كلية الهندسة
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Item Effect of Ground Water Quantities and Some Tillage Practices on Soil Reclamation(Al Neelain University, 2011) Salah Eldin Abdel Rahman SalihThis study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, University of Al Neelain inside Sondos Agricultural Project during the summer seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experimental site lies in Jebel Awlia area, 50 km south of Khartoum. The site lies in the semi-arid zone and its soil is believed to be salt affected. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of irrigation water amount and tillage practices on salt leaching down the profile. Two irrigation water quantities were used. Namely: crop water requirement (CWR) + 10% and CWR + 20% leaching fraction (L.F.) from CWR and four tillage treatments, disc plow, chisel plow disc harrow and minimum tillage. Soil samples were taken from depths: 0 – 30cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 – 90 cm. Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench] cultivar Abu Sabein was grown as an indicator crop. The experimental design followed was the completely randomized block design. The treatments were replicated three times. The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc four tillage treatments, disc plow, chisel plow disc harrow and minimum tillage. Soil samples were taken from depths: 0 – 30cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 – 90 cm. Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench] cultivar Abu Sabein was grown as an indicator crop. The experimental design followed was the completely randomized block design. The treatments were replicated three times. The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc plow. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – The soil of the site was found to be salty affected soil. The effect of soil depths and irrigation water quantities on soil pH was not significant. Whereas, tillage practices showed superiority of chisel plow and disc harrow over zero tillage and disc plow. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – 90cm than 0 –30cm. Whereas, CWR+20L.F. has superiority over CWR+10%L.F. No significant difference was found due to the tillage treatments. Electrical conductivity (ECe) showed a higher values in the depth 60 – 90cm but no significant difference for irrigation water quantities and tillage treatments. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) gave higher values in depths 30 – 60 and 60 – 90cm over 0 – 30cm, whereas, CWR+10%L.F. gave a higher value over CWR+20%L.F. while for tillage treatments chisel plow and disc harrow gave higher values over disc plow and minimum tillage. As for plant height, stem diameter and fresh weight yield, CWR+20%L.F. resulted in higher values over CWR+10%L.F. Chisel plow was found to be superior than the other tillage treatments. As for leaves/plant and leaves: stem ratio no significant difference was found with respect to irrigation water quantities and tillage during the two seasons. As for dry weight, there was no significant difference due to water quantities but chisel plow resulted in higher values than the other three tillage treatments. Crude protein% and ash% were not significantly affected by irrigation water quantity and tillage, but crude fiber% was found to be higher in chisel plow treatment than the other tillage treatments. CWR+10%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher values of water use efficiency than the other combination of treatments. than the other tillage treatments. As for leaves/plant and leaves: stem ratio no significant difference was found with respect to irrigation water quantities and tillage during the two seasons. As for dry weight, there was no significant difference due to water quantities but chisel plow resulted in higher values than the other three tillage treatments. Crude protein% and ash% were not significantly affected by irrigation water quantity and tillage, but crude fiber% was found to be higher in chisel plow treatment than the other tillage treatments. CWR+10%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher values of water use efficiency than the other combination of treatments. Cost analysis for tillage treatments during the two seasons showed higher profit for chisel plow followed by disc harrow then disc plow and minimum tillage. CWR + 20%L.F. and chisel plow treatment resulted in higher profit than the other combination of treatments.Item Efficient of Amendments Uses in Sodic Soils Reclamation(Al Neelain University, 2015) Mahamed Abd Alla Makauy AbassAn experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences, Al Neelain University, about 40 kilometers south of Khartoum city, on the eastern bank of the White Nile to study the effect of reclaimants (gypsum, organic matter, hydrochloric acid (Hcl) studied in PVC columns, and to determine the effect of some of soil amendments on chemical and physical properties of sodic soils. The experimental design adopted was randomized complete design (RCD) with six treatments via (hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid plus organic material, organic material, organic material plus gypsum, gypsum and control), and the treatments were replicated six times. The parameters measured included some physical and chemical soil properties, and plant growth attributes. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the crop components. The highly significant increase in crop component obtained was attributed to improved salt leaching, reducing ESP, and increase of 5 exchangeable Mg++ , Ca++. Gypsum application was sufficiently effective, when added to soil accompanied by application of farmyard manure, gave a significant result in improving leaching requirement. Application of reclaimant reduced the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and help leaching the salts. Organic matter (O.M), when added to soil, gave significant results. It improves soil porosity and tilth. The main objectives for this study are:- - The effect of reclaimants (gypsum, organic matter, hydrochloric acid (Hcl) studied in PVC columns. -To evaluate the efficiency of using gypsum, organic matter, hydrochloric acid for reclaiming sodic soils. - To determine the effect of some soil amendments on chemical and physical properties of sodic soils. المستخلص أجريت هذة التجربة في كلية التقانة الزراعية وعلوم الاسماك جامعة النيلين ، حوالي 04 كلم جنوب مدينة – الخرطوم علي شاطي النيل الابيض الشرقي لدراسة تأثير استخدام المصلحات من الجبس والمادة العضوية وحامض الهيدروكلوريك باستخدام اعمدة من البلاستيك ولتحديد أثر هذة المصلحات علي الخصائص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للاراضي الصودية . وضعت التجربة علي نظام التصميم العشوائي الكامل وتضمنت 6 معاملات هي )حامض الهيدروكلوريك ، حامض الهيدروكلوريك + المادة العضوية ، المادة العضوية ، المادة العضوية + الجبس ، الجبس ، الكنترول ( بثلاثة مكرارات . القياسات التي تم اخذها شملت بعض الصفات الفيزيائية والكيميائية للتربة وصفات نمو النبات . في معاملات النبات تعزي الزيادة الملحوظة في نمو (P˂ 0.05 أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق معنوية ) Ca++، Mg++ المحاصيل الي تحسن خصائص التربة نتيجة للتخلص من الاملاح وزيادة الكتيونات المتبادلة إستخدام الجبس كان له تأثير كبير عند اضافته مصحوبا باستخدام السماد العضوي حيث ترتب عليه تحسين مما ساعد في غسيل الاملاح (ESP في غسيل التربة وبالتالي ازالة الاملاح وانخفاض في الصوديوم المتبادل المادة العضوية عند اضافتها للتربة ترتب عنها تحسين في خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وخاصة درجة النفاذية.Item Implement Draught and Power Requirement For Tillage operations in Gezira Soil (With Special Reference to Massad Area)(AL-Neelain University, 2012-11) Yusuf Elamin Elmadani AkashahABSTRACT An experiment was conducted during the year 2011 at Massad Centre for Technology Transfer and Eextension (latitude 14° 24¢N and longitude 33° 29¢E) in Gazira Scheme to study tractor power requirement for two implements commonly used for tillage operations in Gazira Scheme. The implements were a chisel plough as a primary tillage implement and an offset disc harrow for secondary tillage. Power requirements were studied under wet and dry soil conditions and for two depths of work for each implement (20-30cm, 5-10cm). Effect of implement draught on the performance of 2WD (120 hp) tractor was investigated in terms of wheel slip (%) under the field conditions of the experiment using different levels of wheel ballast. Draught requirement for the chisel plough was found to be as a range between11 to 15 kN. And for disc harrowing the values ranged between 7 to 10 kN. Maximum power required at a speed of 7 km/h was 29 kW (39 hp). Optimum performance (with 10 to 15% wheel slip) during chisel ploughing was achieved with water ballast at the rear wheels to 50% of the tyre volume and 50 kg of cast iron weight on each rear wheel. During disc harrowing, optimum performance was achieved with 25% water ballast in the rear wheels with additional 100 kg of cast iron weight on the rear wheels. الخلاصة: أجريت ألتجربة خلال ألعام 2011 فى مركز مساعد لنقل ألتقانة وألارشاد خط طول ْ33 َ29 ق وخط عرض ْ14 َ24 ش) بولاية ألجزيرة لدراسة متطلبات قوة ألجر لاثنين من ألالات ألمستعملة عادة فى عمليات ألحراثة فى مشروع ألجزيرة ألمحراث ألحفار( ألازميلى) كالة حراثة أولية وألمشط ألقرصى كالة حراثة ثانوية ) . تمت دراست قوة ألجر تحت ظروف ترب جافة ورطبة ولعمقين لكل ألة . تاثير قوة ألجر فى أداء جرار ألدفع ألثنائى (120 حصان) تحقق كجزء من ألنسبة ألمئوية لأنزلاق ألعجلات تحت ألظروف ألحقلية للتجربة باستخدام مستويات مختلفة من ألاوزان ألاضافية على ألعجل. قوة ألجر ألمطلوبة للمحراث ألحفار(ألازميلى) وجدت فى ألمدى بين 11-15 كيلو نيوتن وللمشط ألقرصى بين 7-10 كيلو نيوتن . أقصى قدرة مطلوبة عند سرعة 7 كيلومتر- ساعة كانت29 كيلو واط (39 حصان) . أفضل أداء (مع نسبة أنزلاق 10-15%) خلال ألحراثة بالمحراث ألحفار( ألازميلى) وجدت عند أضافة 50% ماء من حجم ألاطار ألخلفى وأضافة أوزان حديدية أضافية 50 كجم لكل عجل خلفى. خلال أستخدام ألامشاط ألقرصية كان أفضل أداء عند أضافة 25% ماء من حجم ألاطار ألخلفى وأضافة أوزان حديدية أضافية 100 كجم لكل عجل خلفى.Item A thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M. Sc in Agricultural Engineering(Al Neelain University, 2011) Abd Elbagy Mohamed HerekaThis research had been conducted at mechanized rainfed agriculture sector, Gedarif State (SUDAN), in the period (2007 – 2008) for two consecutive seasons. The objective of this research aimed to study the effect of different tillage treatments on the productivity of Dura. The experiment has been set in the complete randomized block design with four treatments applied, with four replicates. The treatments represented by chisel plough, disc harrow, wide-level disc and zero tillage .The study included effect of different tillage treatments on dura production components: plant height, number of tillers and productivity, also the research included determination of power requirement of the implements studied at different depth. 7 The study showed that the average field capacity was 24.75%, the average bulk density was 1.28 g/cm³, the infiltration rate in the first five minutes was 210 mm/h and the basic infiltration rate was 13.2mm/h in the first season. In the second season the initial infiltration rate 192 mm/h where as the basic infiltration rate was 12 mm/h . The disc harrow treatment registered the highest readings for plant length 97.75 cm, 90.2 cm for the two season respectively, where as zero tillage treatment gave the lowest reading for the plant length 86cm in the first season, while the chisel plough treatment recorded the lowest readings in the second season .The wide-level disc treatment reading 90.75 cm, 86.5 in the two season consecutively. The chisel plough treatment recorded a high number of tillers (1.75- 2) in the two season, wide-level disc gave the lowest number of tiller (1.25). Determination of power requirements for the implements studied recorded that: Power requirements needed for chisel plough was 17.21kw at depth 22cm, where as the wide-level disc implement needed 11.66kw power requirement at depth 8 cm .and the disc harrow implement at 10 cm depth needed power requirements equal 9.99kw . تم تنفيذ تجربه حقليه خلال موسمين متتاليين 7002 و 7002 في التربة اليينية المتقةقق لقيةا ألزراعه الميري الاليه ولاي القضارف )السودان( بهدف تقييم اثر طرق الحراثه على إنتاجية ألةذر الرفيع . تم تصميم التجرب باستخدام القياعات العقوائي الكامل . أربعه معاملات بار بعةه تكةرارات . المعةةاملات تقةةمم المحةةراا الحفةةار ا المقةة القراةةي ا المحةةراا القراةةي العةةري والحراثةةه الصفري . شملت الدراسة تةيثير أنةوا الحراثةه علةي معةدل التسةربانمو نرةات الةدرط مةن حية طةول النرات عدد الخلف و الانتاجيه. كما شملت الدراس حساب احتياجات قدرط السحب للمحارية تحةت – الدراس لمختلف الأعماق. أوضحت الدراس أن متوس السعه الحقلية 24.75 ومتوسة الكاافة الهايرية 1.28g/cm³ ومعدل تسرب ابتدائي في الخمس دقائق الأولي 210 mm/h ومعدل التسرب القاعدي 13.2 mm/h في الموسم الأول وفي ألسنه الااني كان معدل التسةرب فةي الخمةس دقةائق الأولةي 192 mm/h بينمةا معدل التسرب القاعدي .12 mm/h سجلت معامل المق القراي اعلي قيمه ليةول النرةات ) (97.75, 90.25cm للموسةمين علةي التوالي بينما سجلت الزراع الصفري متوسة ادنةي قيمةه ليةول النرةات 86cm) ( فةي الموسةم الأول في حين سجم المحراا الحفار ادني متوس قرأ ليول النرةات (72cm) فةي الموسةم الاةاني. سةجلت 5 معامل المحراا القراي العري متوس طول ) (90.75, 86.5cm في الموسةمين الأول و الاةاني علي التوالي. معاملة المحةراا الحفةار أعيةت اعلةي متوسة للخلةف ) (2, 1.75 للموسةمين علةي التةوالي بينمةا سةةجلت معاملةة المحةةراا القراةةي العةةري ) 1.25 ( ادنةةي نسةةره فةةي الموسةةم الأول والاةةاني علةةي التوالي. عند حساب احتياجات قدرط السحب سجلت معامل المحراا الحفار 17.21kw عند عمق 77 سم بينما احتياجةات ألقةدر للمحةراا القراةي العةري عنةد عمةق 8 سةم كانةت 11.66kw احتياجةات قةدرط السحب لآل المق القراي عند عمق 10cm سجلت 9.99kw