة الصنف الفا (5¸42±4¸3و 8¸38±6¸1جذر̸ساق) في نصف قوة املاح وسط موراشيج واسكوج المدعم ب 0¸2 ملجرام̸ لتر ، 5¸1 ملجرام̸ لتر من اكسين اندول حمض البيوتاريك علي التوالي بنسبة تجذير 100% ، اعلي معدل لطول الجذور نتج عن الصنف الفا هو (3 ¸8±0¸1) في وسط موراشيج واسكوج الخالي من الاكسينات. النبيتات التي تم تجذيرها اقلمت تدريجيا ، ثم نقلت للبيت المحمي بلغ معدل الاحياء 95% عند استخدام تربة معقمة بنسبة 50% رمل:50% طمي تحت ظروف البيت المحمي.Item EVALUATION OF PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS IN SUDAN(Al-Neelain University, 2008) Yassir Salah Ibrahim AdamABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the raw meat found in Khartoum local markets. Raw meat samples from modern and traditional markets were evaluated as sources for processing fast foods. Beef top side cuts 6 kg were purchased from a modern local meat plant and also from a traditional meat market at tow times of the day, in the morning at 8 am and in the evening at 5 pm. Total viable bacterial and coliform counts (Log10 cfu/g) and ultimate pH of the types of raw meat were determined. Two meat products (sausage and burger) were processed from these meat sources at El-Kadro Center for Grading, Inspections and Meat Health. The products were evaluated at zero time and at the end of 5 weeks freezer storage (-18oC), for ultimate pH, water holding capacity (WHC), rancidity and cooking loss (%), sausage treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) in cooking loss (%). The chemical composition was determined also for sausage and burger treatments. Crude protein content (%) were significantly ix different (P<0.05) in sausage and burger products. The moisture content (%), fat and ash (%) were also determined. The colour measurements of redness (a), yellowness (b) and lightness (L) of the sausage and burger treatments were not signficnatly different (P<0.05). Sensory attributes of sausage and burger as assessed by panelist included colour, flavour tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability and were not significantly different (P<0.05). Storage loss (%), total viable bacterial count and coliform count (Log10 cfu/g) of the various treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). The microbial analysis for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., yeasts and molds was preformed at the beginning and at the end of 5 weeks of freezing (-18oC). Experiment two was designed to improve the burger products utilizing treatment of the raw meat from the traditional market at the evening (5: pm). Beef topside cuts 6 Kg were purchased from traditional market in the evening at 5 p.m. and divided into four groups 1.5 kg for each group , (A) using by hot water 80oC washing the surface of cuts, (B) washing by citric acid 1%, (C) washing by citric acid 2% and (D) control (without any treatment). The burger product was selected for the experiment because of its sensitivity to contamination and spoilage. The products were analyzed for physical, chemical microbial effects and the results were obtained for ultimate pH, water holding capacity (WHC), rancidity and cooking loss (%) and were not significantly different (P>0.05). The chemical parameters determined (moisture %, protein %, Fat %, and Ash %) were not significantly different (P>0.05). x The colour measurements, redness (a), yellowness (b) and lightness (L) were obtained and were not significantly different (P>0.05) and the values decreased during storage in all the groups. Sensory attributes of burger treatments were evaluated by panelists and no significant differences were recorded. Also, total bacterial count and coliform count (Log10 cfu/g) were determined. The analysis for Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., yeast and mold at the beging and at the end of 5 weeks of frozen storage at -18oC was performed. According to the results obtained in the previous expereiments, experiment three was designed to investigate the microbial contamination during the steps of processing. Samples were evaluated at various stages of processing. In the first stage, after the treatment of raw meat significant differences were obtained. Group A had a lower load of bacteria compared with the rest of the groups. In the second stage, after grinding the meat, an increase in microbial load was observed. At the third stage represent, mixing the ingredients, and fourth stage represent, addition of spices. Shaping and packing was considered on the fifth stage. The differences in microbial counts among the stage were significant. xi ملخص الأطروحة أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم اللحوم الخام الموجودة في الأسواق المحلية وبطرق العرض الحديثة والتقليدية وهي مصادر لمنتجات اللحوم المصنعة والتي تستهلك كوجبات سريعة، قطعية الفخذ الخلفية للعجول بوزن 6كجم تم شراؤها من الأسواق الحديثة (تعرض اللحم مبرداً)، وايضاً من الأسواق التقليدية في الصباح عند الساعة الثامنة، وعند المساء في الساعة الخامسة، وقد تم قياس العد الكلي الميكروبي، والعد الميكروبي لبكتريا القولون وتحديد درجة الحموضة للحم الخام. تم تصنيع منتجين من هذه المصادر وهي السجوك والبيرقر بمركز فحص و صحة ودرجات اللحوم بالكدرو. تم تحليل المنتجات في الأسبوع الأول والأسبوع الخامس بعد فترة التخزين بالتجميد عند درجة حرارة -18مo، لدرجة الحموضة للمنتج، وقابلية حمل الماء، الأكسدة ونسبة فاقد ماء الطبخ وقد كان هنالك فروق معنوية في نسبة فاقد ماء الطبخ بالنسبة لمنتج السجوك عند معنوية (P>0.05). تم تحديد التركيب الكيميائي للسجوك والبيرقر من نسبة الرطوبة والبروتين والدهون والرماد وكان هنالك فرق معنوي للمنتجين في نسبة البروتين عند معنوية (P>0.05). تم تحديد قياس اللون للمنتجات بواسطة جهاز قياس اللون المسمي بالـHunter-lab وهو معد لقياس درجة الاحمرار المرموز له بـ(a) ودرجة الاصفرار المرموز له بـ(b) والضوء أو البياض المرموز له بـ(L) وقد سجل الجهاز قيم لم تحقق اختلافاً معنوياً لكل من المنتجين. المواصفات الحسية للمنتجين (السجك والبيرقر) تم تقييمها بواسطة ذواقة وبمساعدة قائمة اختيار وتضم اللون، النكهة، الطراوة، العصيرية والقبول العام ولم تسجل اختلافاً معنويا عند معنوية(P>0.05) وأيضاً لم يكن هنالك اختلافاً معنويا عند معنوية(P>0.05) ، كذلك لم يكن هنالك اختلافاً معنوياً في تحديد العدد الكلي الميكروبي والعدد البكتيري للبكتريا المعوية ونسبة فاقد التخزين. وقد امتد التحليل الميكروبي للكشف عن البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية، وأنواع السالمونيلا، والخمائر والأعفان في الأسبوع الأول والخامس. تم تصميم التجربة الثانية لتحسين المنتج بواسطة معالجة اللحم الخام والمعروض في الأسواق المحلية بالطرق التقليدية حتي الساعة الخامسة مساء، قطعية اللحم المستخدمة هي العضلة الخلفية للفخذ في العجول 6كجم, بعد شرائها قسمت لأربعة مجموعات المجموعة1,5كجم لكل مجموعة (أ) عولجت بغسلها لسطح العضلة بماء ساخن 80مo، والمجموعة (ب) تم غسلها بحامض الليمون بتركيز 1%، والمجموعة (ﺠ) تم غسلها بحامض الليمون بتركيز 2%، والمجموعة (د) تركت بدون معالجة للتحكم في المعالجات. صنع منتج البيرقر لحساسيته في منتجات اللحوم. الآثار الفيزيائية والكيميائية والميكروبية للمعالجة تم تحليلها وقد كانت درجة الحموضة وقابلية حفظ الماء والاكسدة ونسبة فاقد ماء الطبخ لم تحرز اختلافاً معنويا عن درجة معنوية(P>0.05) ، أما التركيب الكيميائي والذي يضم نسبة الرطوبة ونسبة البروتين ونسبة الدهون ونسبة الرماد في المنتج فقد أعطيت نسباً لا تختلف معنوياً. لم تحرز اختلافاً معنويا عند قياس اللون من إحمرار واصفرار والبياض عند درجة معنوية (P>0.05). بجانب أن هنالك نقصاً في القيمة المعطاة للأثر التخزيني، التقييم الحسي أو الذوقي لمنتج البيرقر قد تم تقييمه بواسطة ذواقة وبمساعدة قائمة الاختيار وقد سجلوا عدم وجود اختلاف معنوي للمواصفات الحسية أو الذوقية، وأيضاً لم يسجل فرق معنوي للعد الميكروبي وبكتيريا القولون كما أجريت اختبارات الكشف عن البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية وأنواع السالمونيلا والخمائر والأعفان في الأسبوع الأول والخامس بعد فترة التخزين. لهذه النتائج أجريت التجربة الثالثة للبحث عن التلوث الميكروبي للمنتج أثناء التصنيع، وقد تمت أعادة المعالجات للحم الخام وأخذ العينات في حوامل عينات معقمة، المرحلة الأولي لأخذ العينة بعد المعالجة مباشرة للحم الخام واحرزت المجموعة الأولي اختلافاً معنوياً في العدد ميكروبي مقارنة بالمجموعات الأخري، المرحلة الثانية بعد فرم اللحم وهنالك زيادة في الحمل الميكروبي، المرحلة الثالثة أثناء خلط الاضافات واضافة الماء، مرحة البهارات هي المرحلة الرابعة ثم تشكيل البيرقر وتعبئته هي الخامسة وكانت هنالك فروق معنوية عند درجة معنوية (P<0.05)، تم جمع القياسات وتحليلها احصائياً وعرضها بالجداول داخل الدراسة. .