Mohammed Abdelwahab Eltazi, Wafaa2018-08-152018-08-152014-091858-6155http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/12553Periodontal disease is a pathological condition affecting the supporting structures of teeth. They can be either periodontitis or gingivitis. Periodontitis is characterized clinically by gingival bleeding on probing, loss of attachment, pocket formation, alveolar bone loss.Cigarette smoking is a major systemic risk factor for periodontal diseases.Aim