Mustafa Gamar Eldin Bashir Haj Ahmed2023-01-182023-01-182008http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/18669Project Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of M.Sc. Degree in OptometryACKNOWLEDGEMENT Gratitude and thankfulness to: 0 Professor Hashim Mangiel the supervisor of this study I owed him much for his atmost attention, guidance, information he oflered regarding the study and firm directions to be on the way of research.. 0 Dr. Mohamed Alhassan Ali Alawad, Dean Faculty of Optometry & Visual Science for his kind welcoming open doors, and useful instructions to build up a research. 0 Thanks & gratitude to stafi’ of the Graduate College of the University of Al- Neelain for the facilities they gave and assistance. 0 Colleagues and library stafl of the Faculty of Opt. & Visual Science for their endless cooperation and help. Q Subjects of the study for their patience, cooperation, and immediate consent to bear the burden of the examinations. I Many thanks to everyone who gave a hand, to realize this study; I consider them anyhow, as participants in the creation of this study. 0 Special thanks to Dr. F arouk Suliman for his incredible help and guidance.OptometryCROWDING PHENOMENONThesis