PHDtheses :Petroleum

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COASTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND - PILLING FOUNDATION DESIGN, AREA BETWEEN PORT — SUDAN AND SAUKIN RED SEA, SUDAN
(Al Neelain University, 205-08) OMAR ATTAJ OMAR AL-IMAM
A combination studies had been done to put the area under investigation in focus for the future population pressure and economical development activities in engineering planning view. All the data was processed by Rock Ware 2002 , 2004 and Auto Cad in 2D, 3D models. This study including very important infonnations about the area such as geomorphologic features, hydrological process and marine conditions. The geological setting shows different geological environments such as sabkhas, salt marshes and transitional zone between land and marine environments. Coral reef, shoreline conﬁguration and continental shelf were studying from a geological point of view included onshore sites. Stratigraphically, Port-Sudan region consist of four layers, Dama Dama two layers and Saukin characterized by unhomogenatic stratigraphical formation. Two facies forming the stratigraphy sequences on the continental shelf which are residual soil and coral reef limestone. The later one was classiﬁed in all sites by weathering grade. The study shows that the area is rich in raw building materials which characterized by good chemical, physical and geotechnical speciﬁcations. Sand, gravel, building stones and carbonate limestone were tested for grain size distribution, densities, Califomia bearing capacity, aggregate test, crushing value, impact value, point load and unconﬁned compressive strength. The geochemical analysis of subsurface soils and intruded sea water covered all the hazardous cations and anions and clariﬁed the interaction between them.
The Hydrogeology Of Jebl Mara Area With Special Emphasis On Water Quality,Western Sudan
(Al Neelain University, 2004) Sami Hashim Mohamed Mahmoud
The study area situated between longitude 24°.00'—25°.00' east and latitude l2°.30' and l4°.OO' north. The aim of the study is to cover the geology, hydrology with special emphasis on water quality (qualitative and quantitative). A ﬁeld work was carried out several times to the study area as to collect water samples and ﬁeld observations. Water samples from hand pumps, dug wells, wadis and hot springs were collected from the area in dry and wet season. Physical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses were done in different laboratories by applying standard methods given by A.P.H.A., and A.W.W.A., standard methods. Major cations, some, some trace elements and other water properties were examined for all samples in three recognized laboratories. Seasonal variation (dry & wet) of physico-chemical properties major cations, major anions, some trace elements shown by drawing seasonal variation graphs and aerial distribution maps of all elements. A comparison between water from wadis and hot springs was also done. The study revealed that samples from wells (hand & dug) consists of variable concentrations of ions all of them fall within the permissible limit given by Word Health Organization (W.H.O., 1984) except manganese, total iron zinc concentration were high and above the recommended values. Great deﬁciencies of iodine were detected throughout the study area (low or nil values) in all samples taken. About 95% of samples from wells (hand and dug) classiﬁed as Calcium-Sodium-Bicarbonate-Chloride type, and 5% as Calcium—Magnesium-Bicarbonate-Chloride type .
Evaluation of the Coastal Plain Aquifer Physical Parameters in Gaza Strip
(Al Neelain University, 2005) Samir Khalil Shaath
Gaza Strip like some other parts of the Middle East countries has distinct and serious deﬁcit in water. Currently, there is a water sholftag problem for most of the Gaza Strip’s residents. The quality of consulmfed water has very grave problems, as some bacteriological contamination, lasl well as increase in nitrates and chlorides to levels which already have been above the safety limit. Further more it is forecasted that the quantity of available water, which is already scarce, may drop to incompatible levelsl with an acceptable standard of living, public health, social and economid development in the region. To solve the quantity shortage problem in Gaza Strip, correct data about the physical aquifer parameters should be available. Si-ace; hydrogeological studies about Gaza Strip aquifer are not available; an' accurate scientiﬁc research will present the basis of figuring the aquifer parameters, which may help in calculating the amount of stored water in the aquifer and can be performed in the lield by either direct method, or by indirect method. Every aquifer has its own physical parameters (Characteristics), as Porosity (E), Transmissivity (T), and Storage Coefﬁcient (S), these physical parameters control the ﬂuids passage through the aquifer. To study any aquifer, we must calculate the aquifer phvsical parameters by executing some tests and analyze their results, from these tests the. pumping test can be used. The aim of this research is to ﬁnd some physical characteristics for; the Coastal Plain Aquifer in Gaza Strip. as values for Transmissivity (T) and Storage Coefficient (S). l I This study showed that, the water quantity is decreasing year after year, and the quality of water is in continuous deteriorating. There are some suggestions to increase the water quantity in the reservoir, and it is recommended to decrease the usage of \vater and use the water wisely.
Digital Image Processing of Landsat7 data and GIS Application for Geological Investigation in Jebel Erba Area, _ Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan _
(Al Neelain University, 2006-09) Ibrahim Ahmed Ali Babikir
Digital image ‘processing and Geographic Information System techniques, together with a limited reconnaissance ground truthing, have been used to investigate the geology of the area around J. Erba and J. Oda of the Sudanese‘ Red Sea Hills (RSH). The methodology fulﬁlled and the procedures followed during this study enabled the establishment of geodatabase named GeoRSl-I and the production of two geological maps of scale l:250,000. The area of study occupies the central part of RSH of Sudan that belongs to the Nubian Sector of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). It forms part of the Gebeit terrain that is known to be created among the other four terrains of NE Sudan (Tokar, Heya, Gabgaba and Geri) during the Pan-African event (950-50OMa) due to subduction-related processes and collisional tectonics and sutured together byidismembered-ophiolite belts and major shear zones. The geology of the area comprises high-grade gneisses, volcanosedimentary sequences metamorphosed in the greenschist facies, all intruded by syn and syn-to-late orogenic calc-alkaline intrusives and post-orogenic alkaline bimodal gabbro-granite complexes. The coastal plain is geologically characterized by Cenozoic siliciclastic and shallow marine rift- related sedimentary sequences. Pliocene-Pleistocene is represented by the thick older gravel unit and the emergent linear reef terraces. I - - i Several digital image processing techniques have been implemented to enhance the Landsat7 ETM+ digital satellite data. A Digital mosaic that covers almost all the Sudanese Red Sea Hills has been created using nine Landsat7 scenes. A 3x3 high-pass ﬁltered color composite image with a central coefﬁcient of 16 proves to create the most optimized images that appear relatively brighter and more saturated. Four color composite triplets of band ratio images; B3/B5, B3/B1, B5/B7; B5/B7, B5/B4, B3/Bl; B5/B7, B5/B1, (B3/B4)(B5/B4) and B5/B7, B3/Bl, B4/B3, have been composed to assist geological mapping. Directed band ratioing of the ratio color composite (B5/B7, B5/B4, B3/Bl) resulted in a well enhanced image that is characterized by satisfying saturated colors,‘ strong retention of ‘topographic expression and well pronounced lithological discrimination. Unstandardized and standardized principal component analyses have been done using the six reﬂected bands as well as a four selected bands. Some of their resulted images show relatively clear Landcover differentiation. Detailed lineaments investigation has been done using high-pass ﬁltered, directional-ﬁltered images as well aslthne DEM. The lineaments ofithe study area show a clear bimodal pattern where a dominant N-S (360° i 10°) and subdominant E-W (90° i 10°) trend. The N-S lineaments are attributed to the shear fracture system that resulted from Heya-Gebeit terrain collisional episode and the NW-SE compressional forces that prevailed during the Neoproterozoic time. The E-W trending lineaments have been interpreted to result from the locally deﬂected, landward extension and propagation of the Red Sea rift-related transform faults. Dykes and dyke swarms present in the study area display a prominent unimodalpattern with a prominent E-W direction. These dykes were probably emplaced during a compressive condition with a minimum principal compressive stress that trends 350°-360°. This direction corresponds to the main direction of the N-S trending Pan‘-African sinistral master faults related to Onib-Sol Hamid and Baraka major shear zones. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data of 90m resolution that covers the study area have been Well utilized. Contour maps, shaded relief images as well as 3D scenes have been deduced from the SRTM data. The 3D scenes enhanced the visualization of the different geospatial data stored in the constructed geodatabase. A GIS-based geodatabase (GeoRSH) has been designed for the study area. It is structured to include all the available spatial data that have been stored in four group layers namely; the Infrastructure, Topography, Geology and Processed Satellite data group layers. GIS cartography has been implemented" to assist the ﬁnal design of the two geological maps of scale l:250,000. The ﬁnal layout of the two maps has been prepared in a GIS framework.
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPLICATIONS IN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING, PROSPECTING FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS AND GROUNDWATER-BERBER SHEET AREA, NORTHERN SUDAN
(Al Neelain University, 2006-09) SAMI OMER HAG EL KHIDIR
The geology of the East Bayuda Desert —Abiydia (Berber Sheet, NE-36-G) area in the north Sudan, has been investigated by means of remote sensing and Geo-Information System (GIS) techniques and limited geotraverses. Digital image processing of Landsat ETM+7 data and geo-spatial analysis were conducted to evaluate the use of remotely sensed data in geological mapping, mineral prospecting and hydrogeological investigation in such arid terranes. The study area represents a part of Bayuda terrane, and comprises Basement Complex rocks of Neoproterozoic age. The lithologies include the high-grade gneisses and migmatites, dismembered ophiolitic basic-ultrabasic rocks, metavolcanosedimentary sequence and supracrustal metasediments. These units have been intruded by syn- to late- and post-orogenic intrusions during and aﬂer the Pan-African orogeny. Phanerozoic sedimentary Formations cover the Basement Complex rocks, which in turn have been covered by Cainozoic basaltic volcanics. Most of these units have been covered in parts by Quatemary Nile silts, alluvial deposits and / or aeolian sand sheets. The East African Orogen has been manifested in the study area. The collision between the west and east Gondwanaland continents resulted in at least ﬁve deformational phases, which can be traced in Satellite image. The three ductile and two brittle deformational phases result from the collision of the Bayuda terrane with Halfa and Gabgaba terranes. The ﬁrst discemible deformational phase displayed by the isoclinal folds with E-W fold axis. These folds were refolded by close folds in NE-SW fold-axis fold. A third phase of open folds refolded the earlier fold with E-W fold axis. The ductile deformation has been followed by brittle deformational phase. The NE-SW trend Nakasib shear affected earlier structures, which in tum has been superimposed by N-S trend Keraf shear zone. Digital image processing was conducted to enhance the visual interpretation of the Landsat ETM+7 data. The IHS (Intensity-Hue —Saturation) transformation of the decorrelated stretched bands yielded an overall good lithologic discrimination. The two colour composite images 7, 4, l and 7, 5, 4 have been decorrelated stretched and then IHS transformed with the panchromatic band. The two colour composite images display well saturated hues and morphological signatures, which make them the best in discriminating various lithological units. The Principal Component transformations yield saturated images and resulted in a higher signal-to — noise ratio when standardized coefﬁcients were used instead of the covariance matrices. Band ratioing images yielded geologically informative images, where both spectral and morphological information are preserved. Selective merged images were used by combined in the red-green-blue colour gun different and theless correlated images from various techniques. Colour composite images Litho-l, Litho-2 and drainage-image have been built. The Litho-1 colour composite image utilizes the PC2 (of the six bands) in red, band ratio 5/7 in green and DC2 (of bands 5, 4 & 3) in blue. The Litho-2 colour composite image utilizes PC2 (of the six bands) in red, DC2 (of bands 5, 4 & 3) in green and band ratio 3/1 *5/7 in blue. The drainage colour composite image utilizes band ratio 5/7, DC2 (of bands 5, 4 & 3), PC5 (of the six bands) in red, green and blue, respectively. These saturated and morphological expressed images display well discrimination ability of diverse lithological unit and structural elements. On the hand the drainage image created by selecting the band ratio 5/7, DC2 (of bands 5, 4 & 3) and PC5 (of the six bands) in the R, G and B, respectively. It was found that this image is superior in delineation the alluvial in the wadies, thus it was used mainly in mapping them. Geological map of Berber Sheet (scale of l:250000) has been produced utilizing the Geo- Berber database. The Geo-Berber includes the digitally processed remotely sensed data, ﬁeld work and structural and petrographical data. These data combined with demographic data. The SRTM data provide the base for the elevation data in the geo-database. The extracted DEM render the 3D terrane visual image that assists the lithological discrimination by its morphological expression. The geo-spatially analysed lineaments data used in the Geo-Berber database have been produced by the spatial and structural analyses of the edge enha.nced- ﬁltered Landsat images. Prospecting for mineral deposits has been exploited using the spectral criteria of the gossans and rock alteration associated with mineralization. The geo-spatially analysed- supervised classiﬁed colour composite images of Crosta (Feature Oriented Principal Components image) and Sabin’s ratio image proved to support the demarcation of the mineralization. The results are found to be controlled with the level of erosion as witnessed in the deeply eroded terranes as in the East Bayuda Desert and Abidiya areas. In the mineralized Ariab-NW Nakasib area that is characterized by low-level of erosion, the technique revealed optimum results in depicting the gossans. This malfunction in the remote sensing-GIS mineral prospecting model can be overcome by combining other geological and structural information in the geo-spatial analysis. A remote sensing-GIS model for depicting fractures and structurally-controlled aquifers in crystalline rocks prove to guide the prospecting of groundwater in Basement Complex terrane of the East Bayuda Desert. Digital image processing, lineament analysis and geo- spatial analysis combined with ground geophysical investigation gave best possible results as documented by the drilling activities.
Assessement of Integrated Geophysical Groundwater Prospecting Methods ON Basement Comiplex Aqutfersin NE Nuba Mountains - Sudan
(جامعة النيلين, 2007) NUHA ELZEIN MOHAMED
.r.;- I r .e | ~ Abstract A _,.~~ Integrated geophysical methods were applied to map the groundwater aquifers on complex geological settings, in the crystalline basement terrain in northeast Nuba Mountains, which are structurally controlled. The water flow is controlled by the northwest-southeast extensional faults as one of several in-situ deformational patterns that are attributed to the collisioniof the Pan-African oceanic assemblage dfthe Nubian shield against the pre-Pan African continental crust to the west. The used assessments are the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), very low frequency-resistivity (VLF-R), and the audio magneto telluric (AMT) soundings, vertical electrical soundings (VES) in addition to water quality analysis and petrophysical measurements. These measurements were designed to be overlapped in order to prove the reproducibility of the geophysical data and to provide better interpretation of the hydrogeological setting in the aquifer complex structure. Different inversion schemes, accomplished by means of a cluster analysis, were attempted for the synthetic and observed ERT data to study their reliability to map the different geometries in the complex subsurface such as fault and graben structures. The sedimentary sequence is not symmetrical due the seasonal variations of the ﬂow direction. Variations of the basement types were also recorded by their resistivity values and consequently their weathered products inﬂuence the water quality. The VLF-R data with Transverse Electric (TE) mode has been collected using the transmission stations GBR, GBZ and RHA of frequencies 16.0, l9.6 and 23.4 kHz respectively and it was two dimension (ZD) laterally-constrained inverted in a smoothly 2D resistivity distribution model after manual incorporation of a priori data . The inverted ERT and VLF-R lines conﬁrmed the fracture zones and the deeper basins. Eight AMT soundings were acquired. True resistivity values and their relevant thickness were calculated and viewed as three dimension (3D) surface images. The VES data was conducted, where ERT survey was not accessible, and inverted smoothly and merged with the ERT in the 3D resistivity grid. Synthetic magnetotellurics MT data enabled us to test the inconsistencies between die interpreted geophysical results and the geologic expectations across AlBetira fold. Hydrochemical analysis (analyses) was applied to 42 water samples collected from the (hand) dug wells in the study area. Extremely high saline zones due to different reasons were recorded. Petrophysical measurements of an artiﬁcial saturated aquifer, using different soil types and various water salinities, provided a range for the porosity, formation factor and resistivity of the bulk formation and the later can be represented in terms of grain size distribution. A combination between the electric conductivity (EC) data and iso-resistivity horizons provides a better resolution of the target aquifer location, type and grain size distribution. The formation factor I was estimated from the EC map and the corresponded bulk resistivity from the depth slices (W) and it varies from 1 to 6.7, except of Abu Gebiha which reaches 18. This result is conﬁrmed by the previous petrophysical measurements and in addition to the water quality analysis, drainage pattems, and faults locations derived from VLF-R and ERT data. New target aquifers were suggested in the north eastem part of Al Terter area and along both Khor Baggara and Khor BanGadid in Al Betira area with respect to the water quality in both localities, and the southem pans of AbuGebiha town is considered as reasonable targets for groundwater supply. ii
Integration of Geophysical Techniques for Archaeological Prospection in Sudan.
(Al Neelain University, 2007-05) Mohamed Abdelwahab Mohamed Ali
The geophysical data in the current study have been measured in four archaeological sites in Sudan. The studied sites include Meroe city, Domat Al-Hamadab, Musawwarat es Sufra and Jebel Barkal. The geophysical methods, which are suitable for each site, were selected on base of the physical contrast of the speciﬁc parameter of each method. This parameter represents magnetic susceptibility in magnetic method, electrical resistivity in resistivity method and dielectric permittivity in ground penetrating radar. The magnetic data in the studied archaeological sites in Sudan have been measured using three different magnetometers. The ﬁrst one (caesium magnetometer with accuracy 1 0.01 nT) measures the total magnetic ﬁelds. The second one (Overhauser magnetometer :t: 0.1 nT) measures the vertical gradient of the total magnetic ﬁeld and the third one (Fluxgate gradiometer :\: 0.1 nT) measures the vertical gradient of vertical component of the magnetic ﬁeld using portable magnetometer/gradiometer. The magnetic surveys were complemented by resistivity mapping to investigate the archaeological features horizontally when these features have contrast in_ the magnetic susceptibility and resistivity to their surroundings. The complementary magnetic and resistivity mapping surveys have been integrated with electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) data, in proﬁles with locations selected on base of the magnetic and resistivity results. The ERI and GPR proﬁles provided complementary information about the variation of the anomalies related to the archaeological features with depth. The integrated interpretation of these methods leads to better understand the target features and accordingly helps the archaeologists witl1 some hints for correct conclusions. The integrated prospection results (chapter 5) convinced the archaeologist to replace some of the archaeological excavation by geophysical surveys to complete the missing parts of the site maps. Test excavations have been carried out for ﬁeld check of the geophysical interpretation. This study shows how it is successful using geophysical processing techniques to improve signals of the geophysical data from archaeological sites so as to extract the maximum information from these data, and then gives better chances for successful interpretations. Basic theory and algorithms of the geophysical methods and processing techniques are used not only for explaining the successful techniques, but also for deﬁning the problematic ones and introducing and recommending methods to overcome the encountered problems. It is demonstrated that geochemical analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements can give some indications for explaining the success and failure of archaeological prospection using magnetic surveys. The magnetic gradient revealed the presence of some fairly clear archaeological building structures in the different studied sites. It is shown that such measurements are more effective to detect the shallow archaeological features than the total magnetic ﬁeld measurements, which enhance the anomalies'of deeper sources. The geochemical analysis and magnetic susceptibility results of the collected samples, which represent the construction and the surrounding materials in the studied sites, indicate that sandstone as non-magnetic material can be detected successfully, when it is embedded in magnetic background. The ﬁred-bricks may have higher magnetic susceptibilities. Therefore, they are shown in the magnetic images very clearly. Depending on the scale of the prospected features, comparison between coarse sampling pattern (e.g. 0.5 m) and ﬁne sampling pattern (0.25 m) has been done. The ﬁrst one was used in the reconnaissance‘ survey, but small-scale sampling pattern was required to resolve the small-scale anomalies more clearly. 3D modeling and inversion of the magnetic data of the studied area have been done using a priori infonnation, which were of great help to select a good starting model for the inversion process and then ending in a plausible model for the modeled anomalies with low rms error. ' 1D vertical electrical sounding (ID-VES) measurements have been used to give general estimation of the vertical extension of the prospected features. Furthermore, it helps to describe geological conditions of the archaeological features and their surroundings. 2D resistivity imaging proﬁles with small electrode- spacing (0.25 m, 0.5 or l m -depending on the scale of target anomalies) have been carried out along locations selected on base of magnetic, 1D-VES and resistivity mapping results. The resistivity inversion results of these proﬁles helped to estimate the vertical extensions of the archaeological targets more precisely. The applicability of combining 2-D electrical resistivity imaging (2D-ERI) proﬁles in 3-D data set for inversion using a 3-D resistivity inversion code is also demonstrated. High frequency (500 MHZ) ground penetrating radar (GPR) replaced 2D-ERI in arid and semi-arid area, where conditions favor the use GPR. The integrated interpretation of these methods leads to better understand the target features and accordingly helps the archaeologists with some hint for correct conclusions. This study can be used to pave the way for an increased use of geophysical techniques in the cultural heritage management of archaeological sites in Sudan.
Groundwater hydrogeological investigation in basement and sedimentary aquifers in El Obeid–Bara area, North Kordofan State; Sudan
(Al-Neelain University, 2008) Ahmed Babiker El Haj
Abstract The study area is situated in the North Kordofan State-western Sudan the region is characterized by semi-arid and poor savannah climatic zone, where acute shortages of water are experienced. The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater quantity and quality, through testing the hydraulic properties of the aquifer and geological setting. Using remote sensing techniques and geophysical electrical methods combined with the hydrogeological methods to study the potentialities of the groundwater resources. The study area is covered by the basement complex (Precambrian age) which is overlain by superficial deposits in the southern part, where the northern part is covered by sedimentary rocks (Tertiary to Quaternary age) under the overburden of superficial deposits. The remote sensing studies were done to define some geological features in the study area. Lineament-length density and frequency ranges from 0.02 to 0.3 km-1, and from 0.01 to 0.19; drainage-length density and frequency are 0.006 to 0.1 km-1, and from 0.004 to 0.06 respectively. Therefore, in the hard rocks terrains based on lineament studies the target zones were indicated by the overlap of the high-intensity lineament contours and the low-intensity drainage contours, and by intersection of a stream channel, that was observed on major lineaments restricted at zones (10, and 11) that provide better targets for groundwater prospecting. The geophysical electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods were applied to define the anomalies, thickness and lateral lithological variation of the sedimentary and basement aquifers. The results show that these methods useful to locating boreholes sites. Geophysical logs (electrical resistivity and self-potential) were applied in five wells located at the sedimentary aquifer in order to provide better guideline for the water bearing formation. The present hydrogeological investigations have revealed two inhomogeneous and anisotropic water-bearing formations: the sedimentary basin consists of two aquifers called upper and lower, mainly comprising of sand and a few amounts of gravels and clays. However, the other aquifer weathered / fractured basement consist of clay and fragment of rocks. The results of pumping test and grain size analysis revealed the variation in hydraulic properties depending on geological formation. Where, the average transmissivity ranges between 124 and 937 m2 /d, hydraulic conductivity was estimated to be 1.8 and 19.5 m/d, and storativity vary from 4.5x10-6 to 1.9x10-3, indicating higher hydraulic XIV properties of the sedimentary aquifer and lower in the basement complex one. The present investigation has brought to light the fact that the area promising in term of groundwater resources estimated to be 52.5x109 m 3 in the sedimentary basin, and 3.1x109 m 3 for basement complex. The fluctuation in the static water level depending mainly on the annual recharge and discharge rates range between 0.5 to 3.0 m. The volume of annual recharge estimated to be 40% with compared to annual discharge. On the other way, the total annual extraction values of groundwater resources equal about 1.3 x109 m 3 , which is more than the annual recovery rates. In term of chemical composition of groundwater, the TDS values range from 300 to 3060 ppm and EC values ranges between 415 and 4400 microohms/cm. Hydrochemical analysis using standard diagrams to classified hydrochemical characteristics of both aquifers. Groundwater is predominantly of sulphate- chloride alkaline-earth water (Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl type) in the basement complex, while Ca-HCO3 to Na-Cl type of hydrochemical facies presented in the sedimentary and it is apparently suitable for drinking demands.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION RELATED TO ANOROGENIC IGNEOUS COMPLEXES OF NORTHERN NUBA MOUNTAINS AND NORTHERN KORDOFAN, SUDAN
(Al-Neelain University, 2008) MOHAMMED YAHYA ABDEL GALIL
Abstract The selected study area is situated in the central Sudan covering the northern part of southern Kordofan and the southern part of Northern Kordofan State. The main focused localities are Ed Dair complex, J. Dumbier, Kortala and Moreib areas to study the economic potentialities of the alkaline ring complexes. Detailed geological mapping and petrography study and field relationships representing these complexes were carried out to be compared and correlated with those complexes surrounding Mazrub and katul areas in Northern Kordofan Province. The eldest basement rocks exposed in north Kordofan are predominantly quartz-feldspathic gneisses, with obvious metasedimentary rocks such as marble, schist, quartzite and calcsilicates. The regional strike of the metamorphic rocks is N to NE. The uplifted domal massifs of the Nuba Mountains consist of older units of gneisses and migmatites, metasedimentary-metavolcanic sequences and syn- to late- orogenic granites. Theses units have been intruded by numerous undeformed younger intrusives, post- orogenic igneous intrusive arranged along regional fracture zones. The main objectives of this study are: To set a geological map for the northern part of Nuba Mountains and the neighboring parts of northern Kordofan terrains where anorogenic intrusions have been reported, and to reveal geological criteria and orientation parameters to prospect for mineralization related to these intrusions and other virgin areas of similar geotectonic-geochemical landscape. The adopted methodologies are divided into: field work, laboratory work, and a complex package of data analysis include geo-statistical analysis, mathematical, geophysical and landsat imagery interpretation. The developed analytical XRF and XRD of the collected 323 rock and composite chip samples, 70 stream samples and 300 residual soil samples have been conducted in the laboratories of TU-Berlin. The geochemical analysis discriminative diagrams show that the rocks are peralkaline, evolved in a within-plate setting, which indicates that all studied orogenic intrusions belong to one province. Fluorite veins are mostly oriented parallel to the regional strike-slip faulting in J. Semeih and NE part of J. Dumbier which allowed the injection of the hydrothermal solutions. The comparison between the XRF and XRD data to determine the quantitative contents of the fluorite are one of the very important finds of this work. The high content values of rare earth elements in fluorite from J. Dumbier illustrates high temperature zone of ii mineralization of hydrothermal. The low content values of rare earth elements in the fluorite from J. Semieh illustrates low temperature zone of hydrothermal mineralization. The estimated reverse of fluorite in J. Semieh is 42,000 cubic meters. Two localities in J. Dumbier are considered as potential fluorite resources: in J. Gidian with an estimated volume 14,000 cubic meters and in NE of J. Dumbier near Dumbier village with an estimated volume 3,600 cubic meters. The lithochemical prospecting criteria have revealed useful criteria for the geochemical prospecting for trace elements of economic importance. The high content of Ag, As, Cd, Pb, Th, and U in the clayey fraction of the stream sediments from the NE part of J. Dumbier reflects mesothermal mineralization of these elements in this area. Carbonatite in J. Dumbier illustrate high contents of trace and rare elements which emphasize its igneous origin. High rare earth and trace elements contents indicate polymetalics hydrothermal mineralization in J. Katul. The chemical analysis of marbles around J. Dumbier is heterogeneous in composition and contains remarkable dolomitic lenses. The granitic outcrops in the studied areas (Ed Dair and Kortala) are found to be massive and hard with texture, structure and mineral composition suitable for ornamental decorative dimension stones. iii الملخّص تقع منطقةَ الدراسةِ المختارةِ في وسط السودان وتَغطّي الجزءَ الشماليَ لولايةِ جنوب آردفان والجزء الجنوبي لولايةِ شمالِ آردفان. بيد أن المواقع الرئيسيةَ قيد الدراسة هى: معقد الداير، جْبل الدامبير، منطقة آرتالة ومنطقة الموريب و ذلك لدِراسَة الإمكانية الإقتصاديةِ للمعقداتِ الحلقيةِ القلويةِ. التخطيط الجيولوجي المُفصّل و تحديد العِلاقات الحقلَية للمنطقة وعمل الدراسات المجهرية لعينات تُمثّلُ هذه المعقداتِ قد نُفّذتْ لكي تُقَارنَ وتُرْبَطَ بتلك المعقدِات التى تُحيطُ بمنطقتى المزروب و آاتول الواقعتان في محافظةِ شمالِ آردفان. أقدم تكشفات لصخورَالأساسِ فى منطقة شمال آردفان يغلب عليها النايس الكوارتزَيتى، النايس الفلسباثى، الصخورِ الرسوبية المتحولة، الرخامِ، الكوارتزيت، الشيست والسيليكات الكلسية. إنّ إتجاه المضرب الإقليميى للصخورِ المتحولةِ فى المنطقة هو الشمال إلى الشمال الشرقي. المرتفعات التقببية الصماء فى منطقة جبالِ النوية تشْتملُ على وحداتِ أقدمِ من النايس و المغماتيت، المتتابعات الرسوبية المتحولة- البرآانية المتحولة، سلاسل الجرانيت الجبلية متزامنة و متأخرة النشأة. هذه الوحدات تحتوى على متدُخِلاتْ نارية من صخور الجرانيت الحديث و صخور الجرانيت متأخرة التجبل غيرِ المُشَوَّهةِ والتى وجدت على طول نطاقات الكسور الإقليميةِ. الأهدافَ الرئيسيةَ لهذه الدراسةِ:أولا لوَضْع خريطة جيولوجية للجزءِ الشماليِ لجبالِ النوبة والأجزاء المجاورة لمناطق شمالِ آردفان حيث تم التعرف على عدد من التدخلاتِ التجبلية، و ثانيا لكَشْف معاييرِ جيولوجيةِ والمعاملات الموجه للتَنقيب عن التمعدنات التى ترتبط بهذه المتدخلاتِ والمناطقِ الأخرى غير المدروسة التى تتسم بوضع تكتونى وجيوآيميائى مماثل. إنّ المنهجياتَ المُتَبتاهَ فى هذه الدراسة منقسمة إلى: العمل الميداني والعمل المختبرى ، و حزمة معقّدة لتحليلِ البياناتِ وتَتضمّنُ تحليلَ جيوإحصائي، رياضي ، جيوفيزيائي وتفسير صور الأقمار الصناعية. الإستخدام المتطور لطريقتى التحليل بواسطة حيود الأشعة السينية و الأشعة السينية الوميضية (لعدد 323 عينة صخريةِ وعيناتِ شظية ممثلة، 70 عينة رواسب وديانيه و300 عينةِ تربةِ متبقيةِ) قد أجريتْ في مختبراتِ جامعة برلين التقنية. أظهرت مخططاتَ التحاليلِ الجيوآيميائية بأنّ الصخورَ هى فوق قلويه، و بأنها قد تَطوّرتَ ضمن نشاط داخل الصفائح، الذي بدوره يُشيرُ بأنّ آُلّ المتدخلات الجبلية المدروسة ترجع إلى إقليم واحد. في منطقة جبل السميح والجزء الشمالى الشرقى من جبل الدامبير تأخذ عروق الفلورايت إتجاها موازيا في الغالب إلى الإتجاه الإقليميِ للصدوع ذات الإنزلاق المضربى، الشئ الذى سمح بمرور المحاليل الحرمائية من خلالها. المقارنة بين بيانات طريقتى حيود الأشعة السينية و الأشعة السينية الوميضية لتحديد المحتوي الكمّي للفلورايت هو إحدى الإستنتاجات الهامةِ فى هذه الدراسة. القِيَم العالية لمحتوي عناصرِ النادرةِ لفلورايت جبل الدامبير تشير الى نطاق حرارة عالي للتمعدن الحرمائى .القِيَم المنخفضة للعناصرِ الأرضِية النادرةِ لفلورايت جبل الدامبير تشير الى نطاق حرارة منخفض للتمعدن الحرمائى. إنّ تقدير مخزون فلورايت جبل السميح هو000,42 مترُ مكعّبُ. يعتبر موقعان في جْبل الدامبير مصادر محتملة للفلورايت: فى جبل جديان بحجمِ مُقدر ب000,14 مترَ مكعّبَ وأما في شمال شرق جبل الدامبير قُرْب قريةِ الدامبير بحجمِ مقدر ب600,3 مترَ مكعّبَ. iv آَشفتْ معاييرُ التنقيب الليثوآبمبائية معايير جديدة مفيدة للتنقيب عن عناصرِ نذرة ذات أهميةِ إقتصاديةِ. تواجد النسب العالية من الفضة، الزرنيخ، الكادميوم، الرصاص، الثوريوم و اليورانيوم فى الأجزاء الطينية للرسوبيات الوديانية المأخوذة من الجزء الشمالى الشرقى من جبل الدامبير تعكس التمعدن متوسط الحرارة لهذه العناصر فى منطقة الدراسة. صخور الكربونتايت فى جبل الدامبير تحوى نسب عالية من العناصر النذرة و الأرضية النادرة والتى تشير الى أصلها النارى. المحتوى العالى للعناصر النذرة و الأرضية النادرة تؤآدعلى وجود التمعدن الحرمائى المتعدد الفلزات في جْبل آاتول. أظهر التحليل الكيميائى لصخور الرخام حول جبل الدامبيربأنها غير متجانسة التكوين و تحوى عدسات دولومايتيية مميزة. المكاشف الجرانيتية فى مناطق الدراسة (الداير و آرتالة) صماء و صلبة ذات نسيج، بنية و ترآيب معدنى مناسب لأستحدامها آأحجارِ زينة .
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JEDDAH CITY THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
(Neelain University, 2008) SOLEIMAN HASSAN KODEIH
This thesis presents the ﬁndings of the geotechnical investigation of the subsurface conditions that have been conducted for the Jeddah City that located at the central western sector of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The work was carried out to fulﬁll the requirements ofdoctorate degree in Engineering Geology for Jeddah area in Saudi Arabia by Al Neelain University — Graduate College -, Sudan. The ﬁeld investigation was performed from October 05, 2005 through March 14, 2007. The ﬁeld investigation work was carried out by mainly drilling ﬁfty one (51) boreholes distributed at six (6) zones depending on the type of subsurface formations encountered. The zones locations are as follow: 0 Zone l: north west of Jeddah 0 Zone 2: central north east of Jeddah 0 Zone 3: south west of Jeddah Q Zone 4: central south of J eddah v Zone 5: east of Jeddah I Zone 6: central north of Jeddah Generally, Residual soil was encountered at the area of zone two and zone four and coralline formations was found at the location of zone one, three and six. Rocky formation was encountered at the area of zone ﬁve at the eastern sector of Jeddah area. The residual soils are composed of brown to light brown, medium dense to very dense, silty or clayey sand with gravel and/or some cobbles and located at the eastern sector before the mountain area (zone 5)
Gold Mining Activities in Sudan with Special Emphasis to Ariab Area – Red Sea Hills
(Al-Neelain University, 2010) Abdel aziz Ahmed Osman Bellia
Abstract The surface area of the Sudan is 49 % covered by crystalline Basement Complex rocks.Gold mineraliztion and mining is confined to terranes precamberian crystalline rocks, which are dominant in all parts of the country, forming mainly six blocks. Gold mining is known since the time of Pharoans more than 3000 years B, C.There are more than two hundred ancient mines or surface working scattered in Nubian desert and in the Red Sea Hills regions which is the western sector of the Arabian-Nubian shield (ANS).The ANS is covered by volcano-sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic, varying in composition between felsic and intermediate with pre and syn-tectonic granitoid intrusions and end with anorogenic granitic intrusion. Crustal evolution of the ANS is related to formation of oceanic material that had been accreted and welded to the stable Nile craton.The arc terranes forming the ANS are marked by suture (shear) zones trending NE decorated by presence of ophiolites. The most prominent shear zone is Nakasib in the Ariab –Arbaat green stone belt in which the rocks are metmrophosed in the green schist facies and subjected to several phases of ductile deformation The exploration work carried in Ariab area, which lies within the terranrs of ANS., by Joint Venture(J.V) agreement between Sudan and France (BRGM) had resulted in an exciting discovery of gold in high concentration in many gossans in the oxidised zone of massive sulphides deposits of pollymetalic nature also in quartz veins and in silica barite assemblages.Intensive exploration carried in these deposits resulted in gold estimates of 22 tons which encouraged the shareholders of J.V. to form Ariab Mining Company (AMC) to exploit gold at commercial scale.At the end of 2008 AMC has produced and sold >70(seventy) tons of gold and > ten tons of silver. Parallel to mining operations the company carried more drilling exploration and electromagnetic airborne ix geophysical survey in the Ariab concession area and other areas in the country including Nuba Mountains. This work attempts to reveal all of the results of prospecting, exploration and mining activities of gold in Ariab Area carried by AMC conducted according to the latest international standard techniques. Such information had been considered confidential according to regulations of the company.
Gold Mineralization and Impacts of Its Mining on Environment
(Neelain University, 2011) Karimeldin. Z. Al Samaui
Abstract Mining makes a signiﬁcant contribution to the national economy and local communities. This research brieﬂy places the contribution of gold mining into the context of the wider economy and then focuses on the impact of its mining on the environment. Broadly, Sudan is endowed with multi-metal resources of which gold is the most economically attractive mineral. The gold mineralization is found, widespread in Sudan and conﬁned primarily to the Archaean basement rocks and the Late-Proterozoic greenschist belts of the Arabia-Nubian shield. The recent studies of the Nubian-Arabian greenstone indicated that the Ariab metallogenic province is becoming one of the premier areas in the world for the development of poly-metallic base metal sulﬁde deposits, which contain substantial economic gold potential. Moreover, the secondary re-worked placer concentrates and detritus small nuggets of the pre-existing gold mineralization, attracted most of the present indigenous activities. The rapid expansion of formal and indigenous gold mining activities, particularly in the event of gold rushes after boom increase of gold prices, constituted one of the recent dominant challenges to economics, social developments and regional environmental impacts. Ariab open pit and Gebeit abandoned mines, which exhibited different gold extraction techniques of two genetically different ore formations, were taken as two study cases in this research. The study was based.on_the hypothesis that, mining .operations in the study areas have damaging impacts on the natural environment due to cumulative negative impacts generated from mine acidic water, leaching of heavy minerals from mine waste, relic tailings and the associated chemical effluents into the ecosystem. The results of the study have identiﬁed several features showing, positive and negative impacts, which are rather paradoxical in nature. From one side, the mining activities supported the increase of the national economy with appreciable sustainable social development as in Ariab disnict, but on the other side, undeniable negative effects at the mining sites have also accompanied these activities. Based on deﬁned criteria, the impacts of mining and mineral processing operations were classiﬁed of low impacts at Ariab, and comparatively high at Gebeit with diiferent magnitudes on the ecosystem and communities. The chemical analysis and statistical correlations showed that, the mineral concentrations in mine waste and processed heaps, exhibit distinctive, elevated concentrations exceeding the local background and global limits by 46.1 and 99.2 times in arsenic, 4.6 and 8.4 in copper and 8.1 and 12.1 in lead respectively. The correlations between heavy minerals, Pb/Zn, Pb/Cd and As/Cd in the study area have shown also peculiar reaction behaviors due to cyanide inﬂuence and the pH level existing. Most of the heavy metals existed in the form of stable carbonate compounds of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium and as oxides of chromium, arsenic and antimony. However the drainage soil around Ariab gold mining sites has showed insigniﬁcant heavy metal pollution or acidiﬁcation, derived ﬁ'om the operation. That was, attributed to the advanced technology used and management control exerted during the mining operation. The qualitative and quantitative review of the heavy metals are presenting high elevated concentration values in the central zone where mining and processing were performed compared with the normal background (threshold) concentrations at up-stream zone. The down-stream zone concentration values were showing a close and analogous mineral distribution to the local backgroimd (threshold) and global concentration limits. This phenomenon has concluded with facts that the inﬂuence and the effects of heavy metals generated from mine waste, heap-leached tailings and mine acid water on the ecosystem is negligible. In contrast, abandoned mines tend to have far more extensive and accumulated impacts to the environment context. The dust emission has been, signiﬁcantly reduced by the new installation of dust suckers and the surveillance results of dust threats on resident’s health is insigniﬁcant. Although indigenous mining has positive socio-economic contributions, but it also contributes to land degradation, loss of biodiversity, destruction of natural resources, deforestation , water and soil mercury pollution . The study showed that it is difficult to prevent pollution altogether during mining, but it is advisable to determine the optimal level of pollution or pollution connol by balancing the cost and threats of polluting activities against the improvement of the national economy and social development as strategy.
The impact of water pollution on White Nile Water quality and ﬁsheries at Khartoum state
(Neelain University, 2011) ABD ELGADIR MOHAMED AHMED MAN OFAL
Abstract , A ' This study was carried out during February 2009-August 2010 to investigate the impacts of sewage and industrial disposal from Elauzozab musruf into the White Nile around Khartoum on water quality, planktonic community and accumulationvlevels of Cd and Pb in ﬁsh (Orechromis niloticus). ' ' Samples-of water and plankton were taken monthly from four sites: J ebel Aulia (upstream),Al musraf, Elauzozab (disposal site), Almogran (downstream). _ Samples of water -for'physical and chemical analysis, Gills of ﬁsh (Orechromis nil0ticus)_~were examined for accumulation level of Cd and Pb as biological indicators of water pollution. The result revealed: ‘. . ' i At the disposal site and downstream sewage efﬂuent increased conductivity (sss umho), TDS (492 mg/L), TSS (137 mg/L), BOD (30 mg/L), COD (56 mg/L), P04-P (0.46mg/L), NO;-N (l2mg/L), Cf! (0.54mg/L), Cd= (o.s6 mg/L), Pb = (0.45 mg/L) and depleted dissolved oxygen (4_mg/L). The maximum planktonic growth occurred in winter 2010 whereas the minimum growth rates recorded in summer and July 2010 and almost disappeared in autumn 2009(August to October). The pattern of abundance in phytoplankton was almost reversed, due of many diatoms replaced by blue green algae and the appearance of Euglenophyceae. In Zooplankton copepods dominated over cladocerans and Rotifers which were of less abundance . The accumulation levels of Cd and Pb in Orechromis niloticus gills conﬁrm the presence of high signiﬁcant levels of Cd (1.518 ug\g) and Pb (2.l65ug\g) lthle concentration of Cd and Pb in water and ﬁsh gills exceeds the permitted limits by WHO and Sudanese standard for drinking water guideline.(Cr,0.005mg/1, Cd=0.005mg/1, Pb=0.05mg/l) . _ The ﬁnding contributes to understanding of distribution and dynamics‘ of pollutants in the White Nile ecosystems
Assessment and Evaluation of the Water - Bearing Formations in Central North Kordofan and West White Nile States
(Al-Neelain University, 2012) Mohamed Ahmed El Hadi
ABSTRACT The study area lies in central North Kordofan and west White Nile areas. It represents a part of White Nile Rift Basins. The area encompasses the Bara and Kosti Basins which are subdivided into sub-basins. In the present study the VES and electrical logs were used to detect and delineate the extensions of the water bearing formations in the light of boreholes information. The Basement rocks represent the oldest geological unit which crop out in the area in form of Jebels (Hills). These rocks are overlain by the Nawa Series in areas around Er Rahad or by the Mesozoic sediments of the Nubian Sandstone Formation at the base of the basins. The Mesozoic sediments of the Nubian Sandstone Formation are overlain by the Umm Rawaba Formation. The Umm Rawaba Formation represents the main sedimentary unit in the study area. It is mainly composed of unconsolidated sediments of sands, granules and clays. The thickness of the formation exceeds 500 m at Bara. It is overlain by the superficial deposits of sand dunes. The results of the study indicated that the area involved three aquifers: upper, lower and deep aquifers. The depth to the water table varies from about 20 m west of Bara to more than 100 m south of Umm Rawaba. The thickness of the upper and lower aquifers together reaches about 150 m as in Umm Balagei. The hydrogeological and lithological evidence of the boreholes indicate that the upper aquifer extends in the southern parts of the area. They also indicate that the deep aquifer is not a part of the lower aquifer as believed previously. It is clear that there is no problem in water supply in Bara Basin and around the western side of Khor Abu Habil where low salinity was recorded (375 – 1000 ppm). The increase of the salinity represents the main problem of water quality around Magrour ridge, Jebel Kon, east of Jebel Zalata and in Kosti Basin which exceeds 5000 ppm. The source of recharge and flow direction in the area are from the North, Northwest and East directions. Higher transmsisivity, hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient for the aquifers are recorded in Umm Rawaba Sub-basin (16 m 2 / day, 13.32 m / day and 4.75 x 10-2) respectively whereas the lower values were recorded north of Tendelti. The facies analysis indicated that the ratio of the permeable rocks decreases from more than 60 % in Umm Rawaba and El Basheri Sub-basins to less than 20 % in the East direction. Porosity estimation indicated an increase in the porosity values from 17 % as west of Umm Rawaba to about 30 % east of Jebel Kon. الخلهصه تقع منطقة الدراسة فى وسط شمال كردفان وغرب النيل اليبيض وتمثل جزءًا من أحواض النيل اليبيض التصدعية (الفالقية). تضم هده المنطقة حوضى يبارا وكوستي المقسمان الى شبه أحواض. أنجز ت هده الدراسة يباستخدام السبر الكهريبي الرأسي وسجل ت اليبار الكهريبية لستكشاف وتحديد إمتدادا ت التكوينا ت الحاويه للمياه الجوفيه فى ضوء معلوما ت اليبار المحفورة فى منطقة الدراسة. تـعد صخور مجمع الساس أقدم الوحدا ت الجيولوجية فى منطقة الدراسة والتى تظهر على السطح فى هيئة مكاشف صخرية مثل جبل مقنص، جبل ظلطة، جبل هبيكة وجبل كون. تـطغطى هده الصخور يبرواسب سلسلة ناوا فى مناطق حول الرهد أو يبرواسب حقبة الميزوزوي من تكوين الحجرالرملي النويبي فى قاع الحواض. يعتبر تكوين أم روايبه والدي ُيطغطي تكوين الحجرالرملي النويبي من أهم الوحدا ت الجيولوجية من الناحية الهايدروجيولوجية. يصل سمك هدا التكوين الى حوالى 500 متر حول منطقة يبارا. ُيطغطى هدا التكوين يبالرواسب الحديثة المسماة يبالقيزان الرملية و التى تلعب دورًا هام ًا فى عمليا ت التطغدية المباشرة. أظهر ت النتائج أن منطقة الدراسة تضم ةثلةثة خزانا ت جوفيه (خزان علوي، خزان سفلي وخزان عميق) . تتراوح أعماق المياه لتلك الخزانا ت من حوالى 20 متر غرب يبارا لكثر من 100 متر جنوب أم روايبه. يصل سمك الخزانين العلوي و السفلي مع ًا لحوالي 150 متر فى منطقة أم يبالجي. أظهر ت الدلة الجيولوجية والهايدروجيولوجية من اليبار المحفورة إمتدادًا اقليميًا للخزان العلوي فى الجزاء الجنويبية لمنطقة الدراسة، كما أكد ت أدلة أخرى أن الخزان العميق يمثل وحدة هايدروجيولوجية فى منطقة حوض كوستي فقط ول يمثل جزءًا من الخزان السفلي كما كان ُيعتقد سايبق ًا. أكد ت النتائج عدم وجود مشكل ت فى مخزون المياه الجوفية فى مناطق حوض يبارا (يبارا - أم روايبه) والجزء الطغريبي من خور أيبوحبل ودلك يبسبب صلحية المياه حيث تتراوح كمية جزءً الملح الصلبة يبين 375 – 1000 ا فى المليون، ولكن الزدياد الملحوظ للملح الصلبة المؤدي لرتفاع الملوحة شكل أهم مشكل ت المياه فى مناطق حول كل من حديبة مجرور و جبل كون ، شرق جبل ظلطة وفى منطقة حوض كوستي حيث تصل نسبة الملح الصلبة لكثر من 5000 جزءًا من المليون. تتم عمليا ت التطغدية للخزانا ت أما يبواسطة الدخول المباشر (التطغلطغل) من خلل الطغطاء الرملي أو من خلل الجريان الداخلي ودلك من مصادر عديدة من إتجاها ت الشمال (الحوض النويبي) ، الشمال الطغريبي (منطقة الخيران) ومن الشرق (النيل اليبيض). أظهر ت نتائج الختبارا ت التجريبية إمتياز الخزانا ت الجوفية فى حوض يبارا حول منطقة أم راوايبه يبخواص هايدروليكية أعلى من خواص إمتدادا ت تلك الخزانا ت شرق ًا. أوضحت تحاليل السحنا ت إزدياد نسب الصخور المنفدة فى حوض يبارا (حول أم روايبه والبشيري)عن %60 وتراجع تلك النسب لقل من %20 فى إتجاه الشرق ، كما أشار ت نسب المسامية الى إزديادها من حوالي %17 فى حوض يبارا لحوالي %30 شرق جبل كون.
Detailed Exploration of Gold Mineralization in Um Trambishi Area, River Nile State, Sudan
(Al-Neelain University, 2014) Moa′awia Adam Mohamedai Ahmed
Abstract The study area is located in River Nile State, 14 Km SE of El Abidyia town, bounded by the coordinates: latitudes 18⁰ 14′ 9" N (2016610 UTM) - 18⁰ 12′ 58" N (2012775 UTM) and longitudes 34⁰ 4′ 58" E (614500 UTM) - 34⁰ 4′ 10" E (613090 UTM), covering approximately an area of 6.0 Km². The study area lies within the Arabian-Nubian Shield where the geology consists of metavolcano-sedimentary sequences, intruded by syntectonic granitoids and subjected to four deformational phases of brittle-ductile transition. The metamorphic grade is that of the green schist facies. The alteration zone around the endo-contact area is characterized by the assemblage of minerals: albite, chlorite, epidote, sericite, carbonate and kaolinite with anomalous contents of the elements: Au=0.91ppm, Ag=1.75ppm, As=35.68ppm, Co=12.56ppm, V=52.0ppm, Ti=3836.8ppm, Cr=18.40ppm, Sr=215.2ppm and base metals Pb=1.51ppm, Zn=22.02ppm and Cu=13.59ppm. Three parallel mineralization zones are located in the endo-contact zone, two are bounded within the study area (Blocks A&B) and the third zone is a very narrow one but of regional extent south of Um Trambishi. The thickness of this zone increases in localities like Al Entait Gold Prospect ( 18⁰17′10" N - 34⁰6′25" E) and Al Salam Mine (18⁰ 19′ 38" N - 34⁰ 02′ 49" E). The mineralization has been reported to be hosted by metasedimentary rocks of the limb of an anticlinorium, the other limb of which are exposed at west of the River Nile. The alteration zone around the endocontact area is irregular in shape, showing gradual variation in colour ranging from grey to slightly white to yellow - reddish and brownish. The general trend of the zone is north-south, steeply dipping to E, ranging in strike length from 700 m to more than 2 Km with width ranging from 2 m to 15 m. The first phase of hydrothermal solution carrying gold is related to the magmatic high temperature associated with granitoidal intrusions, deposited into the planar fabric S1 and has a characteristic signature of hypothermal processes .The second, where the mode of occurrence is the regeneration of auriferous quartz stringers filling into the tectonic fissures trending 340⁰ and oblique to S1 as a result of D3 (Keraf Shear Zone).This shows signature of mesothermal processes. Accordingly, the gold values obtained from the exploration trenches, two exploration blocks are identified (A&B). Block-A has been chosen for detailed iv exploration where seven boreholes were drilled at interval of 100 m apart along a north-south profile. This showed intersection of mineralization with depth. The positive anomalous results have encouraged to drill a set of sections along the suspected potential zone. The available data obtained from results of the analysis are used to outline the geometry of the mineralized zone, which has been found to be lenticular in shape. The ore body is believed to be a stockwork type of deposit, which is lithologically and structurally controlled. The approved reserve of gold ore has been estimated at 2,500,000 tons, at an average grade of 0.81 g/t Au in Block-A. This is economically viable according to the present market price of gold; the suitable method for the extraction is by open pit. The size of the mine will be small (open pit field) and the commercial ore body boundary is determined by the assay limits. The inferred reserve of gold ore in Block-B has been estimated to be 300,000 tons at an average grade of 0.42 g/t gold. A metallurgical test for dumps and tailings of the previous artisanal old workings in the study area has indicated that, these tailings can be considered ore and can be processed by using cyanide heap leaching techniques at recovery state of 83%. Seven thousand and eight hundred tons of dumps and tailings at an average grade 1.19g/t Au were processed. Using this technique these tailings has produced 7.7 kilograms of metallic gold. The operating cost to open a mine at Um Trambishi, located at 20 km from Al Salam Mine Locality, nearly equal to the cost of transportation and mining processes. All the infra-structures to open a mine are well established at Al Salam Mine Locality. Therefore, Um Trambishi ore will be another feeder to the processing plant at Al Salam locality of active mining processes. v الخالصة ًر فى إتجاه الجنوب الشرقى لمدينة تقع منطقة أم ترامبيشى فى والية نهر النيل على بعد 41 كيلومت ا العبيدية، بين خطى عرض: 18⁰ 14′ 9" N (2016610 UTM) - 18⁰ 12′ 58" N (2012775 UTM) وخطى طول: 34⁰ 4′ 58" E (614500 UTM) - 34⁰ 4′ 10" E (613090 UTM) .ً ً مربعا وتغطى مساحة قدرها 6 كيلومتر ا تتكون المنطقة جيولوجيا من سلسلة صخور رسوبية و بركانية متحولة تتداخل عليها صخور نارية جوفية و قواطع ذات تكوين ج ارنيتى. هذه الصخور تعرضت لتحول حركى مكونة مجموعة من النشوه الصخرى مختلفة فى تكوينها المعدنى و البنائى. هناك أربع مجموعات من تحركات الكتلة األرضيىة باالنحرافات الحركية بالطى و التصدع و هذه من العالمات البنائية المميزة فى المنطقة ذات الخاصية اإلزدواجية للسحب و التطويق وهى تتبع لتراكيب منطقة الدرع العربى النوبى. منطقة التحول المعدنى بالتالمس بين الصخور الجوفية و سلسلة الصخور البركانية و الرسوبية تتميز بالمعادن المتكونة بالتحول الحرمائى مثل األلبايت، الكلوريت، اإلبدوت، السرسيت، الكربونات و الطفل الصينى و عناصر كيمائية تفوق القيم المحددة لتواجدها على سطح األرض: و هى الذهب، الفضة، الزرنيخ، الكوبلت،الفاناديوم، التيتانيوم، الكروم، السترنشيوم و المعادن القاعدية :الرصاص، الزنك و النحاس. منطقة التحول المعدنى بالتالمس تكونت بواسطة المحاليل الحرمائية ذات درجة الحرارة العالية الناتجة من الصخور الجوفية حاملة لمجموعة من العناصر ذات درجات الحرارة العالية مثل الفاناديوم، التيتانيوم، الكروم و الكوبلت مخلوطة مع عروق الكو ارتز الحاملة لمعدن الذهب. هناك نوع آخر من الت اركيب المتجددة لعروق معدن الكو ارتز تم تكوينه بواسطة تحركات الكتلة األرضيىة و هى حاملة للذهب ذات المحتوى العالى للقيم و توجد مترسبة داخل نشوه القص و الفوالق و الصخور القابلة الستقبال الترسيب. يوجد نطاق التحول المعدنى فى الحدود الداخلية للصخور الجوفية و تتميز بالتباين اللونى و الذى يتراوح شدته من اللون الرمادى الى األصفر المحمر و البنى. نطاق التحول المعدنى ذات اتجاه شمال_جنوب و حاد الميل ًر و ً فى اتجاه الشرق و يت اروح طوله من 077 ألكثر من ًر و حتى 41 مت ا ًر وعرضه من 2 مت ا مت ار 2 كيلومت ا vi ذلك حسب تركيز القيم اإلقتصادية لمعدن الذهب فى نطاق التحول. توجد فى المنطقة ثالث مناطق للتحول المعدنى شبه المتوزاية و اتجاهات على ه ً ها شمال_جنوب، و بناء ذا التقييم قسمت المنطقة لمربعين)A و B،) على النتائج المعملية ً ً من العينات. وبناء إلج ارء المزيد من عمليات التنقيب بحفر الخنادق وتجميع مزيدا المشجعة اختير مربع )A )للدراسة التفصيلية و ذلك لثبات طول نطاق التحول المعدنى و العرض و نتائج التحليل المعملى ذى الجدوى االقتصادية. تم وضع برنامج لحفر 0 آبار بآلة الحفر ذات الثقب الماسى ًر( لمتابعة الخام و التركيبات البنائية المؤثرة على تواجد الخام فى األعماق. على أبعاد متساوية )477 مت ا على ذلك تم وضع برنامج ً نتائج الحفر األولية أكدت وجود الخام بتركيز الذهب ذو جدوى إقتصادية، و بناء حفر ل 0 آبار أخرى للمرحلة الثانية على طريقة الت اربط الشبكى ، ومن النتائج المعملية والمعلومات الجيولوجية والتراكيب البنائية لعينات من هذه اآلبار تم تحديد الشكل الهندسى للخام و هو عبارة عن شكل عدسى مزدوج التحدب يتكون من كتلة صخرية متشابكة بعروق الكوارتز رفيعة السمك موجودة داخل الت اركيب الرقائقية للصخور الجوفيه و عروق الكوارتز الممتدة طوليا داخل نشوه القص و الفوالق. على هذ ً و بناء ه المعلومات تم تقدير احتياطى مؤكد للخام فى المربع )A )ب 777‚177‚2 طن بتركيز 4..7 جرام ذهب/طن. وهناك تقدير احتياطى مؤكد للخام فى المربع )B )و الذى تم فيه تحديد الخام من حيث االمتدادات الجيولوجية بحوالى777‚07 طن بتركيز 12.7 جم ذهب/طن. الدراسات الميترولوجية التى أجريت على مخلفات التعدين األهلى فى المنطقة، تؤكد امكانية استخالص معدن الذهب من الخام بطريقة تكسير الخام وتكويره و تكويمه و رشه بمحلول السيانيد وأكدت النتائج أنه يمكن استخالص معدن الذهب من الخام بنسبة تصل ل 0 ،%.و على ذلك تم ً بناء كيلوج ارما 77‚.0 طن من مخلفات التعدين األهلى بتركيز 41.4 جرام ذهب/طن ً استخالص 0.0 ذهب من و التى تؤكد امكانية استخالص الخام المقدر فى منطقة أم ترامبيشى بنفس طريقة االستخالص. و من االمكانية فتح منجم فى منطقة أم تر امبيشى حيث أن التكلفة الكلية تنحصر فى كيلومت ار فقط من منجم السالم ً تكلفة مدخالت تشغيل المنجم و الترحيل الذى يبعد 27 ً للخام لمصنع منجم السالم. وهذا يجعل خام منطقة أم ت ارمبيشى مور
Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of groundwater in El Fasher area: a modeling case of Sag El Naam basin, North Darfur State.
(Al-Neelain University, 2015) Anas Jafar Ali Mohammed
ABSTRACT The study area situated between latitudes 120 55/ - 130 46/ N and longitudes 250 00/ - 260 27/ E. The study area suffer from an acute scarcity of water quantity and quality in addition to most of the study area is located in the areas of basement rocks, the natural population growth and its impact on sources of water, increase of the population in the area due to displacement, the lack of the regular checking of wells, there is high concentration of salt in some wells over time in the area and use effect the fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural operations near water sources in the area. The aim of the study are to assess the groundwater chemistry and delineate the sources of salinity and hydrochemical facies in the aquifers system, and evaluate the groundwater flow regime in Sag El Naam Basin (Case Study) based on visual MODFLOW computer Code with aid of pre- and post- processing using GIS, AquiCham, Surfer and Aquitest. A field work was carried out several times to the study area as to collect water samples and field observations. Chemical analyses have been done at Water and Environmental Sanitation Project laboratory (WES) in El Fasher, according to standard methods for water examination. GIS technique was used to construct water sample location sites, Surfer software for distribution the concentration of elements values in the study area and Strater Demo-4 software for lithostratigraphic cross-sections. Chemical data were manipulated using Piper diagram for chemical facies and SPSS software for statistical analyses such as basic statistics (mean and standard deviation). The results show that groundwater in the study area are good in nature and excellent for domestics uses with few exception found to be above the recommended values according to WHO, (2009) and SSMO, (2002) standards. The calibration of three-dimensional finite difference flow model of Sag El Naam basin was realized through the calibration which is acceptable with average (RMS) of 0.14 m, residual mean error of 0.09 m, average absolute mean error (AM) of 0.12 m, average standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 0.02 m and average normalized root mean square (NRMS) of 1.49 %. The main components of water budget were calculated for four years with total Inflow 19, total Outflow 22 and recharge 345 mcm/year. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model is more sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and least sensitive to specific storage and more sensitive to recharge factor compared to the hydraulic conductivity. The predictive simulation for 5 years starting from 2013 shows that the continued pumping will create relatively high changes in head distribution in the model area, and gives a maximum drawdown of 3 m at 2017. Generally this study successfully formulated a new method of groundwater modeling, confirmed that visual MODFLOW can be used as a comparative technique for evaluation of groundwater flow regime in Sag El Naam Basin. الخلاصة 250 00/ - 260 120 شمالا وخطى طول / 27 55/ - 130 تقع منطقة الدراسة بين دائرتى عرض / 46 شرقا. تعانى منطقة الدراسة من نقص حاد فى كمية ونوعية المياه بالاضافة الى أغلبها واقعة فى نطاق الصخور الاساسية، النمؤ السكانى الطبيعى والزيادة السكانية الناتجة من النزوح بسبب الحرب وتاثيرها على مصادر المياه، عدم وجود كشف دورى للآبار وذيادة تركيز الاملاح فى بعض الآبار بمرور الزمن و أثر استعمال المبيدات والمخصبات فى العمليات الزراعية بالقرب من مصادر المياه بالمنطقة. أن هدف الدراسة تقييم كيمياء المياه الجوفية و تحديد مصادر الملوحة و السحنة الهيدروكيميائية لنظام الطبقات الحاملة للمياه الجوفية فى المنطقة و تقييم نظام تدفق المياه الجوفية فى حوض ساق النعام الجوفى إستناداً على نمذجة المياه الجوفية وبمساعدة استعمال برامج جى آى أس، أكوكم، سيرفر وأكوتيست. تم عمل العديد من الزيارات الميدانية للمنطقة بغرض جمع عينات المياه للتحليل الكيميائى مع الملاحظات الحقلية. تم تحليل العينات بمعمل مشروع المياه و إصحاح البئية بالفاشر طبقا للطرق القياسية لتحليل المياه. تم إستخدام تقنيات نظام تحديد المواقع العالمى لتحديد مواقع الآبار وبرنامج السيرفر لتوزيع تركيز قيم العناصر وبرنامج استراتر ديمو- 4 لعمل القطاع الجيولوجى أيضاء تم إستخدام مخطط بايبر لمعالجة و معرفة السحنة الهيروكيميائية فى المنطقة و برنامج التحليل الاحصائى لمعرفة المتوسط و الانحراف المعيارى لهذه البيانات. نتائج التحليل الكيميائى للمياه الجوفية فى المنطقة كانت جيدة و ممتازة للاستخدام الآدمى ماعدا بعض العينات القليلة وجدت أعلى من الحد المسموح به على حسب مواصفات منظمة .( الصحة العالمية ( 2009 ) و المواصفات السودانية لمياه الشرب ( 2002 نموذج التدفق فى حوض ساق النعام الجوفى الحسابات كانت مقبولة وكان متوسط خطأ الجزر التربيعى 0.14 م ومتوسط خطأ الانخفاض المتبقى 0.09 م ومتوسط الخطأ المطلق 0.12 م و متوسط خطأ الانحراف المعيارى 0.02 م ومتوسط جزر التربيع العادى % 1.94 .الميزانية المائيه حسبت لفترات الاجهاد الاربعة على التوالى وكان الحجم الكلى للخزن بمتوسط 19 و حجم الضخ بمتوسط 22 و حجم التغذية بمتوسط 345 م م 3/السنة. أظهرت تحليلات الحساسية بإن النموذج أكثر حساسية للتوصيل الهيدروليكى وأقل حساسية الى الخزن المعين و أكثر حساسية للتغذية مقارنتة للتوصيل الهيدروليكى. المحاكاة التنبؤية لخمسة سنوات من 2013 م أظهرت أن الضخ المستمر سيخلق تغيير عالى نسبى فى مستوى الماء الرئيسى فى المنطقة ويعطى أقصى مستوى إنخفاض 3م فى 2017 م. عموماً تعتبر نمذجة المياه الجوفية طريقة جديدة وجيدة لتقييم نظام تدفق المياه الجوفية فى حوض ساق النعام الجوفى.
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SUB-SOIL AND GEOTECHNICAL MAPPING OF AL-KHOBAR- DHAHRAN-DAIVHVIAM AREA, KSA
(Neelain University, 2015) KAMAL MOHAMMAD ALIFADLALLAH
ABSTRACT The geotechnical properties of subsurface soil and rock formations of Khobar - Dhahran and parts of Dammam city , covering an area of about 675 sq.km were investigated during this study. ~ The geotechnical properties were determined through ﬁeld and laboratory tests. Field testing was conducted by SPT; standard penetration tests, CPT, cone penetration test and PMT, pressuremeter tests. The- index properties as grain’ size analysis , moisture content and plasticity limits were determined in the laboratory . Strength tests as unconﬁned compressive strength , undrained shear strength as well as one dimensional consolidation properties were also determined . The chemical properties of soil and water samples were also analyzed . Soil types encountered within the study area were determined depending on their geotechnical properties. The study area is divided into four zones of similar properties . ' I Zone I , is a very loose to loose, saturated, sabkha soil, that consist mainly of poorly graded sand, silty sand, sandy silt and sandy clay. Vertical and horizontal extent of this material indicated that soils within zone I are mainly characterized by low bearing capacity and higher settlement. These loose bearing strata , needs to be improved before constructing even light structures as one to two storied villas , on them. Soil improvement within zone I can be done by preloading, dynamic compaction or use of stone columns. The method of soil improvement should be selected based on soil type and thickness , type of structure and loads as well as economy . Zone II , covers the coastal plain of AL-Khobar city and parts of Dammam city. Soils encountered in this stripvare, backﬁll and reclaimed soil ‘in the upper 2m, followed by loose sand till a depth of about 7m and dense sand till a depth of 15m to 18m. Stiﬂ' to hard clay layers were encountered below dense sand till a depth of about 50m below existing ground surface. Zone HI covers an area of about 300sq.krn. Two major soil types were encountered in this area, the residual calcareous soils and the sand deposits. Residual calcareous soils are the product of weathering of parent calcareous rocks in the area. Sand deposits are mainly wind-blown sand that deposited on outcropping rocks, wadis or covering residual soils. Both residual soil and sa.nd deposits are dense/hard and rarely loose or soﬁ. Zone IV, is mainly covered by outcropping calcareous rocks of the central part of Dammam Dome. Most of these rocks belong to Rus and Dammam formation. The major rock types encountered in Zone IV are limestone , marlstone and shale. Limestone i_s generally light cream, moderately weathered, fractured, voided, partly cavemous and moderately weak to strong. Marlstone is highly to moderately weathered, fractured and voided rock with very poor to poor RQD and moderately weak to moderately strong . Shale is mostly belonging to Salia and Medra members of Dammam formation. It is highly weathered, fractured, less voided with very poor to poor RQD and weak to moderately weak strength. Groundwater was encountered at an average depth of 1.0m within sabkha ﬂat , at a depth of 1.74m in Zone II and a depth of 3.15m in Zone III . Groundwater is generally below 10m in Zone IV . The chemical analysis of both soil and water ﬁom different zones , show a high to very high concentration of salts ( TDS , chloride and sulphates). These high concentrations of salts, give rise to a very aggressive and corrosive ‘environment whereby good quality concrete using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials , corrosion inhibitors and suitable water prooﬁng membranes and sutable concrete covers are required. A multipurpose, comprehensive, medium scale geotechnicall engineering geological map is prepared. This map is considered useful, valuable and l'16lpﬁ1lfO1' planners, developers, designers as well as researchers interested in the area. " It is highly recommended to extent this work to cover other parts of Dammam city and its tenitories as Sihat , Qatif and Ras Tanura . A hazardous map showing locations of cavernous rocks , uncontrolled ﬁlls and liqueﬁable soil is also prepared . Since settlement is the controlling design criteria for cohesionless soils, other than bearing capacity , it is estimated following Burland & Burbridge (1985) , semi-empirical procedure which gives reliable values for design of shallow foundations in most areas . Standard penetration test results obtained from some -‘sites , were correlated with modulus of elasticity from pressuremeter tests conducted on the same sites . The correlated values were used in estimation of settlement and values obtained are very close to those of Burland & Burbridge method .
Evaluation of Groundwater conditions and quality characteristics in Matammah Locality – River Nile State Sudan
(AL-Neelain University, 2017) MOHAMMED ALI HASSAN DAHAB
المستلخص الدراسة في أصلها عبارة عن تقييم لوضع المياه الجوفية والخصائص النوعية لها لاسيما وأن العالم الآن يواجه تحديات في إطار توفير وإمداد المياه الصالحة للاستعمالات الإنسانية والحيواينة والصناعية باغراضها المتعددة.أجريت هذه الدراسة في منطقة المتمة علي الضفة الغربية لنهر النيل وشملت كل المحلية ولذلك لتطوير المنطقة ثم تعميم مخرجات هذه الدراسة على مدن ومحليات وولايات السودان عامة من أجل تطوير القطر. اعتمدت هذه الدراسة على البحوث والزياره الميدانية وجمع البيانات اللازمة لإعداد هذه الدراسة من التحديد المكاني لهذه الآبار وقياس مناسيب المياه الجوفية – جمع المعلومات الليثولوجية للآبار – وذلك لمعرفة الطبقات الحاوية للمياه الجوفية وأمتداداتها الافقية و الراسية وأعماق منسوب المياه الجوفية وتوزيعها وحركتها. أيضاً أهتمت الدراسة بكمية ونوعية المياه الجوفية ومدى صلاحيتها وتوفيرها مقابل النمو السكانى. كما تم عمل تحليل حجمى لعينتين من الخزان الجوفي وذلك بغرض معرفة الوصف الصخرى الدقيق والمسامية الفعالة في وجود وحركة المياه الجوفية. إستخدمت تقنية الاستشعار عن بعد في رسم الخرائط الطبوغرافية والجيولوجية وأماكن جريان الأودية المائية والتصريف لتحديد أنسب الأماكن لحفر آبارالمياه الجوفية وتحديد مواقع إنشاء تقنية حصاد المياه وانشاء محطات توفير المياه الصحية ، وقد خلصت الدارسة لبعض التوصيات والمقترحات التي قد تفيد الجهات المسئولة عن اتخاذ القرار بهدف لتطبيقها ما أمكن والإستفادة منها مستقبلاً. ABSTRACT The study aims to Evaluation of Groundwater conditions and quality characteristics in Matammah Locality this is in time the whole world is confronted with the challenges of provision of potable water for the use of humans, animals and industrial purposes. The study has been conducted in Al Matammah area on the western bank of river Nile, purposely to participate in developing the area and then to generalize the findings to cover cities, localities and all Sudanese states. The study adopted the field surveys and data collection such as measurement of ground water levels, collecting data about the lithology obtained from cutting of drilled wells , the exact location of the well, to identify the types of aquifers, their extent, depths, distribution and thicknesses. The study also focuses on the quantity and quality of the ground water, its safety and how to be provided to meet the rapid increase in the population
Water Resources Assessment, Sustainable Long -Term Development and Management Strategy, West and Central Darfur States, Sudan
(Alneelain University, 2021) Khalid Musa Mahmoud Ali
The study area represents West and Central Darfur states, that lies in the western Sudan. The area is extremely suffering from acute water supply shortage. The area is mainly covered by basement complex rocks, with steeply slope topography. Hence the bulk of surface water lost due to surface runoff. The objectives of the current study are mainly focusing on; to assess the existence of surface and groundwater resources, to define watersheds, to recognize aquifers parameters, to evaluate groundwater potentialities in different aquifer types and to design suitable and appropriate long term water development and management strategy. The methods applied for this study include office work, fieldwork, and laboratory work. These include remote sensing & GIS, watershed analysis, hydrogeological investigations, water quality analysis, setting of groundwater resources development and management strategy. The average total annual precipitation is estimated at approximately 44 x 109 m3/year and about 85% from precipitation is lost due to high evaporation rates. The rest which is about 7 x 109 m3/year is replenishing the groundwater aquifers and flowing as surface runoff to the neighboring regions or kept as soil moisture consumed by plants. The study proved that the average discharge of Wadi Kaja is 350 million cubic meters/year. While the annual records on the discharge of Wadi Azum is 500 million cubic meters/year. From the remote sensing application, the width of alluvial aquifer ranges between 800 m and 2400 m, and it covers a total area of about 80,000 km2 in Wadi Kaja watershed. Paleozoic Sandstone has been mapped and it covers an area of 300 km2 in West Darfur and extends into Chad. Basement complex is covering 70% of the study area where limited groundwater quantities found in weathered/fractured part of these rocks. Wadi Azum fill deposits rest on weathered rock upto18 m-50 m depth and the static water levels range between 23 m- 55 m (A.G.S.L). These aquifers are of variable yields range between 14m3/hr.- 50 m3/hr. From the structural analysis the most potential fractures are identified in the NW-SE, NE-SW and in the E -W directions. Groundwater fluctuation analysis had showed continuous groundwater levels declination because of over-exploitation of the aquifers, while seasonal variations are referred to annual aquifer’s recharge and discharge. The transmissivity values for alluvial deposits, sandstone and basement rocks recorded as 8.18 m2/d, 42.7 m2/d and 12 m2/d respectively in average. The specific yield ranging between 6% to 28% for alluvial deposits, it ranges from 21% to 27% for Disa sandstone and it ranges from 1.1% to 4% for Basement Complex. Water quality analysis showed that most of chemical properties are within the allowed WHO safe drinking water standards. Which substantially proved the suitability of water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and other uses. Groundwater budget has been prepared based on available inflows, out-flows rates, and changes in storage (ΔS). Accordingly, the total difference between input and output values are 33.47 x106m3/year for Wadi Kaja and 53.04 x 106m3/year for Wadi Azum. Hence the groundwater reserve is about 87 x106m3. The groundwater vulnerability analysis and contingency planning that has been carried out led to identifying vulnerable locations mainly due to aquifer vulnerability. The excessive abstraction rates are attributed to excessive unplanned settlement at certain locations as a result of conflict, limiting annual recovery to the aquifer in degraded climatic conditions. The consequences of vulnerability and risks on different water uses include water shortage and declination in grazing land led to even more competition over these resources. Depletion of water resources has often led to nomadic pastoralists deviating off the narrowing stock routes in search for water and pasture causing conflict between the diverse groups. Significant low rainfall rates in some parts of the study area due to climate change led to drought. Increase in population and movement, bring opposing groups in contact and competition. These facts entail vulnerability mitigation measures through appropriate water resource development and management strategy. Based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2030). The current water demand is calculated as 47.5x106 m3 annually, the available amount of water supply is about 24.2 106m3. The increase of water demand by 2030 is about 23.3 x106 m3, where the water reserve from water budget is 86.51 x 106m3. Hence, from the proposed development strategy in the current investigation, the additional value of water which will be obtained is about 32.17 x 106 m3, through the surface water harvesting. The remain quantity of water after satisfying 2030 demand is about 39.01 x 106 m3 could be used for contingency situations. Effective strategies have been formulated to contribute in achieving 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) considering production of accurate data on water use and demand, integrated approach to land and water resources planning and management and integrating watershed planning. Furthermore, developing legislative measures, national classification of water resources and mechanisms that promote equal access to water for all people. Moreover, mainstreaming gender in water resources management, raising public awareness and promoting integration of sector and regional water policies (trans-boundary waters). In addition, developing strategies on institutional aspects, financial aspects which comprises market based. Moreover, adopting technological aspects which encompasses Reduction of Unaccounted for Water (UFW), recycling of water, conjunctive use of water and water demand management in the agriculture sector. Additionally, developing strategies on environmental aspects together with pollution prevention approaches and developing policies and mechanisms for disaster management which contains strategies on floods and drought prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response are of high priority in any management plan. الخلاصة تمثل منطقة الدراسة ولايتي غرب ووسط دارفور، التي تقع في غرب السودان. تعاني المنطقة بشدة من نقص حاد في إمدادات المياه، وتغطيها بشكل اساسى مجمعات صخورالاساس، مع تضاريس شديدة الانحدار، وبالتالي تفقد الجزء الأكبر من المياه السطحية بسبب الجريان السطحي. تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى فحص التراكيب الجيولوجية للمنطقة التى تعمل كتكوينات لحمل المياه الجوفية, تحديد خصائص خزانات المياه الجوفية, تقييم إمكانات وجود المياه الجوفية في أنواع خزانات المياه الجوفية المختلفة. تصميم استراتيجية مناسبة لتنمية المياه وادارتها على المدى الطويل. تتضمن الأساليب المطبقة على هذه الدراسة العمل المكتبي، والعمل الميداني، والعمل المختبري. وتشمل الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية، وتحليل مستجمعات المياه، والتحقيقات الهيدروجيولوجية، وتحليل نوعية المياه، ووضع استراتيجية لتنمية موارد المياه بما في ذلك مراعات الحفاظ على البيئة. تم تقييم موارد المياه السطحية والجوفية، وبالتالي، يقدر متوسط إجمالي الهطول السنوي بنحو 44 × 109 م3/سنة، ويفقد حوالي 85٪ من الهطول بسبب ارتفاع معدلات التبخر. أما المتبقى الذي يبلغ حوالي 6.6 × 109 م3/سنة فيتم استهلاكه فى تغذية خزانات المياه الجوفية، و جزئيا يتدفق على شكل مياه جارية إلى المناطق المجاورة، والجزء الاخر يتم الاحتفاظ به كرطوبة تربة تستهلك بواسطة النباتات وقد أثبتت الدراسة أن متوسط تصريف وادي كاجا يبلغ 350 مليون متر مكعب سنويا. في حين تصريف وادي أزوم يبلغ 500 مليون متر مكعب في السنة. يتراوح عرض طبقة المياه الجوفية الغرينية بين 800 متر و 2400 متر وتغطي مساحة إجمالية تبلغ حوالي 000 80 كيلومتر مربع في مستجمعات المياه في وادي كجا ووادي ازوم. الحجر الرملي يغطي مساحة 300 كيلومترمربع في غرب دارفور ويمتد إلى تشاد. . تغطى صخورالاساس 70% من منطقة الدراسة حيث تحتوي صخورالاساس التى تعرضت للتعرية والتشققات علي كميات محدودة من المياه. رواسب وادي أزوم الغرينية التى تتموضع فوق صخور الاساس قد تعرضت للتعرية الى عمق 18متر - 55متر و بمنسوب مياه يتراوح بين 23 -55 متر فوق سطح البحر وبانتاجيات مختلفة تتراوح بين 14 -50 مترمكعب/الساعه. أظهر تحليل التراكيب الجيولوجية ان الكسورالمحتملة تم تحديدها فى الاتجاهات شمال غرب - جنوب شرق, شمال شرق - جنوب غرب,و باتجاه شرق – غرب. نتائج دراسة تذبذب المياه الجوفية تشير إلى أن مناسيب المياه الجوفيه آخذة في الانخفاض نتيجة الاستغلال المفرط لخزانات المياه الجوفية، في حين يشير التباين الموسمي إلى التغذية والتصريف السنويين للمياه الجوفية. تتراوح مسامية الرواسب الغرينية والحجر الرملي و الصخورالاساسية في متوسط بين 18.18 متر مربع / اليوم و 42.7 متر مربع / اليوم 12 متر مربع / اليوم على التوالي. يتراوح العائد المحدد بين 6٪ و 28٪ في الرواسب الغرينية وبين 21٪ و 27٪ في الحجر الرملى و٪ إلى 4٪ لصخورالاساسي. أشارتحليل نوعية المياه إلى أن معظم الخواص الكيميائية تقع ضمن معايير مياه الشرب المأمونة المسموح بها لدى منظمة الصحة العالمية، وأثبتت إلى حد كبير صلاحية المياه للاستخدامات المنزلية والزراعية والصناعية والسياحية وغيرها، تم إعداد ميزانية المياه الجوفية بناءً على التغذية السنوية للمياه الجوفية والاستهلاك السنوى للمياه الجوفية والتغيرات في تخزين المياه الجوفية، وبالتالي أظهر الفرق الكلي بين المدخلات والمخرجات (33.47×106 م 3 / سنة لوادى كجا 53.04×106م 3 / سنة لوادى ازوم) مما يوفر احتياطى من المياه الجوفية قدره86.51 × 106 م 3 / سنة. تم تحليل مواطن ضعف المياه الجوفية والتخطيط اللازم للطوارى وقد خلص الى تحديد المواقع المعرضة للخطر بسبب ضعف خزانات المياه الجوفية و التي تشمل معدلات استخراج المياه الجوفية بشكل مكثف. بسبب التوطين والتسكين غير المخطط في بعض المواقع نتيجة للنزاعات التي حدت من اعادة التغذية السنوية لخزانات المياه الجوفية في ظل الظروف المناخية المتدهورة. من بين عواقب الضعف والمخاطرعلى مختلف استخدامات المياه, شح المياه، وانخفاض الأراضي الصالحه للمرعى التي أدت إلى زيادة التنافس على هذه الموارد، وكثيرا ما أدى نضوب موارد المياه إلى انحراف الرعاة و الرحل عن الطرق الضيقة المخصصه للماشية، بحثا عن المياه والمراعي، مما يتسبب في نشوب نزاع بين مختلف المجموعات. كذلك أدت معدلات هطول الأمطار المنخفضة في بعض أجزاء منطقة الدراسة إلى الجفاف، وزيادة عدد السكان وحركتهم، وتعرض المجموعات المتنازعة للتماس والمنافسة، الأمر الذي يستوجب اتخاذ تدابير لتخفيف حدة ضعف موارد المياه من خلال وضع استراتيجية مناسبة لتنمية المياه وإدارتها. استناداً إلى أهداف التنمية المستدامة تم إجراء تحليل العرض والطلب لإمدادات المياه الحالية لعام 2020 والطلب المستقبلي على المياه لعام 2030 و جاءت النتيجة كالاتي: 24.18 × 106 م 3 / سنة و 47.48 × 106 م 3 / سنة على التوالي ، مما يكشف عن زيادة في الطلب للمياه فى العام 2030 قدره 23.30 × 106م 3 / سنة، كما ان احتياطى المياه حسب نتائج ميزانية المياه التى تم اجرائها هو 86.51 × 106 متر مكعب،لاستخدامات المياه المختلفة. من الاستراتيجية الإنمائية المقترحة في التحقيق الحالي، تبلغ القيمة الإضافية للمياه التي سيتم الحصول عليها حوالي 32.17 × 106 متر مكعب ، من خلال حصاد المياه السطحية فان كمية المياه المتبقية بعد تلبية الطلب للمياه فى العام 2030 هي 39.01 مليون مترمكعب. يمكن استخدامها في حالات الطوارئ. قد صيغت استراتيجيات فعالة للمساهمة في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة لعام 2030 تركزعلى ضرورة الانتباه لإنتاج بيانات دقيقة عن استخدام المياه والطلب عليها، اتباع اليات ونهج متكامل لتخطيط وإدارة الأراضي وموارد المياه، التخطيط المتكامل لمستجمعات المياه و التدابير التشريعية. بالاضافة الي التصنيف الوطني للموارد المائية والآليات التي تعزز المساواة في الحصول على المياه لجميع المجتمعات. فضلا عن تعميم مراعاة منظورالنوع في إدارة الموارد المائية، التوعية العامة و تعزيز تكامل السياسات القطاعية والإقليمية المتعلقة بالمياه (المياه العابرة للحدود). بالإضافة إلى الاستراتيجيات المتعلقة بالجوانب المؤسسية. علاوة على الاستراتيجيات المتعلقة بالجوانب المالية التي تشمل استراتيجيات قائمة على السوق تشمل تسعير المياه. بالإضافة إلى الاستراتيجيات المتعلقة بالجوانب التكنولوجية التي تشمل الحد من المياه غيرالمحتسبة. اعادة تدويرالمياه. الاستخدام المترافق لادارة الطلب فى قطاع الزراعة فضلا عن الاستراتيجيات المتعلقة بالجوانب البيئية الى جانب نهج منع التلوث. وضع سياسات و اليات لادارة الكوارث تتضمن استراتيجيات بشأن درء الفيضانات والجفاف، والتأهب للتخفيف من آثار الكوارث والاستجابة لها.