Abdel Moniem Mahmoud Ali El Hag2018-11-122018-11-122014http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/13530A thesis Submitted in Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree of Doctored of Philosophy of Science in Animal Production Department of Animal Production- ABSTRACT This study was conducted at El-khuwei locality," West Kordofan‘ State, Sudan, on tow plants growth stages 2011. The main objectives of this study were to determine of macro minerals in the soil, feed, blood_ serum of ' goats and digestibility. And also measurement diet selection and" distance walked by goat's search's for feed at the tow‘ plants growth stages flowering and seed setting. Sampling was done by locating 2km2 each season. Usingquestionnaires, farmers were interviewed from four randomized villages (30 farmers for each village). CRD was used to selected parameters. The data were~analyzed'by (SPS-S); The results showedthat the effect of plants growth stages _on the conc_entra_tions "of macro minerals is significantly differences (P<0.00_1)‘high‘er in the_soil P (0.15; 0.l0ppm) and Ca (110.22-99.75ppm) at the flowering stage and least at the seed setting stage respectively; K (0.21-0.44ppm) were least during the flowering stage and highly at the seed setting stage respectively; statically significant differences (P< 0.05) were decreased Na (0.26-0.28ppm) and'Mg‘ (l'17.61-l24.22ppm) at the‘ flowering stage and increasedduring the seed setting‘, stage respectively, however Cl (0.02ppm) at two stages were balance. Macro minerals concentrations in the feed were highly (P<0.00l) K (0.22-0.07ppm), Na (5.28-3.74ppm) and Cl (0.037 0.01ppm) at the flowering stage than that at seed_setting stage respectively; statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) were decreased P'(69.70-7'l.48ppm) and increased Ca (8.02-6.76ppm) and Mg (33.82-3ll89pp'm) at the flowering stage- compared to seed setting stage respectively. Macro minerals concentrations in the goats serum were highly (P < 0.0001) K (5.l0-3.88mml/l),_Ca (8.32-"_7.3Omg/_dl) and Mg (2-.08-l.62mg/dl) at flowering stage and least during theseed setting stage respectively; ‘Na (29.2‘6-33.60n1ml/1) and P (2.96-3'.94mg/dl) were decreased at flowering stage and increased at the seed setting stage respectively, statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) in Cl (57.82-62.63mg/dl)_a slight decreasedduring the flowering stage and increased at the seed setting stagerespectively. Goats -were preference on bite counts of the different plants species were highly (P < 0f.00_0l,) at the flowering stage and least during the seed setting stage.'Goats selective‘ feed intake and in vitro dry-matter digestibility were asignificant (P .< 0.00l) higher at the flowering stage and least during the seed setting stage._rDistances walked by goats for diet search were significantly longest during the seed setting stage. The survey results show that all respondents are male. 65.0% Hammer tribe. The ages 63.3% of farmers ranged between_4O to 60 years. Most of farmers 45.0% had completed primary school. 53.3% cited main activity is crop farming and animal breeding together. 50.0% are settled. 58.3% of female management in the farming and livestock. 74.2% interviewees explained-that their animals grazed near the residence in the autumn season; however, 80.0% and 73.3% of themnsaidntheir animals grazed far from the residence in the summer and» winter seasons respectively. Density of ‘animals ‘in the pasture was higher. Most of the interviewees 70.0% in ‘the current study'indicated‘that the. Shuleny (Zomia glochidiata) is suitable for fattening. 58.3% of them said that the water supply is not enough. All respondents revealed that there was no_fr_,ee water supply, and..that they paid ‘one SD pounds/ head of camel, 0.7[pounds/_ head of cattle and 10.5 pounds/ headof sheep and goat. Camels are watered every_ 5 days in the winter and 4 days in the summer; however, sheep and ‘goats were watered every 2 days and cattle every day in the summer and winter seasons. All interviewers offered salt to animals; however the quantity of salt supplemented -ev'ery"3 days were 0.18 kg/head, 0.07 kg/head and 0.04_‘kgi/head for cattle, ‘sheep -and goat-respectively.'_As| far as decreased milk production, most respondents 67.5% cited famine of grass quality. Majority of interviewees 60.8% revealed that Anthrax has the most serious prevalence amongst cattle;‘however 64.2% revealed that the sheep pox has the most prevalence disease in sheep. Local control of animal diseases vis.‘ Grape (mange),_Abuz1iny (contagious pleura pneumonia) and Gofai‘ (trypanosomiasis) all respondents used G0_z‘ran_,(tar), Atroon (sodium’~bicarbonat_e) and Kai.(Heat treatment) respectively to control the above-diseases. Herd size of animals were 36.7%, 44.2% and 52.5% their heads ranged between 80-100, l0—40 and l0-40 in the sheep, cattle and goats respectably. Animals marketing, all respondents sold male animals only; however 56.7% of them sold sheep compared to 23.3% cattle and 20.0% goats. The majority of owners 89.2% sold goats and sheep at 6 months to year. It can be concluded that during the flowering stage animals need supplementations in soil Mg, K and Na. feed P. blood serum Na, P and Cl. During the seed setting stage need supplementations in soil P and Ca. Feed K, Na, Ca, Cl and Mg. Blood serum K, Ca and Mg of grazing animals with the mixture minerals deficient in feed, water and soil fertilizers. The flowering stage was beneficially goats highly preference, selectivity of different plans, feed intake and in vitro DMD. The seed setting stage was longer distant walked for goats search feed. Survey analyses of livestock production conditions in West Kordofan State dependent on the improvement of animal management for environmental factors, and respondents’ development. 'enMacro MineralsThesis