Masters theses : Medical Laboratory Science
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Item Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclin D1 in Sudanese Patients diagnosed with Prostatic adenocarcinoma(Al-Neelain University, 2020) Namarig Mohammad Farah Al- TaybeAbstract: Introduction: Cyclin D1 is a protein that is expressed in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that has an important role in regulating the cell cycle and cancer progression. Its over-expression is believed to play an important role in both the tumor-genesis and grading of many cancers, including prostatic carcinoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of cyclin D1 in prostate cancer and its possible correlation with patients Gleason score. Material and method: This was a case control study which included 50 adenocarcinomas and 50 benign prostate hyperplasia. The expression of CyclinD1 was detected using immunohistochemistry technique. Immunohistochemistry prepared with tissue microarray has been also used with success in large scale efforts to create a map of protein expression on a more global scale. The histopathological diagnosis including tumor grades and diagnosis of control groups were all uploaded in an excel sheet. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical program. Result: The mean age was 66.7 for the case group and 60 for the control group. Cyclin D1 was expressed in cases group, the expression intensifies towards the advanced grades of cancer. And there was no expression for cyclin D1 in the majority of control group samples. Discussion: The mean age of the patients was within the common age of diagnosis of prostate cancer worldwide. Contradicting and agreeing with different international study; this study showed association between CyclinD1 expression and prostate cancer. And the significant association with the cancer grade indicates that Cyclin D1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis and evolution of prostate cancer. الملخص: المقدمة: Cyclin D1 هو بروتين يعبر عنه في المرحلة G1 من دورة الخلية وله دور مهم في تنظيم دورة الخلية وتطور السرطان. يُعتقد أن الإفراط في التعبير يلعب دورًا مهمًا في كل من نشأة الورم وتصنيف العديد من أنواع السرطان ، بما في ذلك سرطان البروستاتا. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم التعبير عن cyclin D1 في سرطان البروستاتا وارتباطه المحتمل مع درجة Gleason للمرضى. الوسائل والطرق: شملت هذه دراسة 50 عينة سرطان بروستاتا و 50 عينة تضخم البروستاتا الحميد كمجموعة مستخدمة للمقارنة . تم الكشف عن تعبير CyclinD1 باستخدام كيمياء الأنسجة المناعية. تم إدخال جميع بيانات المريض ، بما في ذلك درجات الورم وكذلك تشخيص المجموعة المستخدمة للمقارنة في ورقة إكسل. تم إجراء تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج SPSS الإحصائي. النتائج: كان متوسط العمر 66.7 لمجموعة الحالة و 60 للمجموعة المستخدمة للمقارنة, أظهرت الدراسة أن تعبير Cyclin D1 في مجموعة الحالات كان موجب الظهور ويكثف التعبير نحو الدرجات المتقدمة من السرطان.بينما في المجموعة المستخدمة للمقارنة كان تعبير Cyclin D1 سالب الظهور في أغلب العينات . المناقشة: كان متوسط عمر المرضى ضمن العمر المشترك لتشخيص سرطان البروستاتا في جميع أنحاء العالم. يتعارض ويوافق مع دراسة دولية مختلفة ؛ أظهرت هذه الدراسة وجود ارتباط بين التعبير CyclinD1 وسرطان البروستاتا حيث أنه يزيد تعبير البروتين مع زيادة درجة السرطان . وعليه فإن تعبير بروتينCyclinD1 يمكن الإعتماد عليه في تشخيص سرطان البروستاتا والتفريق بينه وبين تضخم البروستاتا الحميد. CHAPTER I 1.1 Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men in the United States and also ranks as the second most common cause of cancer death in males. It is estimated to be diagnosed in over 200,000 men in 2012, with over 28,000 deaths attributed to this cancer. In Sudan prostate cancer is a leading cause of death. An estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases occurred in 2008, of which about 715,000 new cancer cases resulted in 542,000 deaths. These numbers are projected to nearly double to 1.28 million new cancer cases and 970,000 cancer deaths by the year 2030 (Elamin et al., 2015). Prostatic disease is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in men throughout the world. Prostatic carcinoma is a common and growing health problem. It is the third most common male cancer after malignancies of lung and stomach (Saeed et al., 2014). Prostate adenocarcinoma depends on androgen for growth and survival, and treatment for metastatic disease capitalises on this dependence, androgen elicit its biologic effects through activation of the androgen receptor AR (Gao et al.,2005). Cyclins are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression. Previous studies revealed that overexpression of Cyclin D1 is known to shorten the G1-S transition and thus, it promotes cell progression and differentiation (Chen et al.,2004) reported that overexpression of Cyclin D1 increases cell growth and tumorgenecity in human prostate cancer cells. Few studies have addressed Cyclin D1 expression or localization in primary prostatic adenocarcinomas and the criteria used to establish positive Cyclin D1 staining have been divergent (Chang et al.2004). The diagnostic role of Cyclin D1 in prostate cancer has been studied in few researches. In this study we examined whether the expression of Cyclin D1 correlate with the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma through studying the correlation and significance of association between Cyclin D1 expression and clinicopathological factors as Gleason grade of prostate cancer. Cyclin D1 is an amino acid that is expressed in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that has an important role in regulating the cell cycle and cancer progression. Its over-expression is believed to play an important role in both the tumorigenesis and grading of many cancers, including prostatic carcinoma. 1.1.1 Cyclin D1: 1.1.1.1 gene expression: The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). It is 13,388 base pairs long, and translates into 295 amino acids. cyclin D1 is expressed in all adult human tissues with the exception of cells derived from bone marrow stem cell lines (both lymphoid and myeloid) (He et al.2007). 1.1.1.2 Function: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinase). Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event (He et al.2007).