PHD theses : Engineering
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Item AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE COLLEGE EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON DRINKS PACKED IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS(Al Neelain University, 2011) MOHAMED MOHAMED AHMED ELAWADThe idea of this research came during June 2006 when an announcement was given by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the withdrawal of four soft drinks brands, because of the discovery of some hazardous chemicals found in these drinks due to bad storage conditions. In Sudan such problem is expected even to be worse, because of the sever storage conditions of these products. Because of the importance of such problem to public health were decided to investigate it. Three types of samples were selected two brand of soft drinks ( lemon and apple flavored ) and a mineral water . Six samples were packed in plastic container (polyethylene terephthalate - PET ). Two samples packed in glass bottles. The samples had been taken from a shopping center at the center of Khartoum city. Part of the samples were stored in a refrigerator and the corresponding copies from the same patch were stored in the open air as they stored in shopping centers. Between 6 – 8 months these samples were analyzed in a specialized laboratories with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS ). The results of the research showed the following - polyethylene terephthalate oligomers as well as acetaldehyde residues were not found, which proved that the polymer is stable and clean. - Most of polymer additives, which were migrated from PET in all open air samples were found with higher concentrations ensure that the storage condition affects the products. - Existence of additional compounds in sample S 2G ( lemon flavored ) probably released from stopper lining plastic. أهم إسباب إختيار مادة هذا البحططث هطو تطدعيم فكطرة التطوجه نحطو البححططاث التطططبيقيه المرتبطه بحقضايا المجتمع و المنعكسه علي حياتنا اليوميه و شجع فكرة البحث خبر أذيع في يونيو 2006 من هيئطة الذاعطة البريطانيطة بحطأنه قطد تطم سطحب أربحطع ماركطات مطن الميطاه الغازيطة مطن السواق البريطانية لكتشاف وجود مواد كيماويه ضاره وعزى ذلك إلى سوء التخزين. 14 واضعين فى العتبار الفرق الشاسع لما هو متبع فى السططودان لمثططل هططذه السططلع بحالنسططبه لظططروف العرض و التخزين مقارنه مما فى تلك البلد. تم إختيططار و دراسططة ثلث عينططات مططن المشططروبحات الشططائعة السططتهلك إثنيططن مططن الميططاه الغططازيه )بحنكهططة الليمططون و التفططاح ( و واحططده مططن الميططاه المعطططدنيه. كطططل العينطططات معبطططأة فطططى قطططوارير بحلسطططتيكه مطططن مطططادة ال Polyethylene Terephthalate PET ( (. كما درست عينتان من نفس المشروبحات الغازيه معبأة فططى قططوارير زجاجيه للمقارنه. تم أخذ العينات من محل تجارى وسط الخرطوم بحعيد إستلمها من الموزع. تم إيداع نسخ من العينات في الثلجه و وضططعت الخططرى خارجهططا تحططت نفططس ظططروف محططل شرائها متعرضة لدرجات الحرارة العاليه و أشعة الشمس المباشرة حيث تكطون طريقطة التخزيططن في مراكز البيع المختلفه. لقد وضعت هذه العينات ما بحين 6 – 8 أشهر ثم تم تحليلها في معامل متخصصه بحواسطة جهاز Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer ( GC-MS .( وبحعد دراسة و مقارنة النتائج إستخلصنا اللتى :- - عططدم وجططود ) acetaldyhyde ( و أوليقميططرات ) olygomers ( مططن ال ) PET ( لذا أثبت أن درجة ثباته عاليه. - وجود مضافات البلمره بحنسب أعلى فى عينططات التخزيططن المفتططوح ) open air ( يشططير لتأثرها بحظروف التخزين المتبعه. - ظهططور مططواد إضططافيه فططى محتويططات تعبئططة الزجططاج فططى العينططه S 2 )نكهططة الليمططون ( يشططيرللماده البططوليميريه المبطنططه لغطططاء الزجططاج, رغططم أن محتوياتهططا مططن دفعططه مختلفططه different batch . (( - عدم ظهور مواد إضافيه فى العينه الزجاجيه S 3 )نكهطة التفططاح ( مططن المرجطح أن يكطون بحسبب عدم وجود بحطانه بحلستيكيه فى الغطاء مما يعضد الملحظه السابحقه. وعليه يمكن إجمال توصيات الدراسة فى اللتى :- - بحالنسبه للتعبئة البلستيكيه للمياه و المشروبحات الغازيه يفضل اللتزام بحمادة ال PET لرتفاع درجة المان فيها. - تفادى إستخدام مواد بحوليميرية أخرى للغطية أو بحطانتها - اللتزام بحظروف تخزين ملئمه تطابحق شروط تخزين المواد الغذائيه الخرى. - الرجوع للزجاج. 15 - نوصى بحدراسة سوائل أخرى مثل زيوت الطعام و غيرها لمعرفططة تططأثير ظططروف تخزيططن أخرى عليها ) كالتبريد الشديد (.Item Cleaner Production in Tanning Processing (Case Study: Afrotan Tannery)(Al Neelain University, 2016) Alfatih Awad Mohamed YasseenAfrotan tannery was established in 1983, in Albagair Area- AlGazira State - Sudan. It tans about 20000 hide per day. It has four units of wastewater treatment. The wastewater of soaking, deliming, fleshing (washing water) and cleaning processes is treated in general waste water treatment unit. The wastewater of un hairing and liming processes is treated in liming recovery unit. The wastewater of tanning processes is treated in chromium recovery unit. The sludge precipitated in sedimentation tanks of these units is treated in sludge treatment and dewatering unit. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the methods of treatment and recycling applied in these four units and to assess the environmental impact for these units. The analysis was carried out by using the standards methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, Edition 20, (1998). The results showed that, the general wastewater treatment unit receives 1000 m3/day of wastewater. 300 m3/day of this quantity is precipitated as sludge in sedimentation tanks. 700 m3/day is the amount of treated water. 280 m3/day of this treated water is reused in production line and the remaining (420 m3/day) is ditched in land. The removal rates of deliming process substances and chlorides are very low. The removal of deliming process substances in biological oxidation tank increases the treatment cost. The study recommended that waste water of deliming process should be separated, treated and recycled directly. The liming recovery unit receives 300 m3/day of spent liming liquor. 140 m3/day of the quantity is floated and precipitated as sludge. 60 VIII m3/day of this sludge is directly burred in landfills contaminating the soil with sulphide. 160 m3/day of the quantity is the amount of treated liming liquor which is mixed with fresh makeup solution and recycled. The study recommended that further studies to reduce organic loads should be conducted and all sludge should be sent to the sludge treatment unit. The results showed that the chromium recovery unit receives 40 m3/day of spent chromium liquor. Just 1.2 m3 /day of the quantity is recovered and converted to basic chromium sulphate which is reusable. The remaining 38.8 m3/day is supernatant which is sent to general waste water treatment unit and the chromium is precipitated with sludge in sedimentation tanks. For proper chrome treatment, it is recommended that chrome recovery method must be replaced by the direct chrome recycling method. The sludge treatment unit receives 380m3/day of slurry sludge. After treatment and dewatering, 80m3/day of sludge is burred in landfills which it contains chrome, sulphides, chloride and others. The study recommended that sludge should not burred in landfills and also further studies should be conducted to utilize this sludge as fertilizer or in any other purposes. The results showed that there is no contamination by tannery wastewater in the tannery drinking water wells. The study recommended that periodic tests for tannery drinking water must be regularly run and the samples should be taken directly from the well.