PHD Theses : Dentistry
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Item Tooth Size, Arch Dimension and Form Analysis among Sudanese Students with Class I Malocclusions at AL-Neelain University(Al-Neelain University, 2022-03) Raja AbdAlgadir Mustafa MohammedAbstract Background: The objectives of orthodontic treatment are to align the teeth for improvement of esthetic and function, these objectives becomes difficult in the presence of discrepancies in tooth size and arch dimensions. Objectives: To establish the values of; tooth size, arch dimensions and perimeter, Bolton’s ratios, and the types of mandibular dental arch form for Sudanese university students with normal occlusion, as well as for tooth size and arch dimensions of crowded and spaced dentition. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 312 university students, aged was ranged from 16-26 years. Students were selected according to the inclusion criteria from Al Neelain University. The sample was divided into normal; crowded, and spaced dentition groups. Each group consist of 104 students (52 males and 52 females). Electronic digital calliper and Brass wire were used to measure tooth size, arch dimensions, and perimeters respectively. ANOVA and Student, T-Tests and, Fisher's Exact Test were performed for the comparison between groups. A level of significance was set at p≤ 0.05. Results: In the normal group, males had larger tooth size than females (p ≤ 0.05) except maxillary right and left lateral incisors and maxillary left second premolar. The mid arch form was the most prevalence mandibular arch form. Arch dimension and perimeter were highly significantly wider in males than females (P < 0.01). The anterior and overall Bolton ratios for males were 78.43 ± 2.44 and 93.901 ± 9.8, and for females were 78.29 ± 2.6 and 91.67 ± 3.3 percent, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between genders for the anterior and overall ratios (P>0.05). Anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios among Sudanese University students were 78.37 ± 2.54, and 92.79 ± 7.43 percent, respectively. The mid arch form was the most prevalent mandibular arch form. The crowded group exhibits the largest total tooth material followed by the normal and spaced group. On the other hand, spaced group showed the widest arch dimension and perimeters followed by the normal and crowded group. Conclusion: The significant differences in tooth size and arch dimensions between the three study groups gave a better insight for proper diagnosis and establishing correct treatment planning for the Sudanese orthodontic patients. The mid arch form was the most prevalent mandibular arch form. This knowledge helps in the selection of the form of arch wires and the size of stock impression trays. مستخلص الاطروحة الخلفية: مهمة تقويم الأسنان هي محاذاة الأسنان لتحسين جماليتها ووظيفتها ، وتصبح هذه المهمة صعبة في ظل وجود تباينات في حجم الأسنان وأبعاد القوس. الأهداف: تحديد قيم مقاسات الأسنان،أبعاد القوس ومحيطه ، ونسب بولتون ، وتحديد أشكال الاقواس في الفك السفلي لطلاب الجامعه السودانيين الذين لديهم اطباق طبيعي بين الاسنان. كما تم التحقق من مقاسات الأسنان وأبعاد قوس الأسنان المزدحمة والمتباعدة. منهجية البحث: هذه الدراسة المقطعية تشمل عينه مؤلفه من 312 طالبًا تتراوح أعمارهم بين 16 و 26 عامًا من جامعة النيلين. تم تقسيم العينة إلى ثلاث مجموعات من الاسنان الطبيعيه، المزدحمة والمتباعدة. ضمت كل مجموعة 104 طلاب (52 ذكور و 52 إناث). استخدم المسماك الرقمي الإلكتروني والأسلاك النحاسية لقياس مقاسات الأسنان وأبعاد القوس والمحيط على التوالي. تم إجراء ANOVA و Student T-Tests و Fisher's Exact Test للاختبارات الإحصائية (p 0.05) للمقارنة بين المجموعات و استخدمت مستوى دلالة باستثناء p= 0.05 النتائج: في المجموعة الطبيعيه ، كان للذكور حجم أسنان أكبر من الإناث القواطع الجانبية اليمنى واليسرى العلوية والضاحك الثاني الأيسر. شكل القوس الأوسط هو الشكل الأكثر انتشارًا في الفك السفلي. حجم ومحيط القوس (P <0.01) الاناث أكبر بكثير في الذكور من نسب بولتون الأمامية والإجمالية للذكور 78.43 ± 2.44 و 93.901 ± 9.8 ، وللإناث 78.29 ± 2.6 و 91.67 ± 3.3 في المائة ، على التوالي. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الجنسين للنسب الأمامية والإجمالية. نسب بولتون الأمامية والإجمالية بين طلاب الجامعات السودانية 78.37 ± 2.54 ، و 92.79 ± 7.43 في المائة ، على التوالي. لدى المجموعة المزدحمة أكبر كمية من مادة الأسنان تليها المجموعة الطبيعيه والمتباعدة. في المجموعة المتباعدة وجد ان مقاسات بُعد ومحيط القوس اكثر مقارنة بالمجموعة الطبيعيه والمزدحمة. الخلاصة:أعطت الفروق المعنوية في حجم الأسنان وأبعاد القوس بين مجموعات الدراسة الثلاث رؤية أفضل للتشخيص الصحيح ووضع التخطيط العلاجي الصحيح لمرضى تقويم الأسنان السودانيين. شكل القوس الأوسط هو الشكل الأكثر انتشارًا لقوس الفك السفلي. تساعد هذه المعرفة في اختيار شكل الأسلاك المقوسة وحجم صواني الانطباع.Item The effect of Garlie Extract in Suppression of periodontal pathogens Among Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis(Al Neelain University, 2013) Awatif Hassan MohamedIntroduction: Aggressive periodonntitis is a destructive priodontal disease which may lead to early loss of teeth. The etiology of the disease is unknown but there are many studies about the implication of gram-negative bacteria A:-Iinobucillns uctinoniycetunicomitans, Prophrononioirzs gingitw/is, Rinrermerlia and 71/70/‘llwnsis in the disease progression, also there is a genetic factor ,(defect in polymorph nuclear leucocytes) that may be involved .The disease is treated with antibiotics to reduce the amount of micro-organisms in the treated sites, bu“ the long use of antibiotics have many side effects. This study is done to iduitily the major causative micro-organism Actinohuci/[us (ll‘HMOHll/('01!II1!C‘()IH[f(1!1S, and Pruphronumanus gingivulis and use of garlic extract as newer, safer and more potent antimicrobial agent . Material and Method: Thirty aggressive periodontitis patients were recruited from patients attending Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital after written approval. Patients gave verbal consent for clinical examination ,age range 18-35 years.Patients examined for plaque index (PLl), Gingival Index (Gl), Probable pocket depth and attachment loss in mm . Microbiologically: Sub-gingival plaque samples were obtained from two deepest site per quadrant for each patient for identification of the major causative micro-organisms /tc/inobncil/us u<‘rin0n1_iit-0/urncomilans. and Proplironomonas girigiralis. ldentilieatiun was done by culture and PCR techniques after DNA extraction. Atter the extraction 0t' garlic, the extract was subjected to preliminary antimicrobial screening using the cup-plate tliftiusion method against the detected bacteria. Results: There was an increase in plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and loss of attachment among aggressive periodontitis patientsfigingivalis was present in 20 pooled samples out of thirty but Actino/mcillus actinom_vc~emn1cQn1i!ans was not present in all examined pooled samples by both culture and PCR techniques. Garlic extract showed an inhibitory effect against P.gingii-alis. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the garlic extract was detennined and it was comparable to Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouth wash. V Discussion: The result is in agreement with previous reports which ditl not support the association ot‘ ucllnobuci/lu.\' acrilzolriyr-4'/uni conzirarzs with aggressive periodontitis; Mohammad Hossein et al (Z004), M. Faveri r ‘1 al (2007) ,.J0sé Roberto Coitelli ta) 2010 and to lau.l (2004) Elamin A ct al (201 l) in which the presence of the A. acIin0n|yc'4'renzmmiluns JP] clone zmzl n0n~JI’3 genotypes of A. ucri/1onrvcciemcomituns was not detected in the sub gingival plaque ofeither the cases or the controls. The result is not in agreement with the studies of ; Christen LA(l9‘)3 ) Tonetti et al .YaMmoto (1999 )Jose Rcoitelli (2005), Wilson Rosalen (2006) Meng S,et al (20()9),J0se Roberto (2010), Farshidk Kafilzideh (2010). ln present study pgirzgivalis was detected in 70% ct‘ aggressive periodontitis patients by using culture method (gold standard) and Real time PCR for pooled samples. This result is nearly in agreement with the previous studies of; savit ED et al( I 988) Ann L _et al (1998) Lag, ct ill (2004) Conclusion: The result of this study indicated that aggressive periodontitis disease is prevalent among Sudanese population Patients have deep pockets and severe gingival recession which lead to teeth mobility. P.gingiw1/is was present in periodontal pockets and considered as the major causative mic1'o- organisms. So we need more studies on the other causative micro-organisms and more studies about role of genetic factors in the etiology ofthe disease. Since the result of this study showed inhibitory effect of garlic extract, we recommend its use as mouth wash or ointment for prevention.