كلية علوم المختبرات الطبية
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Item Assessment of mosquito fauna and mosquito borne parasitic diseases in Merowe dam area(Al Neelain University, 2011-11) Mohammed Medani Eltayeb AbdullahIntroduction Merowe dam is located in the Northern State of Sudan across the River Nile. It is situated between 16°-32° N and longitudes 30-32°E. The dam is a hydroelectric and irrigation scheme that may probably develop climatic and environmental changes which might have profound impact on the vectors and vector borne diseases in the area not only by the echo changes but also through the new labors and settlers. The present study aimed to identify the mosquito fauna in Merowe dam area, with special emphasis on seasonality, density, diversity, and distribution. The study aimed also to study the distribution of each Plasmodium species in the population of the area and to investigate the possibility of the presence of Wuchzmria hancrofli prevalence in the mosquitoes and population as well. Material and Methods: A total of 260 volunteers (64.2% of them were females; age ranged between 10 and 92 years) were selected by systematic random sampling method. Demographic and socioeconomic data were obtained using predesigned structured questionnaire. Blood samples were taken on filter papers for screening of Plasmodiimz spp and Wucheraria bnncrofti DNA using real time PCR. Adult mosquitoes were collected, during the dry and the wet seasons, using Madani’s Electric Trap (newly invented) for outdoor collection, whereas knock- down technique and Modified Medani's Aspirator were used for the indoor mosquito collection. Of these, 800 mosquitoes were identified as Culex (700 were Cx. qlainquefaciatus, 60 were Cx. pipiens, and 40 were Cx. univetatas), and examined, in pools of 20 samples each, for identification of Wucheraria bancrofti using real- time PCR. The remaining of the adults mosquitoes were used for the characterization of the mosquitoes Fauna in the area. Other 300 Culicinae mosquitoes were identified as fed-mosquitoes after eye inspection of the abdomen. Blood samples were collected from the abdomen of each fed-mosquito and processed for identification of its origin (human / un- human) using FOB methods. The larvae were randomly collected using dippers, larvae nets, and pipette. Some of the collected larvae were reared in emergency cages for further confirmation. Standard keys including software keys were used for adult and larvae identification. Results The analysis of the genomic DNAs obtained from 260 healthy volunteers, were positive for Plnsmodium spp in 135 cases (51.9%). Of these, P. falciparum spp was seen in 121 (89.9%), while P. vivrzx in only 2 cases (1.5%), and mixed infection was seen in 12cases (8.9%). The PCR analysis showed positive Wuchemrirz bancrofti in 3 cases out of 260, whereas the analysis of the 800 Culex mosquitoes showed the presence of Wucheraria bancrofii in 2 pools of Culex quinquefacintus. The result showed that Anopheles umbiensis, Culex quinquefncintus Cx. univittutus, Cx. Pipiens were the common species in the study area with variable prevalences with no significant variation . Blood meal analysis during dry season showed that 91.1% of Culex quinquefasciatus, and 75% of Culex pipiens were anthropophagic. During the wet season, the results showed 89.7% Culex quinquefasciatus, 88% Culex pipiens, and 100% Culex univittntus. Conclusion An. Dthali and Aedes agypti were identified in the area for the first time. The results of the study showed that An. arahiensis is the predominant anopheline species, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus is the predominant Culicinae spp. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species detected in the study population, P.vivax has been identified for the first time including mixed infection with P. falcipurum in 8.9% of the study population. Wucheraria brmcrofti has been detected for the first time in both human subjects and Culex mosquito. Malaria positive cases were less among people who use a mosquito net and there is also a positive relation between fever and malaria detection. The above results strongly suggested slight, but evident, changing in the mosquito Fauna, arrival of new type of mosquitoes and their borne parasitic diseases that may require control preventive measures in the future.