مجلة النيلين لعلوم الارض
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Item Determination of Hydrogeological Parameters of Alluvial and Disa Sandstone Aquifers of West Darfur State, Western Sudan(Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals, 2019) Khalid M. M. Ali, Abdalla E. El Sheikh; Sami O. H. El KhidirThe study area concerns with the hydrogeological parameters of the alluvial aquifer and Disa Sandstone aquifer in West Darfur State, western Sudan. The western Darfur region is characterized by steeply slope topography of crystalline basement complexes terrain; hence, the bulk of surface water lost due to surface runoff and evaporation resulted in extremely shortage in water supply. The objectives of the current study are to investigate the water - bearing formations in order to define aquifers parameters and to assess water levels fluctuations in alluvial sedimentary aquifer systems. In this study the determination of hydrogeological parameters of alluvial and Disa Sandstone aquifers supported with the digital image processing of remotely sensed data, GIS - spatial analysis are applied to satisfy the requirements of the objectives. The Disa sandstone Formation covers an area of 300 km2 in West Darfur and extends into Chad. Approximately, the transmissivity values of alluvial deposits vary from 15 m2/d to 32 m2/d and sandstone varies between 15 m2/d, and 32 m2/d with average value of 18 m2/d. The specific yield in the alluvial aquifer ranges between 6% to 28%. The transmissivity (T) for Disa Sandstone is ranging from 17 m2/d to 88 m2/d with average value of 43 m2/d, while the specific yield for this aquifer ranges between 21% and 27% in Disa Sandstone. The boreholes drilled in Disa Sandstone reaches the Basement Rocks at depths range from 70m to 145m from the surface.Item Calibration of geo-electrical measurements using borehole data for groundwater investigation in basement rocks in Wadi Orshab watershed, Red Sea State, Sudan(Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals, 2019) Mohammed Noor M. H. Hassan, Abdalla E. M. El Sheikh; Khalid A. Elsayed ZeinelabdeinOrshab is a well-known gold prospective area in the Red Sea Hills of NE Sudan. Mining industry is now rapidly growing in this part of Sudan. Orshab watershed represents a main source of safe water for the mining companies as well as for artisanal miners and local people. Despite this fact, the area suffers from acute shortage in fresh water supply, since the area is mostly covered by crystalline basement rocks. Therefore, the overall objective of the present study is to investigate the groundwater occurrence in terms of the depth and thickness of viable aquifer using geophysical methods supported by some borehole lithological data. This requires appropriate and efficient techniques suitable for finding groundwater in such challenging conditions. Traditionally, electrical resistivity methods are generally used in similar investigations. In fact, resistivity measurements cannot be related directly to the lithological type in the subsurface without sampling or support of other geophysical or lithological data. Moreover, depth to the water bearing formation is not accurately estimated through the resistivity methods. Accordingly, the need for calibration of the measured values is crucial in this case. To this end, two VESs were measured close to productive boreholes situated within the investigated area. The extracted information from the interpretation of the two VESs supported by borehole lithological data revealed that the depth of the geo-electric layer is equal to AB/2. Accordingly, this finding will be used in the interpretation of the all the VESs acquired within wadi Orshab. Twenty-five Vertical Electrical Sounding measurements were recorded. The interpretation of these data revealed the presence of different geo-electric layers in the sub-surface. The geo-electric layers are topsoil and alluvial deposits. The top layer was found to have resistivity varying from 1997ohm-m - 27 ohm-m. Its thickness was found to be around 5m. The second and third layers have thicknesses ranging from 2m to 10 m and from 20 m to 45 m, respectively overlying the basement. The present study showed that two types of water bearing formations are present within the watershed: alluvial deposits and weathered basement. The maximum depth of aquifer in the investigated area was found to be 65 m approximately. Therefore, this is the recommended depth for drilling any new boreholes for sustainable water supply in Wadi Orshab. The obtained results from the calibration of the acquired data enhanced the interpretation of the resistivity data and produced depth estimations that are very close to the actual depth. Consequently, this method should be used in area with similar geological setting.Item Assessment of Serum levels of Calcium, Phosphorous and Zinc Levels Amange Sudanese Cigarette Smokers in Gazira State(Al-Neelain University, 2019-06) Alawad Alwasila Ahmad AliAbstract Background: Across sectional study conducted in Khartoum state from October 2018 to May 2019. Aim to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on calcium, phosphorous and zinc level in Sudanese smokers. Materials and Methods: This study 100 subject were chosen for determination of plasma calcium, phosphorous and zinc level,50 were smokers and 50 apparently healthy non smoker servers as control group for compression. The plasma calcium and phosphorous were estimated by spectrophotometer while zinc was estimated by atomic absorption. Results: Analysis showed that three is significantly decrease in mean value of serum calcium in smokers when compared with control group with p value 0.000. There was significantly negative correlation between calcium level and smoking duration with ( P value 0.028 R value -0.310). Also the study showed phosphorous result was normal in smoker when compared with non smokers group with (p value0.992). Also the study showed significantly decrease on serum zinc level in smoker when compared to nonsmoker group with (p value 0.000) there was significantly negative correlation between zinc level on smokers and duration with (p value 0.000, R value -0.322) Conclusion: According to the result of this study the serum calcium and zinc were significantly decrease on cigarette smoker when compared to nonsmoker while serum phosphorous was insignificantly change on cigarette smoker when compared to nonsmokers. Item Lithofacies analysis and depositional model of the Late Quaternary sediments of southeast Atbara River, East– Central Sudan(2018-12-30) Madibbo A. M. Ahmed; Ali A. M. Eisawi; Robert Bussert; Ronny SchomackerThe Quaternary sediments of the lower reaches of Atbara River in southeast Atbara town, East- Central Sudan have been investigated. The aim is to study the palaeo-environmental and palaeo-climatic changes that took place in the area during Late Quaternary time, using evidence from sediments and fossils association. Three vertical sedimentary profiles were measured and five sedimentary depressions have been studied. Five lithofacies have been recognized: massive sandstone (Sm), planar cross-bedded sandstone (Sp), horizontal bedded sandstone (Sh), massive siltstone lithofacies (Fsl) and paleosol (P). The identified lithofacies exhibit extensive bioturbation representative of typical sand ridge, shoreline, near shoreline and lake shrinkage deposits of Atbara Palaeolake during Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene; being totally dry by the end of middle Holocene. Grain size analysis, binocular microscopic analysis and bulk XRD mineralogical analysis have been carried out. Grain size analysis results showed a fluvio-lacustrine setting for the Atbara sediments. Binocular microscopic study and bulk XRD mineralogical analysis signify considerable amounts of kaolinites and k-feldspars which reflect warm and humid climate. A shift to semi-arid and arid climate by mid Holocene is supported by the widespread deposition of calcretes and carbonate concretions in the upper part of most of the studied depressions. The presence of opal clasts within the studied sandy sediments suggests that the source area could be the Ethiopian highland. Two hundred specimens of Late Quaternary molluscs and mammals remains have been collected and studied. The molluscs are dominated by Corbicula spp. and Anadonta grandis, which are excellent colonizers of Late Quaternary freshwater lakes. Faunal remains such as bones, jaws and teeth of subfamily Bovinae, task of hippopotamus and turtles suggest the occurrence of grassland savannah, which contained a major lake..Item Digital Image Processing of Landsat 8 and Spectral Analysis of ASTER data for Mapping Alteration Minerals, Southern Hamisana, NE Sudan(Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals, Al Neelain University, 2018) Elsheikh Edrees A.H. Omer, Khalid A. Elsayed ZeinelabdeinThe study area lies in the southern part of the Hamisana Shear Zone (HSZ), within the Nubian Shield as a transitional area between Gebeit and Gabgaba terrains. The objective this work is to use remote sensing and GIS techniques for geological mapping and prospecting for gold mineralization in the study area. A set of four Landsat 8 scenes has been mosaicked and subset to obtain a full coverage of the study area, in addition to subset of ASTER (AST_L1T) as semi-hyperspectral data for spectral analysis. The geological mapping was carried out based on interpretation of enhanced satellite image and field work. The study area is dominated by metavolcanic assemblage ranging from basic to acid in composition. The Meta volcano-sedimentary include dacite, andesite, greywacke, meta-conglomerate, rhyolite and basalt, and mafic-ultramafic rock with less common other volcanic varieties. These layered meta-volcano-sedimentary sequences are intruded by the syn-to late-orogenic and post-organic igneous intrusions. Different digital image processing techniques (True and false color combinations and image ratio) have been applied in this work in order to increase the discrimination between various lithological units and to delineate alteration zones which represent possible target zones for gold mineralization. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) yielded saturated images that are more interpretable than the original data, especially for discriminating between metavolcanic and metasediments. The sultan ratio image was used in this work for lithological discrimination to help in geological mapping. Mapping hydrothermal alterations products associated with gold mineralization has been conducted through the spectral analysis of semi-hyperspectral ASTER data, where the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) technique has been used to identify the alteration minerals related gold mineralization, such as kaolinite, muscovite, dolomite, hematite, and Buddingtonite. The result of the spectral analysis of ASTER data indicated the probable target zone of alteration related to mineralization existing in the study area. Moreover, many exploration targets have been identified within the study area on the basis of the results of the spectral analysis. The targets are represented mostly by gold-bearing quartz veins.Item Geo-environmental Risks Assessment along Abu Hamad-Karima Proposed Road, River Nile and Northern States, Sudan(Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals, Al Neelain University, 2018) Esamaldeen Ali, Mahamoud M. ShoaibRecently, the Sudanese government proposed to construct a 230 km new highway that will link River Nile and Northern States which represented by Abu Hamad and Karima city respectively. In fact, better engineering design of road requires better knowledge to characterize, monitor and assess geological and environmental hazards along the road and then mitigate their risks during constructions. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the surface and subsurface geological and structural conditions and try to identify the risks and effects of the geohazards in order to assess the suitability of the site to construct the road. In this study four geo-environmental factors have been adopted, which include sand activity, structural lineaments; drainage pattern and the Lake of Merowe Dam inundation through paleo-channels. An integrated remote sensing, (GIS), geological, structural and environmental investigations were conducted in this study. The analysis and interpretations of all available data show that the proposed road passes through medium to low risk zones. Hence, in order to significantly reduce construction costs, subsequent maintenance costs and to mitigate future geohazards, this study recommended that the proposed road way should be re-aligned in order to avoid endangered locations or put the above factors under consideration when constructing the road.Item Site Selection of Wastewater Treatment Plant using RS/GIS data and Multi- Criteria Analysis (MCA): Case Study Omdurman City, Khartoum State, Sudan(جامعة النيلين, 2017) Omer O. A. Abdalla; Sami O. H. El KhidirAbstract: Omdurman city is one of the biggest cities in Sudan in term of area and population. The city witness a rapid growth of population coupled with huge aerial expansion. This situation creates big environmental complications and hazards. One of biggest pollution issues in the city is the lack of modern and efficient Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). The purpose of this study is to build a decision making model for selecting the optimal site for a WWTP utilizing the remote sensing and GIS data and analysis coupled with the Multi- Criteria Analysis (MCA). The utilized data comprise the remote sensing data of optical multispectral satellite imageries and the digital elevation model coupled with vector data of land used and land cover (LU/LC) layers. Various positive and exclamations criteria have been built from the RS/GIS data, while the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to apply the weights for each criterion and sub criterion, in order to get the best result and find the optimal site. The obtained result presents three sites of high weights in the main criteria and lows in exclamation ones representing in-preferable sites; the sites are ranked as the first, second and third rank, which are located in the west, south and north of Omdurman city, respectively. Each of the three sites contains subzones of very suitable, suitable and unsuitable, where the first site renders high suitability over the others. Although all aims are achieved in this study, but there are still some limitations in different perspectives of the study such as details of data, determining the criteria and weights, which can be overcome by utilizing a high spatial resolution RS/GIS data to improve the MCA studies.Item Depth Estimation of the Magnetic Sources in Muglad Rift Basin Using 3D Analysis of High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data(جامعة النيلين, 2017) Khalid M. KheirallaAbstract The integrated approach, using multi-source geophysical data in order to constrain the 3D geometry and the structure of the Muglad Basin in Sudan. Muglad Basin has a huge potential for oil exploration. In the Garaad area, very near-surface basic igneous sills/flows lies within the sedimentary sections. The presences of these sub-surfaces volcanics avert exploration by usual geophysical surveys and might have degraded potential hydrocarbons. Aircraft “high-resolution magnetic gradient” surveyed to provides a good indication of the distribution and relative depths of near-surface volcanics in the study area. One of the main objectives of the interpretation was to map the distribution of the volcanics, with particular emphasis on identifying areas of very near surface and relatively thick units. Interpretation of the magnetic data in the Garaad area has produced a thematic map of the distribution of volcanics useful for the planning of future drilling. Local wavenumber, horizontal and vertical derivatives, analytic signal, 3D Euler deconvolutions and convolution filtering provide a characterization of structural domains and allow us to estimate the depths of the magnetic sources. Using Convolution filtering out the lineament analyses two main structural directions is mapped in the study area with combined these results from gravimetric anomalies analysis, Landsat data processing and quantitative DEM analysis in order to generate precise structural maps of the basin. The structural content of surface data (DEM and remote sensing data) combined with 3D geophysical modelling allowed us to produce a very precise model of the geometry and structure of the basin, prerequisite for the exploitation of potential oil reservoirs.Item Litho-Tectonic Evolution around Third Cataract, Sudan: An integrated Remote Sensing, Lithological, Structural and Geochemical Approaches(جامعة النيلين, 2017) Esamaldeen Ali; Mohamed Y. Abdegalil; Abu Elhassan Musa; Nuha E. MohamedAbstract This Study is focused on the geology of the area around the Third Cataract, Sudan. In terms of combined remote sensing, petrological, structural and geochemical criteria this article presents detailed lithological and tectonic evolution of this region. For preliminary visual interpretation of the different lithological units and structural elements a digital image processing has been applied using Landsat 8 OLI images that are verified by precise ground truthing. Petrography, geological and structural field relationships have led to preliminary classification of rock units into: Undifferentiated orthogneisses and migmatites; Low to medium-grade metavolcano-sediments; Syn-orogenic intrusions; Late to post-orogenic intrusions; Cretaceous sandstone formation; Cainozoic volcanics and Quaternary to Recent sediments. Geological map has been created at scale of 1:75,000. In this study, three deformation episodes are identified (D1, D2 and D3), where D1 is associated with the formation of tight to isoclinal recumbent fold (F1) with north-dipping fold plane and sub horizontal trending axes verging to the east. Deformation took place in green schist-facies rocks that is thought to be related to the arc-accretion event. D2 gave rise to open upright fold (F2) which folded the axial surfaces of (F1) with fold axes plunging gently to the NNW. NNW–SSE sinistral strike slip movement is a main characteristic of D3 deformation. The geochemical results show a clear calc-alkaline trend of the metavolcanics units that were derived from volcanic arc magmas. Whereas the granitic rocks classify as calc-alkaline metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, and is considered as I-type granites. Rb versus (Y+Nb) discrimination diagram indicates volcanic arc granites.Item Geophysical perspective of the Red Sea basin based on Allatra Physics(جامعة النيلين, 2017) Andreeva Olga; Boris KashirinAbstract Global climate change is one of the most important international problems of the 21st century. The overall rapid increase in the dynamics of cataclysms, which have been observed in recent decades, is particularly alarming. Today, there is a big risk of misunderstanding and underestimation of all the factors and the scale of influence of various cosmic and geological processes on the global climate change on Earth. Just a while ago, at the end of the 20th century, some scientists put forward various hypotheses and theories about gradual climate change. But in practice everything turned out to be somewhat different.