أداب - دكتوراه
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Item الصراع الدولي على البحر الاحمر ومراحله خلال الفترة من 1839-1944(alneelain, 2014) أحمد محمد أحمد مركزItem علاقة الدولة العثمانية بالعرب في بلاد الشام بين عامي 1876 - 1924(جامعة النيلين, 2000) محمد علي الاحمدItem الفكر السياسي للدولة المهدية في السودان (1298 - 1315 هـ / 1881 - 1898 م)(جامعة النيلين, 2006) اسامة عبدالله محمد الامينThis study dealt with the political thought of the Mahadiya’s State in the Sudan. It aims at discovering its ignored realities which claimed for an Islamic society similar to that of our prophet Mohammed era. ’ Dealing with the study data, the researcher depended upon: Mahadiya’s documents gathered from the Sudan Documentation Centre, secondary sources and unprinted thesis and from English references that are related to the Mahadiya. This study consists of four chapters arranged as follows: Chapter one was about the Mahadiya in the Sudan: its foundation, its wide spread and concluded with Almahadi’s bibliography and culture. Chapter two dealt with the Mahadiya State and the essence of its political thought. It also dealt with its laws and its religious thought to purify the Sudanese society. Chapter three was about the Mahadiya’s development. It dcalt with its ruling time, its main bottles against Turkish-Egyptian soldiers and finally showed the main reasons of its success in the Sudan. Chapter four dealt with the Mahadiya’s political thought. It emphasized the ways of choosing “Khalifa”, organizing soldiers and creating equalization among society through the Mahadiya’s laws to purity the Sudanese society. The end of this chapter led the researcher to talk about the explanation of the Mahadiya’s system of “shura”. Then finally the researcher came to set out the conclusion in which he or she wrote the recommendation and the results.Item الاسماعيليون في بلاد الشام على عصر الحروب الصليبية 491 - 691 ه = 1097 - 1291م(جامعة النيلين, 1975) عثمان عبد الحميد محمد عشريItem نشأة حي الموردة بأمدرمان وتطوره ودوره في الحركة الوطنية 1924 - 1956(جامعة النيلين, 2003) آمال محمد سعد النور موسىIn the name of god The compassionate and The most merciful Summary of the research: This study is about al-maoreda area, which is considered as one of Oumdurman ( al-bougaa) residential area, because it distinguished from other extensions that were established in Oumdurman during mahadya especially since Khartoum was cenqured and the trencher of AL- mahadi from his camp at Abu- saed south of Oumduraman.Therefore Oumdurman became the capital of AL-mahadya a state .Thus many extensions were established as a care for modern Oumdurman in 1885 such as: AL- Molazmeen, Biet al—mal,wad~nubawi, Al-aurda, Al-maurda, Bane and hay AL-arab. The study concentrated initially on the rise of Oumdurman in different historical periods since the Christian period, Foung, Turkish period until the establishment of Oumdurman in 1885. Also, the study focused on the tripes and ethnic groups that formed the society of Oumdurman in general especially after the process of emigration of large number of tribes to Oumdurman. These tribes constituted the ethnic elite for Oumdurman. Also let to establishment of some residential areas such as AL—mourda our scape of study . . The study discussed the setting up of AL—mourda harbor during AL-Mahadya, and it’s vital role in economy in AL-mahadya state "through its contribution in supplying Biet AL-mal, because for income generated by revenues of boats, exports and imports and many others. That is, it was as internal port of Sudan in general and for Oumdurman particularly during AL-mahadya period. The study also included the development of AL-maurda during British-Egyptian rule and its social and cultural role through literature, art, sport and other features that uncharacterized the extension. ' The study farther discussed the role of AL—mourada during the national movement 1924-1956 and British-Egyptian policy through the a agreement of condominium rule 1989 and it’s features in Sudan . also the. rise of Sudanese nationalism and it’s stance from colonizers (English), besides the periods and levels of 1924 revolution, Sudanese white and flag society and the relation between Ali Abd AL-lateef and the Sudanese white flag society with Egypt besides its activity in revolutionary work, together with it’s demonstrations and armed revolutions against the colonizer. Similary, reference will be made for some leaders such as Ali Abd AL-lateef and Abd AL—fadeel Almaz and many other of writers and poets such as khaleel Farah and others of musicians and party leaders such as Mr. AL-fayl and , abd-AL-rehman shawgi . There was also reference for the Sudanese national song which supported the revolutionary work, for it’s a mixture and combination of emotion and enthusiasm, the situation which led to increased in Sudanese society. The study is included with the stance of both graduates and extension from the 1936 treaty and it’s importance from political dimensions. Then the recommendations, references in this study.Item العلاقات السودانية الكونغولية (1956 - 1984) م(جامعة النيلين, 2008) سمية آدم إبراهيمAbstract The Sudanese Congolese relation are deemed to be one of the most special in the foreign affairs domain these relations were represented in good tenns neighborhood relationship and being committed to the principles and decisions of the international organizations exemplified for by the African unity organization and the united nations. Nevertheless these relations were lit intermittently vitiated by some discrepancies. i . ~' ,.\g,0_;Jl4,}M §,mSiidai1 was one of the pioneer countries that had established bilateral Z Congo state. lt has also supported it in the international area pertaining to its conflicts with the white mercenaries and the foreign interventions. The duration covered by the research which amounts to twenty eight years is one of the richest periods witnessingvidiversified incidents and governments such as the national govemment 1956-1958, followed by the I ~ ik i first military regional (the November coup 1958-1964). '1hen follows the duration 01' October revolution extending 1964-1969 paving the way for the second military regime to represented in may coup 1969-1984. By the same taken Congo had witnessed many incidents and developments that commenced by its independence, the national movements, the civil war era, conflicts related to ruling the country and the internal riots that occurred immediately after the independence on 3O/6/ 1960. Till Moboto seized and took control on 25/l l/l965. The duration of his rule extended for 32 years through which he was contemporary to most ol’ the regions that ruled Sudan_ The bilateral relations between the two countrie/s wavered between strong and powerful to weak and tepid relationships which were vitiated by some strain and tensions created by the conflicts and intervention in the intemal affairs. Sudan and Congo have good neighborhood bonds in addition to the ethnic, cultural and social inter connection and interrelations. This has been realized through the admixing and unification of the kinship ties between the southern boards tribes (e.g the Zandie and the Kakwa) as and example, a fact that a nisted in auginenting and deepening the relationships betweeml thertwo countries. - i l " The two countries diligently worked on ameliorating and developing their bilateral relation through entering into economic, cultural, political security and military agreements in addition to participating in the international conl’erences for the whole purpose of augmenting and developing these relations targeting at the mutual interests of these two, brotherly countries. '- - __ _ ‘This is the first academic study controlled by precise scientificl restraints all throughout Sudan. The study elaborates with precision and subjectivity on the Sudanese Congolese relationships for the mere purpose of gap filling to complete the researches pertaining to the relationships of the series of the adjacent countries neighboring to the Sudan republic.Item الجمهورية الطرابلسية 1918 - 1923 ( ظروف نشأتها وانظمتها ونهايتها)(جامعة النيلين, 2006-06) يونس حسن محمد عبدالرحمنAbstract This study (Tripoli Republic 1918-1923) aims to illustrating the idea and the emergence of the republic. It will concentrate on the circumstance which led to its declaration. Also, it will explore the Republic's systems, institution, the causes of its fall and end; and the destiny of its leaders . l The idea of the Tripoli republic seems to be a pioneering political and practical work in the prevailing circumstances in Western Tripoli (Tepolisi Al-gharb) in all the Middle East Region and the Arab World. The idea is generally an advanced on which irritated the surrounding systems including Italy which did not know the republican system until the end of the World War II 1945. The establishment of the Republic in Tripoli was very fast. It occurred after the defeat of the ottoman empire in World War I, and the ratification of Madrous agreement in (October 1918) by which the empire surrendered the religious authorities which connected it to the Tripoli Republic . This occurred after it withdrew its forces fi"om Tripoli afiermath of the ratification of Lou sane treaty ( October 1912). This proves that there was a great political awareness, which was enjoyed by the national leaders. They also had a desire in gaining independence and liberation which indicates to the promotion of their ambitions. Especially, this case was timed with the appearance of the USA president Wilson principles (Wilson’s Fourteen points). These principles supported the right of the people to self determination which was projected by the end of the World War I. By their long straggle and persistence the leaders of the republic endured bitter fighting since the beginning of Italian envision. The Government the of Libyan fighters (AL Mujahideen) or the Tripoli state was declared in November 1912. These leaders succeeded in announcing the republic of Tripoli in general national Conference. This conference was attended by the indigenous leaders and Sheikhs of Tripoli region. The government of the republic was chosen from four members (Ramadan Al-sowaihly, suliman Al-Barooni, Abdel Nabi Bilkhier, and Ahmed Al- Mriyad). The 'Shura' Council was also formed of twenty-four members and four members were chosen for the Republican Legitimate Council. Despite of the ruthless suppression of the Italian authorities which executed a policy of divide and rule and the containment of the Libyans, the Libyan leaders managed to gain the recognition of the Tripoli Republic after long negotiations. They even got a constitution and they also formed the central reform party, under the leadership of Ahmed Al-Mriyad, in September 1919. Then, the central reform organization was announced, after the conference of Gherian in November 1920. At Sert conference in January 1922 efforts were made to unify the national powers on Tripoli and Cyrenica. The Tripoli leaders took the pledge of loyalty to the Prince Mohamed Idris Al-sanousi of Cyrenica to be the head of the state. This unified the national confrontation movement and established a political federation between the east and west of the country under one leadership. The short period of the republic and its rapid end was a result of many conditions and factors which surrounded it and led to its tennination. One of these factors was the disagreement of leaders about the choice of depriving the republic from foreign support and none recognition by the European states- In addition to the policy of divide and rule which was applied by Italy and in 1922 the renewal of its military operations. The study falls into five chapters with a preface, a conclusioin, appendixes. The first chapter is an introductory one, the second deals with the topic. . .etc. CItem بيت المقدس في القرن الحادي عشر الهجري / السابع عشر الميلادي(جامعة النيلين, 2006) إبراهيم حسني صادق ربايعهItem التكالب الاستعماري الأوروبي على شرق أفريقــيا ووسطها (1884 – 1899م )(جامعة النيلين, 2009) بيـتر أتيم دينق يـوممستخلص البحــث يناقش هذا البحث التكالب الأوروبي على موارد وإنسان شرق ووسط أفريقيا في الفترة ما بين 1884- 1899م واستعرض الباحث فيه العوامل السياسية والاقتصادية والدينية والثقافية والإستراتيجية التي أدت إلى الاحتلال الاستعماري الأوروبي لمنطقة شرق ووسط أفريقيا. وتطرقت الدراسة بصفة خاصة إلى تجارة الرقيق وموقف بعض الدول الاوروبية لمحاربتها والآثار السلبية التي تركتها هذه التجارة على القارة الأفريقية والافارقة الى جانب النتائج التي ترتبت عليها تجارة الرقيق آنذاك . ثم تناولت الدراسة الصراع السياسي الاستعماري الذي مرت به المنطقة، والفكرة التي تم تبنيها في اروقة مؤتمر برلين في الفترة مابين (1884-1885م) على اعتبار أنها حلقة من حلقات تقسيم القارة الافريقية نظرياً وعملياً، (رسمياً، وفعلياً) حيث صدر بموجبها عدد من القواعد والمراسيم الدولية لحكم القارة . كما أوضحت الدراسة نظم الإدارة الأوروبية في المستوطنات الأفريقية ودور الشركات الاستعمارية التي كانت تمثل شكلاً أخر من أشكال الاستعمار لأفريقيا، حيث أفرزت هذه المواقف المغايرة للافارقة حتى اتخذوا موقفاً عكسياً وفضلوا الكفاح أمام القوة الأوروبية الاحتلالية الاستعمارية وبدأوا ينظرون اليهم منذ قدومهم الى افريقيا نظرة عدائية. وبذا توحدت شعوب القارة الأفريقية ضد القوة المستعمرة من أجل الدفاع وحماية بلادهم من التدخل الأوروبي واستغلال أراضيهم ومواردهم الطبيعية والبشرية في آن واحد. وأخيراً .. تناولت الدراسة النتائج التي ترتبت على نظام الإدارة الأوروبية من المساوئ والمحاسن منذ الوهلة الأولي ابتداءً بالجشع والقسوة والمعاملة الوحشية للأفريقيين الوطنيين، ولكن تغير ذلك مع مرور الزمن حيث تضمنت الإدارة الأوروبية للأفريقيين عدة محاسن وخاصة في مجال الخدمات التعليمية والخدمات الصحية والطبية بالرغم من بروز بعض أشكال التمييز العنصري، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على أهم المراجع العربية والأجنبية المتاحة للدارسين. Abstract This research tackles the European scramble for human and natural resources of eastern and central Africa for the period (1884-1899 A.d), in which the researcher has explored political, economic, religious, cultural and strategic factors which prompted the European occupation and colonization of eastern and central Africa regions. This study also illuminated explicitly the salve trade and the stand of some European countries in combating this phenomenon and its subsequent negative impacts, it as well examined the colonial political conflict experience in this area and the ideology adopted during the Berlin conference (1884-1885), which was viewed as a one sequence of dividing the Africa continent theoretically and practically (formally and actually), in that convention a number of international rules and decrees to govern the continent were issued. Similarly, this study explained European systems of administration in Africa townships and the role of colonial companies which was another form of colonization in Africa, an issue which evoked a resistant position of Africans and they preferred a struggle against European occupational and colonial powers which were considered enemies from the time they entered into Africa. Hence, African peoples united themselves to thrust the colonial powers away and to prevent European intervention and exploitation of their human and natural resources. Finally, this study reviewed subsequent consequences of the European administration system in regards to it’s advantages and disadvantage. For instance, African nations were brutally treated from the beginning of the colonial era, but as time passed the European administration yielded some advantages to the African peoples most specifically in areas of educational services, medical and health services despite the emergence of some racial discrimination. This study relied mostly on available and accessible Arabic and foreign references.