PHD theses : Agricultural
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Item STUDIES ON IMPROVING SALTED-FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS IN SUDAN(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006-05) Ghada Ahmed El HajABSTRACT In attempts targeting preservation of fish and their products for consumption at subsequent times and places far away from the source, this programme was arranged for a number of preservation methods to address the issues. Those methods have duly included drying, salting, smoking, fermentation. . . etc. to give a good coverage for various types of fish. It arises from the above, that there is a need to evaluate traditional and improved methods of preservation to reach an acceptable product for the consumer. For the fiilfillment of the above, this programme was set to address the quality of fish from chemical, physical and biological viewpoint. Special emphasis was attached to salting and fermentation and their impact. However, the result of this study indicated that fresh samples of two species of fish Kawara (Alesles sp.) and Debs (Labeo sp.) during three seasons are comparable in both content and values. These values of change in varying degrees when subjected to different salt concentrations during short and prolonged time. General magnitude change between fi'esh and treated samples was obtained for both sp. Significant variations for all parameters of two species during the first l\twelve days of treatments were detected, It has to be emphasized that the sixth months marks the onset of fiirther deterioration. \Item A SimulAtion Model For Centre Pivot Irrigation system design and optimiza tion of operation(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2008-10) Osama Osman Ali OsmanA Simulation Model for Centre Pivot Irrigation System Design and Optimization of Operation (Ph.D Thesis) Osama Osman Ali Osman Abstract: A computer simulation model was developed for the purpose ofthe design and optimization of the operation of centre pivot irrigation system. The model was written in Visual Basic 6.0 Programming Language. The model determines crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, application rate, irrigation time, and system hydraulic parameters. It also evaluates the performance of the system when supplied with the required data. For verification of the model, field trials were carried out during the period December 2007 - July 2008 at four schemes using centre pivot irrigation systems. The schemes were Ras Al Wadi Al Akhadar Project- north Atbra town, El Bashair Company- south Al Damar town, Tala Company-north Shendi town and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing in Khartoum area. The schemes were growing alfalfa, except El Bashair company which was growing onion. Crop water requirement was estimated using the modified Penman equation and Penman-Monteith method. The program when supplied with required data can estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration and crop water requirement. The values of May 2008, obtained for reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) by using the modified Penman equation were 8.7, 8.7, 8.6 and 8.4 mm/day, and by using Penman-Monteith method were 8.9, 8.9, 8.4 and 8.0 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The values of April were close to May values, but in January, February and March Pemnan-Monteith gave lower values than modified Pemnan.The values obtained for predicted crop water requirement (ETc) by using the Xlllmodified Penman equation were 10.4, 9.1, 10.3 and 10.0 mm/day. and by using Penrnan-Monteith method were 10.6, 9.3, 10.0 and 9.6 mm/day for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing. respectively. The model determines the irrigation scheduling variables. The total available water in the root zone to be 300, 90, 300 and 345 mm. Readily available water (net depth) was 150, 45, 150, 173 mm. The gross water depth was 230, 69, 231 and 230 mm, irrigation time was 29, 9, 29 and 58 hours and the number oftotal irrigations during the month was found to be 5, 8, 5 and 5, for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model also determines the system variables. Distance from pivot point to last tower was 380, 405, 332.5 and 468 m, application rate was 100, 48, 91and 42 mm/h, and maximum application rate was 128. 61, 116.5 and 59 mm/h. System capacity was 154, 179, 128 and 123 m3/h. Friction losses were 1.27, 1.43, 3 and 1.0 m for Ras El Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company and the Arab company for Agricultural Production and Processing, respectively. The model determines the coefficient of uniformity of systems, uniformity of distribution and scheduling coefficient. The coefficient of uniformity was 78, 79, 85, 79 and 77%. Uniformity of distribution was 68, 70, 78, 71 and 67%. Scheduling coefficient was 1.47, 1.43, 1.3, 1.41 and 1.49 for Ras E1 Wadi Al Akhdar Project, El Bashair Company, Tala Company, Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing and the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing after changing sprinklers, respectively. The model can satisfactorily estimate crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, system design variables and evaluate the performance of the system. XIVItem RAINW ATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL MOISTURE CONSERV ATION ON THE UPPER TERRACES OF THE WHTE NILE STATE (Sudan)(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2004-12) ABDEL RAHMAN MOHAMED NOUR HAMIDABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted at Humra, Aba, and Kileikis, White Nile state, Sudan, on a sandy clay soil, following a randomized block design, to study the effect of water harvesting techniques namely: crescents, intersections, ditches and control treatments on some soil physical properties and soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the beginning of the next season during 2003/04 growing season. Also plant parameters of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants were measured monthly immediately after the rainy season till the next season. Direct rainfall was measured using rain gauges which were installed on the field. The results indicated that the water harvesting techniques affected the soil structure and soil physical properties specially on the upper layer (0-30 cm) which subjected to excavation tools and consequently the soil moisture content as a result of improving infiltration rate, porosity, field capacity and reducing rain water runoff. The results revealed that the crescents treatment was the best technique for improving porosity, infiltration rate, soil storage capacity and reducing runoff which led to a good performance of Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis transplants. The intersections techniques came next to the crescents in storage capacity and performance of the plants. Also the results showed no significant differences between ditches and control treatments. The results indicated that the Acacia nilotica transplants gave good results when the moisture content increased while Acacia tortilis transplants gave good results when the moisture content decreased.Item THE POTENTIAL OF SOME INDIGENOUS SOILMICROORGANISMS IN DEGRADATION OF THE INSECTICIDE ENDOSULFAN ALPHA AND BETA ISOMERS(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2006) OSAMA EL GIALANI ELSAIDAbstract Nine soil types from sites with various levels and history of contamination by insecticides were chosen as inoculums sources for the present studies The presences of four groups of soil microorganisms in these soils were surveyed using selective media. The results indicated that organic nitrogen bacteria is more prevalent and found in all types of soils followed by inorganic nitrogen bacteria and actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria and actinomycetes which lives in poor media. Soil microorganisms isolated from the nine soil types showed great potential in degrading oi and B-endosulfan in selective media after l5 days of incubation. Generally the results indicated that microorganisms isolated from highly contaminated soils had greater potential in degrading the two isomers of endosulfan. The effects of soil microorganisms isolated from highly polluted soil, on half-lives of (1 and B- endosulfan under condition of selective and carbon free media were re-studied for longer period. The results showed significant decrease in half-lives ranging between 58.4 — 81.9% in (1- endosulfan compared to 35.5 — 71 .6% in B-isomer. The effect of fertilizer activator on enhancing the microbial growth and capability in degrading oi and B- endosulfan under soil conditions was studied. Results indicated that all activators caused significant increase in microbial counts especially the triple super phosphate. The accompanied reduction in half lives ranged between 20-73% with various levels of endosulfan sulphate generated. Microbial degradation at elevated concentration (500 mg/l) of endosulfan in carbon free was studied and the results showed that there were no significant differences in the reduction of half-lives between high (500 mg/1) and low (100 mg/1) concentration. Tolerant strains of bacteria and fungi from the soil of Rass Elfeel pesticide store (Mangil scheme) were isolated through consecutive exposure to elevated concentration of endosulfan under condition of carbon free media and the results showed that the most tolerant fungi (can tolerate up tol000 mg/l) was Aspergi//us fiuntgales while the most tolerant bacteria was Bacillus sp. The comparative degradation of endosulfan by tolerant strains and their parents was studied under condition of soil and carbon free media. Results showed that parent strains (present in large number) showed faster decrease in half lives compared to tolerant strains (few numbers). However tolerant strains might have greater potential if they find a chance to propagate in massive numbers. IllItem Design of Dibs Extractor for Production of Flavored Date Syrup Carbonated Drinks(Al-Neelain University, 2021-03) Mohamed Yousif Mohamed BabekerAbstract The aim of this study was to make a combination of these two factors to develop a value-added product by substituting imported sugar by date sugars as sweeteners. A new method and technique to extract clear date syrup was developed. The method consisted of soaking date fruits in warm water at 75 °C for 30 minutes and mixing under vacuum at 1000 rpm for 20 minutes. The apparatus used was developed by the candidate and is called "Dipsi 10101". The extraction process follows the principle of the ideal gas law, which describe the relation between pressure, temperature, volume and number gas moles. When the gas pressure inside the system is decreased, evaporation temperature will decrease hence extracting most sugars and avoiding caramelization effect which appears when using high temperatures, in addition to extracting most organic and volatile components of the date fruit. The date syrup was filtered through a 4-seive ladder system using a vacuum pump. The date syrup was then concentrated as Dips using two methods, one by rotary evaporator at 50 °C 180 rpm for 12-18 hours and the other by direct sunrays drying at 48.8°C. Sun drying for 4 hours gave the clearest syrup color. The results of this study showed that the syrup extracted by the methods developed in this work was superior to commercial Dips in all parameters tested, including amount of sugar extracted, color, pH, ash, acidity, moisture, protein, TDS, minerals and phenolic contents. The date syrup produced was used to develop new soft drinks, where the syrup was added at 11.8% TDS. The drink was flavored by an extract of Tamarind fruit named as (Aradate) and a traditional Sudanese food flakes called Hulu-Mur (Abridate). The results obtained showed that Tamarind was accepted by the panelists as a potential flavoring agent while Hulu-Mur did not get similar acceptance. الملخص هدفت هذه الدراسة تعظيم الاستفادة من التمور واضافة قيمة مضافة لقطاع إنتاجه، وذلك بإحلال السكريات المتوفرة فيه وهي سكريات المختزلة مكان السكريات الغير مختزلة المستوردة لتلبية الطلب الواسع للمشروبات الغازية، وتقليل فاتورة الاستيراد. أدت الزيادة السكانية في جميع أنحاء العالم إلى المزيد من التوسع الحضري من زيادة المناطق المخصصة للسكن، قلة الأراضي المتاحة للزراعة والزيادة الكبيرة في الاحتياجات الغذائية. ادي ذلك الى الحاجة في زيادة الأساليب تقانة فعالة في الانتاج الزراعي وطرق الحفظ والتحويل الى مواد جديدة يكثر عليها الطلب للاستفادة القصوى من هبات الطبيعة. طورت في الدراسة طرق وتقانة جديدة للحصول على عصير التمر النقي. وتعتمد هذه الطريقة على غمر فاكهة التمر في ماء دافئ عند 75 درجة مئوية لمدة 30 دقيقة وخلطها من بعد ذلك تحت التفريغ عند سرعة دوران تساوي 1000 لفة في الدقيقة لمدة 20 دقيقة. استخدمت في هذه الدراسة جهاز طور من قبل الباحث سمي باسم (دبسي 10101). حيث اعتمدت عملية الاستخلاص على نظرية الغاز المثالي والتي تصف العلاقة بين الضغط، الحرارة، الحجم وعدد مولات الغاز. عندما ينخفض ضغط الغاز داخل الجهاز فان ذلك يعمل على خفض درجة حرارة التبخير مما يعمل على استخلاص اعلى للسكر ويعمل على تفادي اثار الكرملة التي تظهر عند استعمال درجات حرارة اعلي في عمليات الاستخلاص. بالإضافة الى ذلك فان ذلك يعمل على استخلاص معظم المركبات العضوية والطيارة من ثمار التمر. شراب التمر المستخلص رشح من خلال نظام مناخل مكون من أربع وحدات تصفية باستخدام مضخة تفريغ. ركز العصير المنتج الى شراب التمر عبر طريقتين، الاولي عبر استخدام المقلب الدوار عند 50 درجة مئوية وسرعة 180 لفة في الدقيقة لمدة تتراوح ما بين 12-16 ساعة بينما ركزت الأخرى باستخدام اشعة الشمس المباشرة عند درجة حرارة 48 درجة مئوية لمدة أربع ساعات وقد أعطت افضل لون نقي للعصير. النتائج المتحصل عليها من هذه الدراسة اشارت الى ان العصير المستخلص بهذه الطريقة المطورة في هذا العمل قد تفوقت على الدبس التجاري في كل من حيث نسبة السكر المستخلص، اللون، pH، الرماد، الحموضة، الرطوبة، البروتين، المادة الذائبة الكلية، المعادن والمادة الفينوليه الكلية. استخدم عصير التمر المنتج لإنتاج مشروبات غازية بتركيز 11.8% مواد صلبة كلية. نكهة الشراب بمستخلص التمر هندي وسمي (اراديت) وكذلك باستخدام بمستخلص رقائق الحلو مر (شراب تقليدي سوداني) وسمي (ابرديت). اشارت النتائج المتحصل عليها الي إمكانية استخدام نكهة التمر هندي مع عصير التمر كمنتج جديد ومنافس (اراديت) اما بالنسبة لاستخدام نكهة الابري مع عصير التمر(ابرديت) فقد اعطي نتائج متدنية في التقييم الحسي.Item (( دراسة في تخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة وتقويمها في العراق ))(جامعة النيلين, 2019) زيـد تحسين ريشان الصميدعياستهدف البحث الحالي وصف واقع عملية تخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة وتحديد مستوى الموافقة على المراحل والمحاور والفقرات لإيجاد آلية لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة ومعنوية علاقتها ببعض المتغيرات ( النوع و الخدمة الوظيفية والتحصيل العلمي ) ، وتحديد وترتيب المشكلات التي تواجه هذه العملية ، مع وضع مقترح آلية لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية الزراعية المقروءة في العراق . اعدت في ضوء ذلك استبانة عرضت على (150) مبحوثاً كعينة من المرشدين الزراعيين والمعنيين بمجال تخطيط البرامج الارشادية موزعين على محافظات العراق ، واعد مقياس موافقة خماسي تراوحت درجاته ما بين (187-935) ، واستخدم لتحليل بيانات البحث برنامج الحاسب الآلي (SPSS) ، الحزمة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية وبعض الوسائل الاحصائية الاخرى . توصل البحث الى ايجاد مقترح آلية مناسبة لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية المقروءة تشمل (مراحله) الاساسية (التخطيط والتنفيذ والتقويم) اللازمة لتحقيقها بحصول الآلية على درجة موافقة عالية تعبر عن ملائمة استخدامها في جهاز الارشاد الزراعي . وتم التوصل الى مخطط كأنموذج يمكن تضمينه لتصميم آلية لتخطيط البرامج الارشادية المقروءة في العراق. يوصي البحث الجهات المعنية الزراعية (وزارة الزراعة والاجهزة الارشادية على مستوى المركز والمحافظات ) الاخذ بالآلية المقترحة ، وتبنيها من قبل أصحاب القرار لأهمية ذلك في تحسين الواقع الزراعي والعملية الانتاجية وفي التنمية الزراعية المستدامة في العراق .Item Effect of Some Tillage Operations on Physical Properties of the Soil and Tractor Performance and Sorghum Crop Yield in Sondos Scheme.(Al-Neelain University, 2019-12) Abdelbagy Mohamed Hereka AbdelhfeezThis study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, ALNeelain University, Sondos Agricultural Project, Jebel Awlia, about 50 km south Khartoum in the two successive seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The site lies in the semi-arid zone of the Sudan. The objectives is to investigate the effect of different six tillage operations, namely, zero tillage, d isc plough, chisel plough, disc harrow, disc plough + disc harrow and double ridging on soil physical properties, yield of sorghum crop as indicter plant and tractor parameters performance. The physical properties were bulk density, soil field capacity, infiltration rate and the yield sorghum crop and tractor parameters, parameters studied were plant height, number of tillers; leaves per plant, stem diameter and yield, the tractor performance parameters tested were fuel consumption, implement field capacity and efficiency, rear wheel slippage and draft. Finally economical analyses for cost of these different treatments were also studied. The experiment design adopted was completely randomized block design with four replicates. Results showed that bulk density values increased with increasing in depth. The plough + harrow treatment gave the lowest bulk density (1.23, 1.25g/cm³) where as zero tillage treatment gave the highest soil bulk density (1.35, 1.37g/cm³). Soil field capacity value decrease with increase in depth. Infiltration rate showed very high initial infiltration rate during the five minuets elapse time for all tillage treatments. Chiseling tillage operation registered the highest initial infiltration rate (288, 300mm/h) whereas zero tillage treatment gave the lowest (168, 180 mm/h) throughout the experiments. For the effect of different tillage treatments on sorghum yield component parameters, statistical analysis for plant height during the two seasons showed that chisel treatment gave a higher significant results (p ≤ 0.05) at all reading during the growing season compared to the other treatments, except with harrow, double ridging and disc plough+ harrow in the 2nd and 4th weeks. Zero tillage treatment registered the lowest plant height means (65.03, 72.75 cm) throughout the studied period. As for the number of tillers/ plant, statistical analysis at different reading during the growing season showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between treatments means. Number of leaves / plant also showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments studied except in the 6th week in season 1. As for stem thickness, results for season 1 showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) observed among tillage treatment means in the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, but a significant differences existed between treatment means in the 2nd and 10th weeks in the second season, the statistical analysis showed that there were significant difference at (p ≤ 0.05) between disc plough, disc plough + harrow and harrow. Sorghum yield results showed that significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) found between different treatments means, disc plough + harrow treatment gave a higher value (0.92 - 1.01 ton/ha) followed by chisel plough (0.79 - 0.91 ton/ha) then disc plough (0.76, 0.82 ton/ha) and harrow (0.70, 0.77 ton/ha) treatments, whereas, double ridging and zero tillage gave the lowest sorghum yield throughout the two seasons (0.67, 0.76 ton/ha) (0.61, 0.57 ton/ha) respectively. The results show that implements effective field capacity and field efficiency decreased with increase in depth and also decrease with increase in moisture content in the soil for all operations. Also result showed that fuel consumption and slippage (%) increases with increase in depth and also increase with increase in moisture content for the implements tested. Draft and power requirement results for different treatments showed that, draft required by all the implements increased with increasing in the depth of tillage operation and soil moisture contents. For power requirement, maximum total power consumed by chisel plough at 30 cm depth at moisture content 40% (18.20 kw). Economical analysis for different tillage treatments in the two seasons showed that disc plough + harrow treatment gave higher return over zero tillage (44.34, 91.61$) followed by chisel (26.51, 84.69$), disc harrow (14.34, 54.34$) and double ridging treatments which gave the lowest profit( 2.47, 49.74$) result over zero tillage on the two seasons.Item Effect of Some Tillage Operations on Physical Properties of the Soil and Tractor Performance and Sorghum Crop Yield in Sondos Scheme.(جامعة النيلين, 2018-12) Abdelbagy Mohamed Hereka Abdelhfeezمستخلص الدراسه اجريت هذة الدراسة بالمزرعة التجريبية لكلية التقانة الزراعية وعلوم الأسماك ، جامعة النيلين التي تقع داخل مشروع سندس الزراعي بجبل أولياء حوالي50 كلم جنوب الخرطوم خلال الموسمين المتتاليين (2013/2014),(2014/2015م). تقع التجربة ضمن المنطقة شبة الجافه في السودان تهدف التجربة لايجاد اثر سته عمليات حراثه مختلفة تحديدا (الزراعه الصفريه ,المحراث القرصي ،المحراث الأزميلي, المحراث المشطي ,المحراث القرصي +المشطي وطراد مرتين) علي الخصائص الفيزيائية للتربة( الكثافة الظاهرية ،السعة الحقلية،معدل التسرب) وانتاجية محصول الذره ومؤشرات اداء الجرار مؤشرات الانتاجيه التي درست هي طول النبات ، عددالفروع والاوراق وقطر ساق النباتات وانتاج المحصول ومؤشرات اداء الجرار والتي شملت استهلاك الوقود, الكفاءه الحقليه والسعه الحقليه للاله, الانزلاق ومتطلبات القدره وكذلك التحليل الاقتصادي.تم تبني تصميم القطاعات العشوائيه الكامله لتصميم التجربه باربعه تكرارات.اظهرت النتائج أن قيم الكثافة الظاهرية للتربه تزيد مع زيادة العمق. معاملة المحراث القرصي+ المحراث المشطي اعطت اقل كثافه ظاهريه (1.23, 1.25جم/سم3) بينما الحراثه الصفريه كانت الاعلي كثافه ظاهريه (1.35, 1.37جم/سم3) .قيم السعه الحقليه للتربه تتناقص بزيادة العمق. ان معدل التسرب في الموسمين اظهر معدل تسرب ابتدائى عالي في الخمسه دقائق الاولي من الزمن في كل المعاملات الفلاحيه, معاملة المحراث الازميلي سجلت اعلي معدل تسرب ابتدائى (300,288ملم/ساعة) بينما الحراثه الصفريه اعطت اقل معدل تسرب ابتدائى خلال الدراسه (180,168ملم/ساعه).التحليل الاحصائى لطول النبات اثناء فترة النمو اوضح ان معاملة المحراث الازميلي اعطت قيم معنويه عاليه في الموسمين مقارنة بالمعاملات الاخري ماعدا معاملة المحراث المشطي والطراد مرتين ومعاملة المحراث القرصي + المشطي في الاسبوع الثاني والرابع. بينما معامله الحراثه الصفريه اعطت اقل متوسط لاطوال النبات خلال الدراسه (65.3, 72.75سم). التحليل الإحصائي اوضح أنه لاتوجد فروقات معنوية لعدد الخلف في النبات خلال التجربه. كذلك لاتوجد فروقات معنويه لعدد الأوراق في النبات عدا في الاسبوع السادس في الموسم الاول. اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي في الموسم الاول عدم وجود فروق معنويه لمتوسطات قطر ساق الذره بين متوسطات كل المعاملات في الاسبوع الرابع والسادس والثامن بينما وجدت فروق معنويه بين متوسطات المعاملات تحت الدراسه في الاسبوع الثاني والعاشر. في الموسم الثاني اظهرت الدراسه ان هنالك فروقات معنويه بين متوسطات معاملات ساق النبات في المحراث القرصي, المحراث القرصي+ المشطي والمحراث المشطي.نتائج انتاجية محصول الذره اوضحت ان هنالك فروق معنويه عند (p≤0.05) بين متوسطات المعاملات المختلفة , معاملة المحراث القرصي+المحراث المشطي اعطت اعلي انتاجية(0,92 ,1,01 طن/هكتار) يليها المحراث الازميلي( 0,79, 0,91 طن/هكتار), المحراث القرصي( 0,76, 0,82 طن/هكتار) والمشطي (0,70 , 0,77طن/هكتار) بينما سجلت معاملة الطراد مرتين والمعامله الصفريه اقل انتاجيه في الموسمين(0,67 , 0,76 طن/هكتار) (0,61, 0,57 طن/هكتار). اظهرت النتائج ان السعه الحقليه والكفاءه الحقليه للالات المختبره تقل بزيادة العمق وكذلك بزيادة المحتوي الرطوبي للتربة في كل العمليات,كذلك اظهرت النتائج ان استهلاك الوقود والانزلاق يزداد بزيادة العمق وكذلك بذيادة الحتوي الرطوبي للتربة في كل الالات تحت الاختبار. نتائج متطلبات القدرة للمعاملات المختلفة أوضحت أن القدره المطلوبة لكل المحاريث تزيد بزيادة العمق وكذلك بذيادة المحتوي الرطوبي, أقصي قدرة من إجمالي الطاقة المطلوبة للمحراث الازميلي وجدت علي عمق 30 سم (18.20) كيلوواط عند رطوبة 40%. التحليل الاقتصادي لمختلف العمليات الفلاحيه في الموسمين اوضحت ان معاملة المحراث القرصي+المحراث المشطي(44,34-91.61 دولار) تعطي صافي ربح عالي للموسمين مقارنة مع الحراثه الصفريه تليها معاملات المحراث الازميلي(26,51-84,69 دولار), المشطي(14,34-54,34 دولار), بينما معاملة الطراد مرتين (2,47-49,74 دولار) اعطت اقل ربحيه بالنسبه للحراثه الصفريه للموسمين. ABSTRACT This study was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, ALNeelain University, Sondos Agricultural Project, Jebel Awlia, about 50 km south Khartoum in the two successive seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The site lies in the semi-arid zone of the Sudan. The objectives is to investigate the effect of different six tillage operations, namely, zero tillage, d isc plough, chisel plough, disc harrow, disc plough + disc harrow and double ridging on soil physical properties, yield of sorghum crop as indicter plant and tractor parameters performance. The physical properties were bulk density, soil field capacity, infiltration rate and the yield sorghum crop and tractor parameters, parameters studied were plant height, number of tillers; leaves per plant, stem diameter and yield, the tractor performance parameters tested were fuel consumption, implement field capacity and efficiency, rear wheel slippage and draft. Finally economical analyses for cost of these different treatments were also studied. The experiment design adopted was completely randomized block design with four replicates. Results showed that bulk density values increased with increasing in depth. The plough + harrow treatment gave the lowest bulk density (1.23, 1.25g/cm³) where as zero tillage treatment gave the highest soil bulk density (1.35, 1.37g/cm³). Soil field capacity value decrease with increase in depth. Infiltration rate showed very high initial infiltration rate during the five minuets elapse time for all tillage treatments. Chiseling tillage operation registered the highest initial infiltration rate (288, 300mm/h) whereas zero tillage treatment gave the lowest (168, 180 mm/h) throughout the experiments. For the effect of different tillage treatments on sorghum yield component parameters, statistical analysis for plant height during the two seasons showed that chisel treatment gave a higher significant results (p ≤ 0.05) at all reading during the growing season compared to the other treatments, except with harrow, double ridging and disc plough+ harrow in the 2nd and 4th weeks. Zero tillage treatment registered the lowest plant height means (65.03, 72.75 cm) throughout the studied period. As for the number of tillers/ plant, statistical analysis at different reading during the growing season showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between treatments means. Number of leaves / plant also showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments studied except in the 6th week in season 1. As for stem thickness, results for season 1 showed that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) observed among tillage treatment means in the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, but a significant differences existed between treatment means in the 2nd and 10th weeks in the second season, the statistical analysis showed that there were significant difference at (p ≤ 0.05) between disc plough, disc plough + harrow and harrow. Sorghum yield results showed that significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) found between different treatments means, disc plough + harrow treatment gave a higher value (0.92 - 1.01 ton/ha) followed by chisel plough (0.79 - 0.91 ton/ha) then disc plough (0.76, 0.82 ton/ha) and harrow (0.70, 0.77 ton/ha) treatments, whereas, double ridging and zero tillage gave the lowest sorghum yield throughout the two seasons (0.67, 0.76 ton/ha) (0.61, 0.57 ton/ha) respectively. The results show that implements effective field capacity and field efficiency decreased with increase in depth and also decrease with increase in moisture content in the soil for all operations. Also result showed that fuel consumption and slippage (%) increases with increase in depth and also increase with increase in moisture content for the implements tested. Draft and power requirement results for different treatments showed that, draft required by all the implements increased with increasing in the depth of tillage operation and soil moisture contents. For power requirement, maximum total power consumed by chisel plough at 30 cm depth at moisture content 40% (18.20 kw). Economical analysis for different tillage treatments in the two seasons showed that disc plough + harrow treatment gave higher return over zero tillage (44.34, 91.61$) followed by chisel (26.51, 84.69$), disc harrow (14.34, 54.34$) and double ridging treatments which gave the lowest profit( 2.47, 49.74$) result over zero tillage on the two seasons.Item Comparison of the nutritive value of Fessielfh i11 Hydrocynus spp and Schilbe spp(Neelain University, 2006) Egbal Osman AhmedAbstract The current fessiekh industry is based on traditional means of production. Those practices do not seem to have been based on scientific background. This work aims at the effects of various concentrations, through three treatments, for two species of freshwater fish, on the fessiekh product. Recent efforts have been focusing on the consolidation of positive and as much as possible the minimization of the negative results. Hydrocynus species and Schilbe species were used for fessiekh preparation by using different salt concentrations (20%, 25%and 30% w/w) for three treatments (i.e. different seasons). Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were determined for fish before and after salting. Microbial investigation during salting of fish showed the initial microbial increase, which passed through a maximum that finally, decreased. Commercial fessiekh contained a higher microbial load than experimentally prepared one. ,' Commercial fessiekh and experimental one showed no variations of all parameters measured other than potassium, calcium and sodium. This varying bacterial count gives the product the flavor, appearance and taste. ' Chemical composition of the two species at clifferent salt concentrations in the three treatments indicated some losses of the nutritive value when compared with fresh state. While the moisture ranged from 81.92 to 72.9% in fresh fish, it dropped to 74.94 to 60.20%D.W. in salted fish. Values for protein. fat, crude fibre and ash were20.5 to18.9%, 2.2 to 1.4%, 1.9 to 1.0% &1.7 to 1.1% in fresh fish, while in salted fish values were19.57 to 16.54%, 1.62 to0.88%, 1.32 to 0.64%, and 10.21 to 13.86% D.W. respectively Effect of the three salt concentrations (20%, 25% and 30%) on the nutritive value of fessiekh product showed no significant variation, although the salt concentration at 20% gave better results than two other concentrations. 0 Effect of seasonality (temperatures 37, 30, 27"C) on the nutritive value of the two species showed significant difference, but winter season (27 ° C) gave good quality of product compared to higher degrees (i .e 37, 30°C). Comparative nutritive value of stored product “Fessiekh” for six months, showed lower nutritive value ; better time for marketing is from zero days to 30 days. 1' Taste panelists found product from ' fish fermentation treated with salt concentration at 20% more acceptable.Item Effects of Different Levels of Alfalfa Leaves Meal With Xylam on Poultry Performance and Cholesterol Content(Neelain University, 2011) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shamiAbstract Three experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of three different levels (2%, 5% and 7%) of an open air sun-dried alfalfa leavess meal with or without 0.005 Xylam (ALM+X or ALM) on performance of broiler chicks (Hubbard) and layer hens (white Hi-sex) as well as egg quality and cholesterol levels of egg yolk and broiler blood serum. In the first experiment: Three hundreds thirty six of one day old broiler chicks fed on seven experimental diets for broiler (starter and finisher), the first diet T1 (control) without ALM and without Xylam, the next three diets T2, T3 and T4 with 2%, 5% or 7%ALM,_respectively, the last three diets T5, T6 and T7 with 2%,5% and 7%ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC, (1994). Each treatment consist of 4 replicates with 12 one day old broiler chicks per replicate. Broiler chicks were randomly distributed to be reared for 6 weeks in the floor of open- side house. During the 1“ week broilers were fed on pre-starter diets. The results during the starter period (8-28 day old) showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T7(fed on diet with7% ALM+X), the lowest achieved by T2(fed on diet with2% ALM), there only significant differences T7 and T1(control). No significant differences between T5, T6 andT7, but significant differences between T2, T3 and T4, chicks fed T2 showed the lowest fed intake. The results during the finisher period (29-42 day old) showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T4. No significant differences between T5, T6 and T7. But significant differences between T2, T3 and T4. The results at the end of the starter period (28 day old)showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight, the heaviest achieved by T5 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results at the end of the finisher period (42 day old) showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight , the heaviest achieved by T4 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results of the starter period showed high significant differences (p<0.0l) between treatments in feed conversion ratio, the best feed conversion ratio achieved by T5 chicks, the worst‘ achieved by T3 chicks. The results of the finisher period showed no significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed conversion ratio. The results of cholesterol levels in broilers blood serum showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments, the lowest results achieved by T1(control) chicks, the highest results achieved by T7 chicks In the second experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%, 2%, 5% and 7% ALM, respectively. The diets fonnulated as recommended by NRC,(1994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicates inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol significantly reduced with hens fed on D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D2 or D3. Egg yolk index significantly increased with hens fed on D2 only at the end of the 6m week. But, egg Weight significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 3'“ week up to the 8"‘ week, hen-day egg production % significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 4m Week up to the 6m week, feed conversion ratio significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 5“‘ week up to the 7m week. Feed intake and egg shape index were not significantly affected. In the third experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%,2%,5% and 7% ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC,(l994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicated inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol significantly reduced with hens fed on D2 and D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D3. Egg yolk index significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 at the end of the 2“d week and with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4 at the end of the 8”‘ week. On the other hand, egg weight significantly reduced with hens fed on D2 during the 2nd week, feed conversion ration significantly and negatively affected with hens fed On D2 during the 3"’ week. Feed intake, hen-day egg production% and egg shape index were not significantly affected during the whole experimental period.
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