قياس جودة وتقصي جودة مياه الشرب : دراسة حالة العاصمة المثلثة

Abstract

_ This study aimed at investigating and rneastuing the quality of drmkable (potable) water in the three towns (Khartoum, Khartoum North and Orndunnan ) of Greater Khartornn capital of the Sudan . This investigation involved the study of potable water‘ by carrying both field survey questioruraire approach to a simple random sampling to the population of three towns coupled with laboratory tests to (physical, chemical and biological properties) collected water samples. The collected samples is a strata sampling (stratified). The aforementioned approach is thought of, because the action of monitoring and maintaining of potable water is not only the principal objective for- water authorities every where in the world but really its function, role and career as well as a task to be carried on a daily basis routine. _ Thus, the sole task of water authority and it's different sectors in addition to the water nranagernent is to cany the responsibility to produce, deliver and distribute water to the society. Needless to say, that the said routine task-of the water authority and it's sectors demand high cost for monitoring water quality in different stages, until the potable water‘(s) reach the conswner(s) even though there is a missing link in the total monitoring process. - As there is a missing link in the total monitoring of water quality between the water source and it's end - user, that can cause deterioration (pollution) in potable water; thus this research is directed to achieve the goal of investigating in the area of the missing link. Hence, this research demands a scientific approach to tackle the problem of potable water in a rigorous manner. The focus of tl1is dissertation stems from and based upon the problems of tlremissing link. The attention to this link is significant to the entire process of monitoring water quality. In short, this research concentrates on the problems of transporting water through pipes and other means, its distribution and storage media, their collective effect on potable water quality, their impact on human health, as well as assuming polices to the entire role of 111or1itorir1g potable water policies to the entire task of monitoring potable water quality. hr other words, this effort seeks the assurance of potable water to reach consumers with the least possible pollutants that can comply to both the Sudanese and International water quality. _To solve the stated problem a descriptive and analytical approach is exercised as.a research methodology. The objective of tlle descriptive approach is to cany an exploratory research. The exploratory research reflected and described the existing state of water quality in the said towns of Greater Khartoum. Statistical teclmiques are exercised in this research to describe the existing situation of potable water. These include: percentages, averages, medians, modes, standard deviations, skewness, kurtosis and other measures of central tendency accompanied by pie-charts and frequency columns. All these statistical means and ways are used as indicators aquiring the presence of pollution in water or 11ot. Coupled with this laboratory tests are carried for physical, chemical and biological properties of potable water at Greater Khartoum. To complement the descriptive statistical approach, an analytical one is carried. The analytical approach applied in this research is chi-square test as a confirmatory approach to the results obtained. The relatio11sl1ip between dependent and independent variables is determined tlnough contingency tables as well as canying significance tests and tests for goodness of fit. The most significant result on water samples collected fi'om various zones in the three towns has shown that the water quality comply with the requirements of the Sudanese and International standards for drinking water. The chemical concentrations of the trace elements that has been analyzed (Cu, Zn, Li, Pb Ni,Fe,Cr,Hg,As,Mn, and Br), were found to be within the permissible limits of the Sudanese standards for thinking water . The concentrations of floride (F), Total dissolved solids (TDS) Total hardness (TH) and chloride (Cl), Electric conductivity (EC), Sodium (Na) and Carbonic Acid (HZCO3), were found to be within the permissible limits of the Sudanese standards for drinking water. However, in contrast, to the suitability of drinking water according to the chemical and physical tests, the bacteriological tests has confirmed the presence of thermo tolerant Coli form and the bacteriological E. Coli in certain samples are found. Thus a set of (13) recolnmendation are called for.