Masters theses : Economic

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factors affeecting among sudanese women an urban comminity acase study of eldim town
(1999 - 05) Asia mohammed sharife
Abstract This study is an attempt to investigate some of the factors affecting fertility in a Sudanese urban setting. Fertility is one ofthe factors responsible for the pattern of population change that is believed to be taking place in Sudan. The slight decline in fertility levels had been taken as a main concern. This decline has been noticeable in the urban areas. The core issue is concentrated on analysing factors affecting fertility among women in the urban communities in Sudan, taking El Dueim town as a case stutlv Bougaarts‘s model for the proximate determinants of fertility is used as the analytical framework. Marriage pattern, contraception and post-partum infecundity are analysed as the main proximate determinants that affect fertility directly. Respondent’s education, occupation and type of residence are analysed as the main socio-economic variables that affect the proximate determinants directly and fertility level indirectly. ldeal family size, sex preference and desirability for additional child are analysed as indicators of cultural attitudes that affect fertility behaviour. A siimple of S I0 ever-married women aged 15-49 years was selected from l7 out of the 28 neighbourhoods in the town. The sample was selected randomly using stratified cluster sampling procedure. The I993 census’ Primary Enumeration Areas for El Dueim town formed the sampling frame. The data was collected by face to face interview using a designed questionnaire The levels and patterns of fertility are analysed in relation to demographic and socio- economic characteristics of the respondents. The Total Fertility Rate is reported as 6.5 children per a woman and adjusted to 5.2 children. The completed fertility for women aged 45-49 years on average is 7 livbirths. Fertility is found to be differentiated largely by socio-econoinic and demographic factors. Education, occupation and type of residence have a considerable effect on the proximate determinants of fertility. Ever-use _ knowledge and current use of contraceptives are found to be more common among the women who are educated, engaged in gainful jobs and reside in the town centre& government houses. Post- partum infecundity periods are longer among the uneducated, unemployed and those who reside in fourth class neighbourhood. The long period of infecundity is considered as the main mean to delay birth among this group. The effective use of contraceptive is the main mean to delay birth, which compensate the short periodol" post-partuin infecundity among the former group Th»: average ideal family size was found to be high among women under the age of 20 and those above 40 years. among the uneducated, unemployed and those who reside in the fourth class residences. However, preference for a male child was found to he more common than for a female child with no signiﬁcant ditTerence among dillerent socio-economic groups.
Resources Utilization in Traditional Rain-Fed Agriculture in Sudan A Case Study of Shiekan Rural Area North Kordofan State
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2001-04) Abdelle Moneim Hamad Elseed Mohammedd Noor
Abstract This study is solely on traditional Rain-fedagriculture, taking Shiekan rural area ofNor1hern Kordofan state as a case study . The major theme ofthe present study is to examine the economic rationale of traditional farmers in the utilization ofresources at their disposal and the inﬂuence of technical and luunan factors on the decision of farmers in Shiekan rural area . The present study focussed on identifying the production decisions that farmers make; and identity factors which inﬂuence these decisions and determine the extend to which decisions change over the agriculture season . The production decisions include the following : (l) crops planted, area planted and allocation ofarea to crops; (2) planting dates for various crops; (3)methods ofplanting, rotations followed and varieties grown; (4) utilization ofinputs other than labor, and labor utilization . Endogenous and Exogenous factors influencing these decisions are carried out mainly to determine the proﬁtability and viability of resources utilization in traditional agriculture and its sustainability . The study adopted descriptive, comparative and an analytical methodological approach to describe, compare and analyze the farming system in the study area . Tabular analysis, labor and land proﬁles are used to describe the system and provide a better understanding ofthe production process . Representative sample of I00 household farmers was selected and interviewed during the I998/9‘) season . Six mouths ofrcsidenee were devoted to gathering systematic data through questionnaire . The study revealed that, land ownership is still a diflicult problem in the area; the distribution oflandtendsto be distorted in favor ofa minority ofOmda, Shiekh and their relatives . The principal effect of the land tenure system has been increased fragmentation, deterioration and destruction of land . The main crops found to be planted in the area are millct_ groundnuts, sesame and sorghum . Although productivity ofmillet and sesame is declining and productivity of groundnuts and sorghum is increasing, farmers concentrate on the cultivation oi‘ millet and sesame paradoxically . The use of tractor and animal traction have increased cultivated area and productivity but it intensiﬁed desertiﬁcation and reduced land fertility . An important draw-backofthe agricultural system in Shiekan rural area is its neglect oflivestock . Under price liberalization, a poor farmer sells his production early at low price to meet his needs . llence there is no saving to be reinvested in traditional agriculture . To rectify these imbalances in the farming systems the study recommended the following : a) There is a need to improvement in teclmology, flexibility and security in the land tenure system . b) Substitution ofmillet and sesame by the most prolitablc crops of groundnuts and sorghum . c) Research on introduction of new teclmical packages for small farmers should start at the farm level, and work backward to the research stations . d) There must be essential improvements and input which are needed to improve an existing farming situation and to provide them in the form ofintegrated package .
National Food Security in the Sudan measurements and implications
(Al Neelain University, 2002-05) Rasheeda Mohazized El-Doush
The principal objective of this research is to measure (assess) the extent and nature of the national food security in the Sudan during 1998s and I990s_ The research is built-on an introduction, three chapters and conclusion. The ﬁrst chapter reviews the concepts of food security, the main forms and approaches of food insecurity, and selected studies deal with the question of the measurenzent of national food security in the Sudan. The second chapter provides an outlook of the food and agriculture, including the origin and development of the “ bread basket ” strategy, in the Sudan. Then chapter three, which constitutes the core section of the research, provides a preliminarily evaluation of the state of food security in the Sudan based on of a set of criteria associated with levels and degrees of" suﬂiciency, stability, autonomy, equity and sustainability. The research concludes to a “ national Zood securitv composite indicator ” of 48.23 %. which in turn, reveals an exciting as well as policy-oriented results and implications of certain amount of relevance to food security strategies at the national level.
An Analysis of Cycle Magnitude and Its Impacts on Sudanese Economy 1970-2000
(Neelain University, 2003) Yassin Ebrahim El Tahir
Abstract This study entitled the cycle magnitude and its impacts on the Sudanese economy during period 1970- 2000. The cycle magnitude measures by the deviation of national income from its steady growth path. The study suggests some variables to deﬁne the problem of the study. Those variables are investment, saving, payment balance, budget deﬁcit, state of technology, and the set of the policies which were implemented during target period. The study targeted to introduce new interpretation to the issue of cycle magnitude by incorporating the above variables. Furthermore the study targeted at evaluating different policy measures which were implemented during the target period. Such evaluation bases on the effectiveness of the policy in tackling the problem. The study hypotheses that, any improvement in the explanatory variables will reduce the cycle volume and hence the income disturbance. The study used econometric methodology in analysing the data concerning the target period. The results are that, investment is stabilized variable to the cycle magnitude or income disturbances. Also the results proved that any improvement in the position of the payment balance budget deﬁcit, the cycle magnitude or income disturbance will reduce signiﬁcantly. Also the results revealed that, the import substitution policy which implemented during the period 1971- 1978 stabilized policy while the tight monetary which implement during the period 1992- 2000 is destabilized policy. Finally, the study reached a conclusion that, the Sudanese economy is very vulnerable to structural factors like the foreign sector and budget sector and the recommendations were basically depended upon the improving those sectors in order to reduce the disturbance in the national income or cycle magnitude. As far as the policy measures the study recommended that the usage ofany policy depending upon the state of the economy is depression, recession or inflation. lV
اثر الاعمال الهامشية في زيادة دخل الاسر الفقيرة دراسة حالة (حي مايو بولاية الخرطوم)
(جامعة النيلين, 2006) هادية حمودة محمد احمد
دور الجامعات في تنميئة المجتمعات المحلية (دراسة مجتمعات القضارف)
(جامعة النيلين, 2006) عبدالوهاب عبدالله يوسيف ابراهيم
A bstract Poverty and its control l1ave been given much concern from researchers and decision — maker, not only at the level of Sudan, but throughout the world. Much effort was done to decrease a11d control poverty. This study was done about the effect of these efforts through identifying the role of smaller grants in controlling and limiting poverty in Khartoum locality, the study included “Family Bank” as a case study. The importance of this study came from tackling one of the important issues in social development and that was controlling poverty and its effects, through study of beneﬁciaries from small grants of “Family Bank" to reach results and reconnnendations to enrich the scientific discussion about the topic, and to give practical assessment to the experience. The study also aimed at identifying the extent to which small grants have participated in mitigating the adverse effects of poverty in Khartoum locality for clients who have been given financial support for their schemes. One of the aims was also to assess the effect of awareness, education and social status of the family in directing and making success from these small schemes. The study used the descriptive method and the case study type through describing and analyzing data. It used systematic random sample, through taking a sample of the beneﬁciaries supplied by the “Family Bank”, Khartoum locality. The sample size was I00 individual (study unit). Data was collected using close — ended questionnaire from the beneﬁciaries of Family Bank, the main branch and Abu Hamama branch, Khartoum locality. Interviews were done with responsible persons of the bank. Management and analysis of data were done by SPSS program. J
The Impact Of Privatization On Enterprisess Perfomance And Efficiency
(Al Neelain University, 2008) Hassan Mohamied Bashir Ahmed
In the wake of the Second World War. Westem Europe was engulfed by a ware of nationalization of the strategic enterprises. The bacl: wash come in l980s when privatization become the new trend. lt assumes many forms. divestiture, or sale of the whole or bulk of shares in state’s enterprises, and deregulation, free competition of the private sector and govemment enterprises. The motives behind current privatization movement are quite diverse. The consideration for better ways of mobilizing and using resources that government seems unable to handle efficiently. The issue of the rise in the burden borne by citizens as a price for government services pay for them. Several reasons cited for adoption of privatization emphasized that public sector serves the bureaucrats needs rather than its customers, and due to the failure and losses of the public sector, high budgetary deﬁcits and inefticienlly utilization ofresources. Privatization in the Sudan dates back to the l920s_ when the nt abandoned to the Sudan Light and Power In l965 another phase of colonial governme Company, a private British ﬁrm. privatization represented in the state concession of cigarettes company and Rabak Cement company. ln l967 the govemment started nationalization process completed by May regime in I969. Advocates of privatization in the Sudan stress loss-making as the main justiﬁcations for sale of state enterprises, while opponents focus on the fact that they represent surrender to extemal pressures mainly ll\/IF. Sudan Airways witnessed a serious deterioration in all aspects, ﬁnancially, technically and administratively, representing a degrading process in company’s efficiency and performance. lt has been operating with annual deﬁcit over the last ten years till 1989. Steps were taken to rehabilitate and improve it’s performance through a bundle ofdecisionsi The research concluding that Sudan Airways can improve its’ performance and efficiency through selling stocks to foreign strategic share holder to gain capital and experience. Since the company represent the sovereignty and has social objectives, the government share should be a golden share.
دور الخدمه الاجتماعيه العماليه في تحقيق التوافق الاجتماعي للعاملين بالمصانع دراسه استطلاعيه مصنع حجاز للسجائر والتبغ
(2011) محمد عبدالرحيم محمد بشير
تكيف المعاقين في مؤسسات العمل واثره علي البيئة
(جامعة النيلين, 2012) علي أحمدعلي نصر
Abstract The study tackled adaptation of persons with disability in work institutions and the effect of this on development. ln the frame work of beneﬁting from their capabilities to achieve development, persons with disability as an integral section of the society, will they be able to attain full adaptation in work institutions; and how that aspect can be full ﬁeld; what impact this can have on development, and what work institutions and society need to offer so that their potentials can be made use of in the ﬁeld of development. The problem was more vividly expressed in reﬂections of the study. The research was passed on a number of reﬂections, the most important of them that was the law of recruiting disables activated? ; did persons with disability get assault for their actual role? ; What are the difﬁculties in countered by this population at work? ; is adaptation for members of this populations is attainable at work‘? ; How capabilities of this population can be utilized in the ﬁeld of development. The target group included disables employees in Khartoum state who have been recruited according to the law in 2010 — 2011. The descriptive method was used for its ability to describe the research ﬁeld to give lucid picture, also the statistical method was used in analyzing data and information through ﬁeld work to ﬁnd out scientiﬁc facts by interpreting the digital evidences to descriptive results that could be utilized and compared.
العمالة الاجنبية واثارها الاجتماعية في ولاية الخرطوم
(جامعة النيلين, 2013) عفاف محمد ادم ادريس
this search examined foreign worker in the state of Khartoum and it's social impact on the Sudanese society, case study Khartoum Bahri locality Aldiom neighborhood and their impact on society from different aspects, and acceptability of Sudanese society for these expats. research included a number of questions is how can a hannonization between the needs of society Sudanese expatriate workers and protect the community from it's effects? Do expats Sudan immigrant labor or imported labor? Are the laws andvprocedures goveming the entry and movement of foreigners sufﬁcient to reduce the negative impacts and maximize the positive effects? Are expats are caused by an increase in the tmemployment rate Sudanese society‘? What are the social implications of foreign labor? Are there any social effects (economic, health, cultural, security)? The researcher used the survey method social and historical approach as adopted in the collection of data and information on the questionnaire and interviews as sources in addition to some preliminary studies and working papers, workshops and seminars and the Intemet as secondary sources.. The research community is Khartoum North (Aldiom), and the sample group of residents were selected by simple random sample, and theories used in the research theory of push and pull factors and Attractions, and the theory of cultural diffusion. Research included four chapters, chapter I Introduction, Chapter II Section I of the theoretical framework and the theory of push and pull factors and cultural difﬁrsion theory and the second section of previous studies, Chapter III Section I to the immigration history of the Sudan and the migration of foreign labor, and section II of foreign labor and their preparation, their nationalities and professions. Chapter IV ﬁeld work data were analyzed statistically by a program (spss) and researcher reached to several results, including: that Sudan's borders open and spacious allowing entry expats and sneaking and it is difﬁcult to control and that the numbers of sneaking expats can not be counting, and Sudan became a magnet for foreign workers seeking a living and improve economic level which leads to increased ﬂow of foreign workers. The foreign workers employment, mostly in the marginal beneﬁt economically and do not contribute so much to an increase in national income, and do not need to train, and it entered the culture, traditions and practice of this culture and its inﬂuence on society without being affected by it. The most important recommendations: the need for COI‘lC8l'l6d efforts to control and registration of foreign workers, determine the actual need of the country to foreign workers. Establishing data base and integrated data for foreign presence to be a reference in dealing with a foreign presence.
Povitye And Impct On Elnusr ACasestudy Elnner Quactorsn in elfasher C
(Neelain University, 2013) Maha Ahamed Mahammed Salim
ABSTRCT The study was conducted in Elnusrquarter in North Elfasher muatamdia, which concerns with poverty problem and its impact on Elnusrquarter inhabitants. The main objectives of this study are."- -To show how poverty affects basic human rights and needs. -To discuss the way in which social institutions contribute to alleviate poverty. -To_ investigate the problems encountered with the people in the area beside poverty phenomenon. -Deﬁning and discussing the extension of poverty in Elnusrquater and its impact on inhabitants of Elnusrquarter. The study tested many hypotheses: - ' 1-Illiteracy and unemployment are the main reasons ofpoverty in the area. 2-Education of the people helps them to ﬁnd many sources of income and then help them to develop their area. 3--un equal distribution of social and health services restricts any eﬁort for the development of the area. The results of the study show that most of the household heads in Elnusrquarter were women due to the migration of their husbands outside the area, (24.0%) of the people were illiterate or educated in Khalwa (36.5%), hence most of them were unemployed (89.5%) and their income does. not satisfy family needs (86.0%). The majority of the respondents (98.0%) do not receive support from the government. Most of them (60.5%) stated that they borrow some money when they have financial diﬂiculties and (84.5%) mentioned they did not received poor-due (Zakat). There were developmental programs in the area, but the majority of the people (74.5%) did not participate in the programs, because most of them do diﬂicult marginal works in order to satisfy family minimum basic needs so as to survive.Less than half of the respondents responded that the programs were adopted by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). _ The study concluded that, the majority of the people in Elnusrquarter suffered from all the different types of poverty and they were under poverty line. Moreover there was no attention given to them ﬁom the government in order to solve their problems. ' ~ ' - = ' -Thus, the study recommends to: - * Solve the dominating problems that restrict the development of the area. *Provide and promote the educational services by the expansion and~increasing the number of schools for different stages. *Introduce many diﬂerent development programs to the people in order to help them to acquire knowledge, improve and promote their skills in many aspects. *Organize groups or societies of the people so as to raise their awareness in order to participate in all the programs. *The ‘government must adopt the education of orphan children and the poorestfamilies in Elnusrquarterﬂom the beginning of their education till completing their education. . *\Oﬁ'er a minimum annual income to families and individuals that can not work and those who can not earn that minimum when they do work. ~ *Government eﬂorts must focus on addressing the root causes of poverty. These eﬂorts should include the elimination of hunger malnutrition, the provision of food security, education, employment, livelihood, primary health-care services including health care, safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate shelter, and participation in social and cultural life. Special priority should be given to the needs and rights of women and children, who often bear the greatest burden of poverty. ' 1 *Ensure, that national budgets and policies are oriented, as necessary to meet basic needs, reduce inequalities and target poverty asastrategic objective.
اثر تجربة الحكم المحلي علي تنمئية المجتمع (دراسة تطبيقية :التعليم في وحدة بحري الادارية)
(جامعة النيلين, 2015) حميدة احمد مختار
THE IMPACTS OF BASEL ACCORDS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS (CASE STUDY BANK OF KHARTOUM, SUDAN) (2010-2016)
(Neelain University, 2018) MOZAMEL ALDAI AL ABASS ALFAKI
Abstract The aim of this research is to shed light on the impacts of Basel accords on the Sudanese banks (study case bank of Khartoum during the period 2010-2016). Descriptive methods and C.A.E.L techniques were used. Each parameter of CAEL - Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Quality, Earning Quality and Liquidity has been evaluated taking two ratios, and a final composite index has been developed. The main question of this research is centered upon: to what extent do Basel accords contribute to the competitiveness, and the improvement of the banks. The study shows that The Sudanese banking sector is still a long way to catch up with their counterparts. Therefore, Applying C.A.E.L standards will place the Sudanese banks among the least risks banks. Consequently, the study recommends: - Financial ratios should be used in order to minimize the financial risks in general. - Regulatory restraint will be necessary in order to let markets explore opportunities and allow banks to play their strategic strengths in the market. المستخلص تناول البحث أثر تطبيق معايير بازل 1،2 على أداء المصارف السودانية، دراسة حالة بنك الخرطوم في الفترة 2010-2016م. حيث استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي بناءً على المؤشرات التي تم الحصول عليها خلال تلك الأعوام، اعتماداً على الموجهات الصادرة من بنك السودان المركزي، التي تعرف ب( CAEL). ويتمثل السؤال الرئيس الذي تطرحه هذه الرسالة هو : إلى أي مدى أثرت معايير بازل على أداء وكفاءة المصارف السودانية. كما تنبع أهمية البحث في إلقاء الضوء على إمكانية تطبيق البنوك السودانية لهذه المعايير، والتي بدورها تؤدي إلى التعرف على نقاط القوة والضعف في هذه البنوك، ومن ثم إيجاد الحلول المناسبة لذلك. ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل لها الباحث: - إن تطبيق معيار (C.A.E.L) بصورة صحيحة وسليمة كمؤشر لتقويم أداء المصارف، يؤدي إلى حقيقة أوضاع المصارف السودانية، ويمكن على ضوء ذلك اتخاذ الإجراءات والمعالجات اللازمة. كما أن استخدام النسب المالية والتحليل المالي في الرقابة على المصارف يعطي نتائج يمكن الاعتماد عليها في تقويم الأداء المصرفي، خاصةً في مجال الملاءة المصرفية، وكفاءة الأصول، والسيولة. وبناءً عليه أوصت الدراسة بما يلي: - على المصارف السودانية وضع خطط مالية قائمة على المعرفة والمعايير العالمية من أجل وضع المصارف السودانية بين البنوك العالمية. - كما أوصت بضرورة الاستقرار المالي والاقتصادي لاستدامة وتقدم المصارف السوداني
دور الوقف في التخفيف من حدة الفقر (دراسة حالة هيئة الأوقاف الإسلامية – ولاية الخرطوم خلال الفترة 2010-2018)
(جامعة النيلين, 2019) احمد الطيب محمد مصطفي احمد
تناولت الدراسة دور الوقف في التخفيف من حدة الفقر خلال الفترة 2010 – 2018 وذلك بدراسة حالة هيئة الأوقاف الإسلامية ولاية الخرطوم، تمثلت مشكلة البحث في كيفية التخفيف من الفقر عن طريق الوقف. هدفت الدراسة الي التخلص من الفقر عن طريق اهم أدوات الاقتصاد الإسلامي (الوقف)، والي إعادة توزيع الدخل وخلق نوع من التكافل بين الأغنياء والفقراء. تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي في عملية تحليل البيانات. توصلت الدراسة الي عدة نتائج أبرزها: الوقف له إيرادات واصول لا يستهان بها حيث يساهم مساهمة متواضعة في معالجة مشكلة الفقر، دعمت هيئة الأوقاف بنود عدة حيث تدعم الفقر بصورة مباشرة وغير مباشرة، ساعد الوقف على إعادة توزيع الثروة بين الافراد والجماعات. اوصت الدراسة بآلاتي: الاهتمام ببند الفقراء واعطائه أولوية نسبة لزيادة اعداد الفقراء في العصر الحاضر نظرا للتدهور الاقتصاد السوداني في هذه الفترة، توجيه الأموال المخصصة للفقراء في انشاء مشاريع إنتاجية يستفيد منها الفقراء بتوفير التمويل للمشروع والمتابعة المستمرة وتدريبهم قبل بداية المشروع لضمان نجاحه واستمراره، فتح الباب للصندوق الوقفي لدعم الفقراء عن طريق صكوك وقفية وتكون مفتوحة للجميع. The study examined the role of Waqf in alleviating poverty between 2010 and 2018 by examining the case of the Islamic Endowments Authority in Khartoum state, the problem of research is how to alleviate poverty through Waqf. The study aimed to get rid of poverty through the most important tools of the Is-lamic economy (Waqf), to redistribute income and create a kind of interdependence between rich and poor. The descriptive method was used in the data analysis process. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: waqf has significant reve-nues and assets where it contributes a modest contribution to addressing the problem of poverty, the Waqf supported several items where it supports poverty directly and indirectly, helped waqf to redistribute wealth between individuals and groups. The study recommended that the poor be taken care of and given priority in or-der to increase the number of poor people in the present era due to the deterioration of the Sudanese economy in this period, directing funds allocated to the poor in the establishment of productive projects that benefit the poor by providing financing for the project and continuous follow-up and training before the start of the project to ensure its success and continuity, opening the door to the endowment fund to support the poor through waqf instruments cgtand available to all.
wledge and Attitudes among Governmental Secondary Schools Students Regarding Substance Abuse — Elfasher city — Northern Darfur State
(Neelain University, 2019) Elhodairy Hamza Elshafee Shreef
Abstract Background: Substance abuse continues to be major risk behavior, accompanied with physical and /or mental health complications/consequences among the younger generation, and in particular among students is an epidemic form that has been causing great public concern. Aims: the aims of this study were to assess the knowledge and attitude among governmental secondary schools students regarding substance abuse in elfashir city —northern Darfur state. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional school base study design was carried out among boys governmental secondary schools which selected randomly 8 secondary schools in alfashir city, northern Darfur state, the sample size was 384, stratiﬁed random sample was used to distribute the sample according to number of students in each selected schools , the data about knowledge and attitude were collected by used questionnaire which contained 22 questions, data were analyzes by statistical package for social science, version 21, and presentation in ﬁgures and tables. Results: general level of knowledge about substance abuse was found good (78.5%) and positive attitude toward substance abuse (60%). There is signiﬁcant association between the students‘ knowledge and education level of parents. Students abused drugs most of them abused cigarette smoke (18.5%), (9.9%) used sniffing, (4.2%) used kharsha, (4.2%) used alcohol, (3.4%) used amphetamine, (2.6%) used cannabis. Source of abused drugs mainly from friends (78.l0%). There was signiﬁcant association between parents abused substance and attitude toward imitated by their children. And there was signiﬁcant association between family income and students abused cigarette smoke. Conclusion and recommendation: The majority of participant's had good knowledge about substance abuse and it is effects, the attitudes showed positives most, users had cigarette smoke. School health program should be more active to build awareness to secondary schools students about substance abuse.